Volume 128 Biographies 15: Aju, Ariq Qaya, Xiangwei, Tutuha

四年八月，觀兵襄陽，遂入南郡，取仙人、鐵城等柵，俘生口五萬。軍還，宋兵邀襄、樊間。阿術乃自安陽灘濟江，留精騎五千陣牛心嶺，復立虛寨，設疑火。夜半，敵果至，斬首萬餘級。初，阿術過襄陽，駐馬虎頭山，指漢東白河口曰：「若築壘於此，襄陽糧道可斷也。」五年，遂築鹿門、新城等堡，繼又築台漢水中，與夾江堡相應，自是宋兵援襄者不能進。六年七月，大霖雨，漢水溢，宋將夏貴、範文虎相繼率兵來援，復分兵出入東岸林谷間。阿術謂諸將曰：「此張虛形，不可與戰，宜整舟師備新堡。」諸將從之。明日，宋兵果趨新堡，大破之，殺溺生擒五千餘人，獲戰船百餘艘。於是治戰船，教水軍，築圓城，以逼襄陽。文虎復率舟師來救，來興國又以兵百艘侵百丈山，前後邀擊於湍灘，俱敗走之。九年三月，破樊城外郛，增築重圍以逼之。宋裨將張順、張貴裝軍衣百船，自上流入襄陽，阿術攻之，順死，貴僅得入城。俄乘輪船順流東走，阿術與元帥劉整分泊戰船以待，燃薪照江，兩岸如晝，阿術追戰至櫃門關，擒貴，余眾盡死。是年九月，加同平章事。先是，襄、樊兩城，漢水出其間，宋兵植木江中，聯以鐵鎖，中造浮梁，以通援兵，樊恃此為固。至是，阿術以機鋸斷木，以斧斷鎖，焚其橋，襄兵不能援。十二月，遂拔樊城。襄守將呂文煥懼而出降。十年七月，奉命略淮東。抵揚州城下，宋以千騎出戰，阿術伏兵道左，佯北，宋兵逐之，伏發，擒其騎將王都統。

In the eighth month of the fourth year, he mustered his forces at Xiangyang, entered Nan Commandery, seized the stockades at Xianren and Tiecheng among others, and took fifty thousand captives alive. On the march back, Song forces ambushed them between Xiangyang and Fancheng. Aju crossed the river from Anyang Beach, posted five thousand picked cavalry on Niuxin Ridge, erected dummy camps, and lit decoy fires. At midnight the enemy came as expected; more than ten thousand were slain. Earlier, passing Xiangyang, Aju reined in on Tiger Head Mountain, pointed to the mouth of the Baihe on the east bank of the Han, and said, "Build a fort here and Xiangyang's supply line can be severed." In the fifth year he built forts at Lumen and Xincheng, then erected platforms midstream in the Han to link the riverbank forts; after that Song relief columns could no longer reach Xiangyang. In the seventh month of the sixth year, heavy rains swelled the Han; Song commanders Xia Gui and Fan Wenhu led successive relief armies, sending detachments through the woods and ravines on the eastern shore. Aju told his commanders, "This is a diversion—do not engage. Ready the fleet and hold the new fort instead." The generals obeyed. The next day the Song army struck the new fort as predicted; Aju crushed them, killing or capturing more than five thousand and seizing over a hundred warships. He then refitted warships, drilled the navy, and built a ring of fortifications to choke Xiangyang. Fan Wenhu sailed to relieve the city again; Lai Xingguo raided Baizhang Mountain with a hundred ships; Aju intercepted both at Tuan Beach and put them to flight. In the third month of the ninth year he breached Fancheng's outer defenses and tightened the siege works. Song lieutenants Zhang Shun and Zhang Gui ran a hundred supply boats downriver into Xiangyang; Aju attacked—Shun was killed and Gui barely made it inside. Soon Zhang Gui fled east in paddle-wheel boats; Aju and Marshal Liu Zheng split their fleet and waited, lighting bonfires until the river shone like day; Aju chased them to Guimen Pass, seized Gui, and wiped out the rest. That September he was made Associate Grand Councillor of State. Previously the Han ran between Xiangyang and Fancheng; the Song had driven piles into the river, chained them with iron, and spanned a pontoon bridge so relief could cross—Fancheng's defense depended on it. Now Aju sawed through the piles, chopped the chains, and burned the bridge, cutting off Xiangyang's aid. In the twelfth month Fancheng fell. Xiangyang's commander Lü Wenhuan, terrified, surrendered. In the seventh month of the tenth year he was ordered to sweep Huaidong. Reaching Yangzhou, he drew out a thousand Song cavalry; Aju hid men on the roadside, feigned retreat, sprang the ambush, and captured their cavalry commander Wang Dutong.

十一年正月，入覲，與參政阿里海牙奏請伐宋。帝命相臣議，久不決。阿術進曰：「臣久在行間，備見宋兵弱於往昔，失今不取，時不再來。」帝即可其奏，詔益兵十萬，與丞相伯顏、參政阿里海牙等同伐宋。三月，進平章政事。

In the first month of the eleventh year he appeared at court and, with Vice Administrator Ariq Qaya, petitioned to invade Song. The Emperor ordered his chief ministers to debate the matter, but they could not decide for a long time. Aju stepped forward and said, "I have been in the field for years and have seen clearly that Song forces are weaker than before; miss this moment and it will not return." The Founder at once approved the petition, added a hundred thousand men, and sent him with Chancellor Bayan, Vice Administrator Ariq Qaya, and others against Song. In the third month he was promoted to Grand Councillor of State.

秋九月，師次郢之鹽山，得俘民言：「宋沿江九郡精銳，盡聚郢江東、西兩城，今舟師出其間，騎兵不得護岸，此危道也。不若取黃家灣堡，東有河口，可由其中拖船入湖，轉以下江為便。」從之，遂舍攻郢而去。行大澤中，忽宋騎兵千人突至。時從騎才數十人，阿術即奮槊馳擊。所向畏避，追斬五百餘級，生擒其將趙、范二統制。進攻沙洋、新城，拔之。前次復州，守將翟貴迎降。時夏貴鎖大艦扼江、漢口，兩岸備禦堅嚴。阿術用軍將馬福計，回舟淪河口，穿湖中，從陽羅堡西沙蕪口入大江。十二月，軍至陽羅堡，攻之不克。阿術謂伯顏曰：「攻城，下策也。若分軍船之半，循岸西上，對青山磯止泊，伺隙搗虛，可以得志。」從之。明日，阿術遙見南岸沙洲，即率眾趨之，載馬後隨。宋將程鵬飛來拒，大戰中流，鵬飛敗走。諸軍抵沙洲，急擊，攀岸步鬥，開而復合者數四，敵小卻，出馬於岸，遂力戰破之，追擊至鄂東門而還。夏貴聞阿術飛渡，大驚，引麾下兵三百艘先遁，餘皆潰走，遂拔陽羅堡，盡得其軍實。

That autumn in the ninth month the army stopped at Yanshan in Ying; captives reported that Song's best troops along nine river prefectures were massed in Ying's twin river cities—sending the fleet between them with cavalry unable to shield the banks would be a deadly course. Better to seize Huangjiawan Fort; east of it a channel leads into the lake and then downriver—a safer path. They agreed, abandoned the assault on Ying, and marched on. Crossing a great marsh, a thousand Song horsemen suddenly charged. He had only a few dozen riders with him; Aju seized his lance and charged. All who faced him gave way; in pursuit he killed more than five hundred and captured the regimental commanders Zhao and Fan alive. He pressed on, stormed Shayang and Xincheng, and captured both. Advancing to Fuzhou, the garrison commander Zhai Gui came out to surrender. Xia Gui had chained great warships across the Yangtze and Han estuary; both banks were heavily fortified. Aju adopted the plan of his officer Ma Fu: double back to the Lun River mouth, thread the lakes, and enter the Yangtze from Xiwu Pass below Yangluo Fort. In the twelfth month they reached Yangluo Fort but could not capture it. Aju told Bayan, "Storming walled cities is the worst option. Split the fleet in half, sail up the western shore, and anchor off Qingshan Ji—when a gap opens, strike the weak point and we can succeed." Bayan agreed. Next day Aju spotted a sandbar on the south bank, led his men toward it, and had the horses ferried after. Song commander Cheng Pengfei met them; they fought midstream and Pengfei fled in defeat. On the sandbar they stormed ashore; the lines broke and re-formed four times before the enemy gave ground; cavalry came ashore, they broke the Song force, and pursued to Ezhou's east gate before turning back. Hearing Aju had crossed by surprise, Xia Gui panicked, fled first with three hundred ships, and the rest collapsed; Yangluo Fort fell and all its stores were seized.

伯顏議師所向，或欲先取蘄、黃，阿術曰：「若赴下流，退無所據，上取鄂、漢，雖遲旬日，師有所依，可以萬全。」己未，水陸並趨鄂、漢，焚其船三千艘，煙焰漲天，漢陽、鄂州大恐，相繼皆降。十二年正月，黃、蘄、江州降。阿術率舟師趨安慶，範文虎迎降。繼下池州。宋丞相賈似道擁重兵拒蕪湖，遣宋京來請和。伯顏謂阿術曰：「有詔令我軍駐守，何如？」阿術曰：「若釋似道而不擊，恐已降州郡今夏難守，且宋無信，方遣使請和，而又射我軍船，執我邏騎。今日惟當進兵，事若有失，罪歸於我。」二月辛酉，師次丁家洲，遂與宋前鋒孫虎臣對陣。夏貴以戰艦二千五百艘橫亙江中，似道將兵殿其後。時已遣騎兵夾岸而進，兩岸樹砲，擊其中堅，宋軍陣動，阿術挺身登舟，手自持柂，突入敵陣，諸軍繼進，宋兵遂大潰。以上詳見《伯顏傳》。

Bayan debated the army's direction; some favored Qi and Huang first; Aju said, "Downriver we have nowhere to fall back; upriver to E and Han costs ten days but gives us a base and full security." On jiwei day land and river forces converged on E and Han, burned three thousand Song ships until smoke blotted the sky; Hanyang and Ezhou surrendered in terror. In the first month of the twelfth year Huangzhou, Qizhou, and Jiangzhou submitted. Aju sailed for Anqing; Fan Wenhu came out to surrender. Chizhou fell next. Song Chancellor Jia Sidao, massing a great army at Wuhu, sent Song Jing to sue for peace. Bayan asked Aju, "We have orders to halt and garrison—what do you say?" Aju replied, "Spare Sidao and we may lose the prefectures we've taken this summer; Song is faithless—they sue for peace while shooting our ships and seizing our scouts. We must press on; if anything goes wrong, blame me." On xinyou day in the second month the army reached Dingjiazhou and formed battle lines against Song vanguard Sun Huchen. Xia Gui lined twenty-five hundred warships across the river; Sidao commanded the rear. Cavalry already flanked both banks; trebuchets on shore hammered the Song center; as their line wavered Aju boarded a ship, took the helm himself, drove into the enemy, and the host followed until the Song army collapsed. The foregoing is covered in detail in Bayan's biography.

世祖以宋重兵皆駐揚州，臨安倚之為重，四月，命阿術分兵圍守揚州。庚申，次真州，敗宋兵於珠金砂，斬首二千餘級。既抵揚州，乃造樓櫓戰具於瓜洲，漕粟於真州，樹柵以斷其糧道。宋都統姜才領步騎二萬來攻柵，敵軍夾河為陣，阿術麾騎士渡河擊之，戰數合，堅不能卻。眾軍佯北，才逐之，遂奮而回擊，萬矢雨集，才軍不能支，擒其副將張林，斬首萬八千級。七月庚午，宋兩淮鎮將張世傑、孫虎臣以舟師萬艘駐焦山東，每十船為一舫，聯以鐵鎖，以示必死。阿術登石公山，望之，舳艫連接，旌旗蔽江，曰：「可燒而走也。」遂選強健善射者千人，載以巨艦，分兩翼夾射，阿術居中，合勢進擊，繼以火矢燒其蓬檣，煙焰漲天。宋兵既碇舟死戰，至是欲走不能，前軍爭赴水死，後軍散走。追至圌山，獲黃鵠白鷂船七百餘艘，自是宋人不復能軍矣。十月，詔拜中書左丞相，仍諭之曰：「淮南重地，李庭芝狡詐，須卿守之。」時諸軍進取臨安，阿術駐兵瓜洲，以絕揚州之援。伯顏所以兵不血刃而平宋者，阿術控制之力為多。

Kublai, knowing Song's main forces held Yangzhou on which Lin'an depended, ordered Aju in the fourth month to detach troops and invest Yangzhou. On gengshen day he reached Zhenzhou, routed Song forces at Zhujinsha, and took more than two thousand heads. At Yangzhou he built siege towers at Guazhou, shipped grain from Zhenzhou, and threw up barriers to sever their supplies. Song commander Jiang Cai attacked the barriers with twenty thousand foot and horse; the enemy lined both banks of the river; Aju's cavalry crossed and fought several rounds but could not break them. Aju feigned retreat; Cai pursued; they wheeled and counterattacked; arrows fell like rain; Cai's army broke; lieutenant Zhang Lin was taken and eighteen thousand were slain. On gengwu day in the seventh month Zhang Shijie and Sun Huchen anchored ten thousand ships east of Jiaoshan, chaining ten vessels into one floating fortress to show they would die fighting. From Shigong Mountain Aju saw the fleet linked stem to stern, banners blotting the river, and said, "Burn them and they'll run." He picked a thousand crack archers on great ships, flanked them from both sides, led the center himself, then loosed fire arrows into sails and masts until smoke filled the sky. The Song had moored to fight to the death; now they could not escape; the van leapt into the water to drown while the rear fled. Pursuit reached Tuanshan; they captured more than seven hundred huang'e and bai'yao vessels; after that Song could no longer muster a field army. In the tenth month he was named Left Chancellor of the Central Secretariat with the charge: "Huainan is critical; Li Tingzhi is treacherous—you must hold it." While other armies marched on Lin'an, Aju held Guazhou to block relief from Yangzhou. That Bayan subdued Song with so little bloodshed owed much to Aju's grip on the theater.

十三年二月，夏貴舉淮西諸城來附。阿術謂諸將曰：「今宋已亡，獨庭芝未下，以外助猶多故也。若絕其聲援，塞彼糧道，尚恐東走通、泰，逃命江海。」乃柵揚之西北丁村，以扼其高郵、寶應之饋運；貯粟灣頭堡，以備捍禦；留屯新城，以逼泰州。又遣千戶伯顏察兒率甲騎三百助灣頭兵勢，且戒之曰：「庭芝水路既絕，必從陸出，宜謹備之。如丁村烽起，當首尾相應，斷其歸路。」六月甲戌，姜才知高郵米運將至，果夜出步騎五千犯丁村柵。至曉，伯顏察兒來援，所將皆阿術牙下精兵，旗幟畫雙赤月。眾軍望其塵，連呼曰：「丞相來矣！」宋軍識其旗，皆遁，才脫身走，追殺騎兵四百，步卒免者不滿百人。壬辰，李庭芝以硃煥守揚州，挾姜才東走。阿術率兵追襲，殺步卒千人，庭芝僅入泰州，遂築壘以守之。七月乙巳，硃煥以揚州降。乙卯，泰州守將孫良臣開北門納降，執李庭芝、姜才，奉命戮揚州市。揚、泰既下，阿術申嚴士卒，禁暴掠。有武衛軍校掠民二馬，即斬以徇。兩淮悉平，得府二、州二十二、軍四、縣六十七。九月辛酉，入見世祖於大明殿，陳宋俘。第功行賞，實封泰興縣二千戶。

In the second month of the thirteenth year Xia Gui surrendered the Huaidong West prefectures. Aju told his commanders, "Song is gone; only Tingzhi still holds out because outside help remains. Cut their reinforcements and grain and they may still slip east through Tongzhou and Taizhou to the sea." He fortified Ding Village northwest of Yangzhou to choke supplies from Gaoyou and Baoying; stockpiled grain at Wantou Fort for defense; and garrisoned Xincheng to press Taizhou. He sent Thousand-Commander Bayanchar with three hundred armored horse to stiffen Wantou, warning them, "Tingzhi's river line is severed; he must break out by land—guard well. If Ding Village's beacon fires, coordinate front and rear and cut off their retreat." On jiaxu day in the sixth month Jiang Cai, hearing Gaoyou grain was near, led five thousand foot and horse by night against Ding Village. At dawn Bayanchar arrived with Aju's personal guard, their banners marked with twin red moons. Seeing their dust, the troops cried again and again, "The Chancellor is here!" The Song recognized the banners and fled; only Cai escaped; pursuit killed four hundred horse and left fewer than a hundred foot alive. On renchen day Li Tingzhi left Zhu Huan in Yangzhou and fled east with Jiang Cai. Aju pursued, killed a thousand foot soldiers; Tingzhi barely reached Taizhou and threw up defenses. On yisi day in the seventh month Zhu Huan surrendered Yangzhou. On yimao day Taizhou commander Sun Liangchen opened the north gate, handed over Li Tingzhi and Jiang Cai, and they were executed in Yangzhou by order. Once Yangzhou and Taizhou fell, Aju strictly forbade looting. A guards officer who seized two civilian horses was beheaded on the spot as an example. Both sides of the Huai were pacified: two prefectures, twenty-two subprefectures, four armies, and sixty-seven counties. On xinyou day in the ninth month he appeared before Kublai in the Hall of Great Brightness and presented Song captives. Rewards were apportioned by merit; he received a fief of two thousand households in Taixing County.

二十三年，受命北伐叛王昔剌木等。明年凱旋。繼又西征，至哈剌霍州，以疾卒，年五十四，追封河南王。

In the twenty-third year he was ordered north against the rebel princes Xilamu and others. The following year he returned victorious. He campaigned west again, reached Halahuo Prefecture, and died of illness at fifty-four; posthumously enfeoffed as Prince of Henan.

○阿里海牙

○ Ariq Qaya

阿里海牙，畏吾兒人也。初生，胞中剖而出。其父以為不祥，將棄之，母不忍。比長，果聰辨，有膽略。家貧，嘗躬耕，舍耒嘆曰：「大丈夫當立功朝廷，何至效細民事畎畝乎！」去，求其國書讀之，逾月，又棄去。用薦者得事世祖於潛邸。世祖即位，漸見擢用，由左右司郎中遷參議中書省事。至元二年，立諸路行中書省，進僉河南行省事。

Ariq Qaya was a Uighur. He was born by caesarean section. His father took this as an ill omen and meant to abandon him; his mother would not allow it. As he grew he proved sharp-witted, brave, and resourceful. Poor as he was, he once plowed himself, laid down the plow, and sighed, "A true man should serve the throne—not waste his life in the furrow!" He left home, studied his people's literature, and after a month abandoned that as well. By recommendation he entered Kublai's service while the Founder was still heir apparent. When Kublai took the throne he rose steadily from Left and Right Department Director to Participant in Secretariat affairs. In Zhiyuan 2, when branch secretariats were established for all circuits, he became Associate Administrator of the Henan branch.

五年，命與元帥阿術、劉整取襄陽，又加參知政事。始，帝遣諸將，命毋攻城，但圍之，以俟其自降。乃築長圍，起萬山，包百丈、楚山，盡鹿門，以絕之。宋兵入援者皆敗去。然城中糧儲多，圍之五年，終不下。九年三月，破樊城外郛，其將復閉內城守。阿里海牙以為襄陽之有樊城，猶齒之有脣也，宜先攻樊城，樊城下，則襄陽可不攻而得。乃入奏。帝始報可。會有西域人亦思馬因獻新砲法，因以其人來軍中。十年正月，為砲攻樊，破之。先是，宋兵為浮橋以通襄陽之援，阿里海牙發水軍焚其橋，襄援不至，城乃拔。詳具《阿術傳》。

In the fifth year he was ordered with Marshal Aju and Liu Zheng to take Xiangyang and was made Vice Administrator. At first the Emperor told the generals not to storm the city but only to invest it until it surrendered. They built a long siege line from Wanshan, wrapping Baizhang and Chushan through to Lumen, to isolate the city. Every Song relief column was beaten back. Yet the city held ample grain; five years of siege could not bring it down. In the third month of the ninth year Fancheng's outer wall fell; its garrison withdrew into the inner city. Ariq Qaya argued that Fancheng was to Xiangyang as lips to teeth—take Fancheng first and Xiangyang would fall without a fight. He memorialized the court. The Emperor initially approved. An West Asian named Ismail offered a new artillery method, and he was brought to the army. In the first month of the tenth year they bombarded Fancheng with cannon and took it. The Song had bridged the river to relieve Xiangyang; Ariq Qaya's fleet burned the bridge, aid never came, and the city fell. Details appear in Aju's biography.

阿里海牙既破樊，移其攻具以向襄陽。一砲中其譙樓，聲如雷霆，震城中。城中洶洶，諸將多逾城降者。劉整欲立碎其城，執文煥以快其意。阿里海牙獨不欲攻，乃身至城下，與文煥語曰：「君以孤軍城守者數年，今飛鳥路絕，主上深嘉汝忠。若降，則尊官厚祿可必得，決不殺汝也。」文煥狐疑未決。又折矢與之誓，如是者數四，文煥感而出降。遂與入朝。帝以文煥為昭勇大將軍、侍衛親軍都指揮使、襄漢大都督；阿里海牙行荊湖等路樞密院事，鎮襄陽。阿里海牙奏曰：「襄陽自昔用武之地也，今天助順而克之，宜乘勝順流長驅，宋可必平。」平章阿術亦贊其說。帝命丞相史天澤議之。天澤曰：「朝廷若遣重臣，如丞相安童、同知樞密院事伯顏者一人，都督諸軍，則四海混同，可立待也。」帝曰：「伯顏可。」乃大徵兵，拜伯顏為行中書省左丞相，阿術為平章。阿里海牙進行省右丞，賞鈔二百錠。

After Fancheng fell, Ariq Qaya turned his siege engines on Xiangyang. One shot hit the gate tower with a thunderous roar that shook the city. Panic spread inside; many officers climbed down and surrendered. Liu Zheng wanted to smash the city and seize Wenhuan for his own satisfaction. Ariq Qaya alone opposed storming the walls; he came beneath the gate and told Wenhuan, "You held out for years with a lone garrison; now even birds cannot enter; the sovereign honors your loyalty. Surrender and high rank and rich stipends are yours—I swear not to harm you." Wenhuan wavered, unable to decide. He broke arrows in oath again and again—four times—until Wenhuan was moved and surrendered. He escorted Wenhuan to court. The Emperor made Wenhuan General of Brilliant Courage, Commander of the Palace Guard, and Grand Commander of Xiang and Han; Ariq Qaya became Military Affairs Commissioner for Jinghu and garrisoned Xiangyang. Ariq Qaya memorialized, "Xiangyang has always been a battlefield; Heaven helped us take it—strike downstream while victory is hot and Song will surely fall." Associate Grand Councillor Aju seconded him. The Emperor ordered Chancellor Shi Tianze to weigh the plan. Tianze said, "Send a senior minister—Chancellor Antong or Vice Military Affairs Commissioner Bayan—to command all forces, and unification of the realm will follow swiftly." The Emperor said, "Bayan will do." A great levy followed; Bayan became Left Chancellor of the Branch Secretariat and Aju Grand Councillor. Ariq Qaya was made Right Vice Administrator of the Branch Secretariat and rewarded with two hundred ingots of paper money.

十一年九月，會師襄陽，遂破郢州及沙洋、新城。十二月，師出沙蕪口。宋制置夏貴守諸隘，甚固。阿里海牙麾兵攻武磯堡，貴趨援之。阿術遂以兵西渡青山磯，宋都統程鵬飛來迎戰，敗之江中。會貴兵亦敗走廬州，宣撫硃禩孫夜遁還江陵，知鄂州張晏然以城降，鵬飛以本軍降。伯顏與諸將會鄂城下，議曰：「鄂襟山帶江，江南之要區也，且兵糧皆備。今蜀、江陵、岳、鄂皆未下，不以一大將鎮撫之，上流一動，則鄂非我有也。」乃以兵四萬遣阿里海牙戍鄂，而與阿術將大兵以東。

In the ninth month of the eleventh year the armies united at Xiangyang and took Ying Prefecture, Shayang, and Xincheng. In the twelfth month the army marched out through Shaxu Pass. Song Pacification Commissioner Xia Gui held the passes with great strength. Ariq Qaya assaulted Wuji Fort; Xia Gui hurried to relieve it. Aju crossed west at Qingshan Ji; Song commander Cheng Pengfei met him and was beaten on the river. Xia Gui's force was also routed to Luzhou; Pacification Commissioner Zhu Yisun fled by night to Jiangling; Ezhou Prefect Zhang Yiran surrendered; Pengfei submitted with his army. Bayan and his generals met below Ezhou and debated: "Ezhou commands mountains and river—the key to the south—and its stores are full. Shu, Jiangling, Yue, and E still hold out; without a senior commander to pacify the upper Yangtze, one move upstream and we lose Ezhou." He detached forty thousand men under Ariq Qaya to hold Ezhou and marched east with Aju.

阿里海牙集鄂民，宣上德惠，禁將士毋侵掠。其下恐懼，無敢取民之菜者，民大悅。遣人徇壽昌、信陽、德安諸郡，皆下。進徇江陵。十有二年春三月，與安撫高世傑兵遇巴陵，命張榮實搗其中堅，解汝楫率諸翼兵左右角之。世傑敗走，追降之於桃花灘。遂下岳州。四月，至沙市，城不下，縱火攻之，沙市立破，宣撫硃禩孫、制置高達恐即以城降。乃入江陵，釋系囚，放戍券軍，除其徭賦及法令之繁細者。傳檄郢、歸、峽、常德、澧、隨、辰、沅、靖、復、均、房、施、荊門及諸洞，無不降者。盡奏官其所降官，以兵守峽，籍其戶口財賦來上。帝喜，大宴三日，語近臣曰：「伯顏兵東，阿里海牙以孤軍戍鄂，朕甚憂之。今荊南定，吾東兵可無後患矣。」乃親作手詔褒之，命右丞廉希憲守江陵，促阿里海牙急還鄂，且以沿江諸城新附者委之。

Ariq Qaya rallied the people of Ezhou, proclaimed the Emperor's mercy, and forbade looting. His men were so afraid none would touch a villager's greens; the people rejoiced. He sent heralds to Shouchang, Xinyang, De'an, and other prefectures—all submitted. He advanced on Jiangling. In the third month of the twelfth year he met Pacification Commissioner Gao Shijie at Baling; Zhang Rongshi smashed the center while Xie Ruji flanked from both sides. Shijie fled; pursuit caught him at Taohua Beach and he surrendered. Yue Prefecture fell. In the fourth month he reached Shashi; when the city resisted he burned it down; Zhu Yisun and Gao Da surrendered in terror. Entering Jiangling he freed prisoners and garrison conscripts and lightened taxes and petty regulations. Proclamations went to Ying, Gui, Xia, Changde, Li, Sui, Chen, Yuan, Jing, Fu, Jun, Fang, Shi, Jingmen, and the hill tribes—none refused submission. He reported all surrendered officials for appointment, garrisoned the gorges, and registered households and revenue for the throne. The Emperor rejoiced, feasted three days, and told his intimates, "Bayan marched east while Ariq Qaya held E alone—I feared for him greatly. Now Jingnan is secure; the eastern army has no rear to fear." Kublai wrote a personal edict of praise, left Lian Xixian at Jiangling, summoned Ariq Qaya back to E, and entrusted him with the newly submitted river cities.

阿里海牙至鄂，招潭州守臣李芾，不聽。乃移兵長沙，拔湘陰。冬十月，至潭，為書射城中以示芾，曰：「速下，以活州民，否則屠矣。」不答。乃決隍水，部分諸將，以砲攻之，破其木堡。流矢中胸，瘡甚，督戰益急，奪其城。潭人復作月城以相拒。凡攻七十日，大小數十戰。十有三年春正月，芾力屈，及轉運使鐘蜚英、都統陳義皆自殺，其將劉孝忠以城降。諸將欲屠之，阿里海牙曰：「是州生齒數百萬口，若悉殺之，非上諭伯顏以曹彬不殺意也，其屈法生之。」復發倉以食饑者。

Back at Ezhou, Ariq Qaya summoned Tanzhou's defender Li Fei; he refused. He shifted to Changsha and took Xiangyin. In the tenth month he reached Tanzhou, shot a letter into the city telling Fei, "Surrender now to save your people—or face slaughter." Fei did not answer. He breached the moat, divided his generals, and bombarded the wooden fort until it broke. A stray arrow pierced his chest; though badly wounded he pressed the assault harder and took the city. The Tanzhou people threw up an outer crescent wall to keep fighting. The siege lasted seventy days with dozens of major and minor battles. In the first month of the thirteenth year Fei broke; Transport Commissioner Zhong Feiying and Regimental Commander Chen Yi killed themselves; General Liu Xiaozhong surrendered. The generals wanted a massacre; Ariq Qaya said, "This city holds millions; slaughter them all and we betray the Emperor's order to Bayan to follow Cao Bin's example of mercy—spare them even if we must bend the law." He opened granaries to feed the starving.

遣使徇郴、全、道、桂陽、永、衡、武岡、寶慶、袁、韶、南雄諸郡，其守臣皆率其民來迎，曰：「聞丞相體皇帝好生之德，毋殺虜，所過皆秋毫無犯，民今復見太平，各奉表來降。」丞相，稱阿里海牙也。奏官其降官，皆如江陵。獨宋經略使馬既守靜江不下。使總管俞全等招之，皆為所殺。會宋主以國降，降手詔遣湘山僧宗勉諭既，既復殺之。阿里海牙又為書，以天命地利人心開既，許以廣西大都督，反覆千餘言，終不聽。因入朝賀平宋，拜平章政事，使持詔如靜江諭之。十一月，前兵至嚴關，既守關弗納，破其兵，又敗都統馬應麒於小溶江，遂逼靜江。錄上所賜靜江詔以示既，既焚之，斬其使。靜江以水為固，乃築堰斷大陽、小溶二江，以遏上流，決東南埭，以涸其隍，破其城。民聞城破，即縱火焚居室，多赴水死。既及其總制黃文政、總管張虎以殘兵突圍走，執之。阿里海牙以靜江民易叛，非潭比，不重刑之，則廣西諸州不服，因悉坑之，斬既於市。分遣萬戶脫溫不花徇賓、融、柳、欽、橫、邕、慶遠，齊榮祖徇郁林、貴、廉、象，脫鄰徇潯、容、藤、梧，皆下之。特磨王儂士貴、南丹州牧莫大秀，皆奉表求內附，奏官其降官如潭州。以兵戍靜江、昭、賀、梧、邕、融，乃還潭。

Envoys marched on Chen, Quan, Dao, Guiyang, Yong, Heng, Wugang, Baoqing, Yuan, Shao, Nanxiong, and others; every defender came out with his people saying, "We hear the Chancellor honors the Emperor's mercy, takes no captives for slaughter, and harms nothing on his march—we see peace again and submit." Chancellor" meant Ariq Qaya. He reported surrendered officials for appointment, as at Jiangling. Only Song Frontier Commissioner Ma Ji still held Jingjiang and would not yield. He sent Supervisor Yu Quan and others to summon Ji; Ji killed them all. When the Song emperor surrendered the realm, a hand-edict sent the monk Zongmian of Xiangshan to instruct Ji; Ji killed him too. Ariq Qaya wrote again at length—more than a thousand words—appealing to mandate, terrain, and hearts, offering Grand Commander of Guangxi; Ji still refused. He entered court to celebrate the conquest of Song, was made Grand Councillor, and was sent with an edict to instruct Ji at Jingjiang. In the eleventh month the vanguard reached Yan Pass; Ji blocked it; they broke his force, defeated Regimental Commander Ma Yingqi at Xiaorong River, and closed on Jingjiang. They displayed the imperial edict for Jingjiang; Ji burned it and beheaded the bearer. Jingjiang's strength was water; they dammed the Dayang and Xiaorong to choke the upper streams, breached the southeast dike to drain the moat, and stormed the city. When the city fell the people torched their homes; many drowned themselves. Ji broke out with Controller Huang Wenzheng and Supervisor Zhang Hu; all were captured. Ariq Qaya judged Jingjiang's people more rebellious than Tanzhou's; without harsh example Guangxi would not submit—he had them buried alive in pits and executed Ji in the marketplace. He sent Ten-Thousand-Household Totoqbuqa against Bin, Rong, Liu, Qin, Heng, Yong, and Qingyuan; Qi Rongzu against Yulin, Gui, Lian, and Xiang; Tolin against Xun, Rong, Teng, and Wu—all fell. Temmo King Nong Shigui and Nandan Prefect Mo Daxiu both petitioned to submit; he reported their officials for appointment as at Tanzhou. He garrisoned Jingjiang, Zhao, He, Wu, Yong, and Rong, then returned to Tanzhou.

既而宋二王稱制海中，雷、瓊、全、永與潭屬縣之民文才喻、周隆、張虎、羅飛咸起兵應之，舒、黃、蘄相繼亦起，大者眾數萬，小者不下數千。詔命討之，且略地海外。阿里海牙既定才喻等，至雷州，使人諭瓊州安撫趙與珞降，不聽。遂自航大海五百里，執與珞、冉安國、黃之紀，皆裂殺之，盡定瓊南寧、萬安、吉陽地。降八蕃羅甸蠻，以其總管龍文貌入見，置宣慰司。八蕃羅甸、臥龍、羅蕃、大龍、退蠻、盧蕃、小龍、石蕃、方蕃、洪蕃、程蕃，並置安撫以鎮之。

Soon the two Song princes held court at sea; Wen Caiyu, Zhou Long, Zhang Hu, and Luo Fei raised the counties of Lei, Qiong, Quan, Yong, and Tan's dependencies; Shu, Huang, and Qi rebelled too—some with tens of thousands, none with fewer than thousands. Edicts ordered suppression and extension overseas. After crushing Caiyu and the rest, Ariq Qaya reached Lei Prefecture and summoned Qiongzhou Pacification Commissioner Zhao Yuluo; he refused. He sailed five hundred li across the sea himself, seized Yuluo, Ran Anguo, and Huang Zhiji and had them dismembered, and pacified Qiongnan, Ning, Wan'an, and Jiyang. The Eight Fan Luo Dian tribes submitted; their supervisor Long Wenmao came to court; a Pacification Commission was set up. Eight Fan Luo Dian, Wolong, Luofan, Dalong, Tuiman, Lufan, Xiaolong, Shifan, Fangfan, Hongfan, and Chengfan each received pacification offices.

十八年，奏請徙省鄂州。所定荊南、淮西、江西、海南、廣西之地，凡得州五十八，峒夷山獠不可勝計。大率以口舌降之，未嘗專事殺戮。又其取民悉定從輕賦，民所在立祠祀之。

In the eighteenth year he petitioned to move the secretariat to E Prefecture. In Jingnan, Huaidong West, Jiangxi, Hainan, and Guangxi he secured fifty-eight prefectures and countless cave tribes and mountain liao. He relied mostly on persuasion, not slaughter. He kept levies light; wherever he ruled the people built shrines to him.

二十三年，入朝，加光祿大夫、湖廣行省左丞相；卒，年六十。贈開府儀同三司、上柱國，封楚國公，謚武定。至正八年，進封江陵王。

In the twenty-third year he came to court and was promoted to Grand Master of Splendid Happiness and Left Chancellor of the Huguang Branch Secretariat; he died at sixty. Posthumously honored as Grand Preceptor with rites equal to the Three Excellencies and as Grand Preceptor of State; enfeoffed Duke of Chu with posthumous title Wuding. In Zhizheng 8 he was further enfeoffed as Prince of Jiangling.

子忽失海牙，湖廣行中書省左丞；貫只哥，江西行中書省平章政事。

His son Qoshqai was Left Vice Administrator of the Huguang Branch Secretariat; Gunjek was Grand Councillor of the Jiangxi Branch Secretariat.

○相威

○ Xiangwei

相威，國王速渾察之子也。性弘毅重厚，不飲酒，寡言笑。喜延士大夫，聽讀經史，諭古今治亂，至直臣盡忠、良將制勝，必為之擊節稱善。以故臨大事，決大議，言必中節。

Xiangwei was the son of King Suqunqa. He was magnanimous, resolute, and sober-minded; he drank little and spoke sparingly. He welcomed scholars, listened to the classics and histories, and discussed governance past and present; at tales of loyal ministers or victorious generals he always clapped and praised. Thus in great affairs and weighty decisions his counsel always struck true.

至元十一年，世祖命相威總速渾察元統弘吉剌等五投下兵從伐宋。由正陽取安豐，略廬，克和，攻司空山，平野人原。道安慶，渡江東下，會丞相伯顏兵於潤州，分三道並進，相威率左軍，參政董文炳為副，部署將校，申明約束。江陰、華亭、澉浦、上海悉望風款附，吏民按堵如故。進屯鹽官，伯顏已駐師臨安城下，得宋幼主降表。相威乃移兵瓜洲，與阿術兵合。臨揚州，都統姜才以兵二萬攻揚子橋，率諸將擊敗之。

In Zhiyuan 11 Kublai ordered Xiangwei to lead Suqunqa's original banner and five Hongjila appanage contingents against Song. From Zhengyang he took Anfeng, raided Lu, captured He, stormed Sikong Mountain, and pacified the Wild People's Plain. He crossed at Anqing, sailed downriver, joined Bayan at Runzhou, and advanced in three columns—Xiangwei leading the left with Vice Administrator Dong Wenbing as deputy, assigning commands and enforcing discipline. Jiangyin, Huating, Ganpu, and Shanghai submitted at his approach; civil order was undisturbed. He encamped at Yanguan while Bayan already held Lin'an and received the young Song emperor's surrender. Xiangwei then shifted to Guazhou and united with Aju. Near Yangzhou, Regimental Commander Jiang Cai attacked Yangzi Bridge with twenty thousand men; Xiangwei led the generals and routed him.

十三年夏，驛召相威。秋，入覲，大饗，賚功，授金虎符、征西都元帥，仍賜弓矢甲鞍、文錦表裡四、鈔萬貫，從者賞賜有差。時親王海都叛，命領汪總帥兵以鎮西土。

In the summer of the thirteenth year he was summoned by courier. In autumn he appeared at court; after a great feast he received the gold tiger tally as Marshal of the Western Expedition, plus bow, arrows, armor, saddle, brocade garments, ten thousand strings of paper money, and graded rewards for his followers. When Prince Haidu rebelled he was ordered to lead Commander Wang's force to secure the west.

十四年，召拜江南諸道行台御史大夫。乃上奏曰：「陛下以臣為耳目，臣以監察御史、按察司為耳目。倘非其人，是人之耳目先自閉塞，下情何由上達。」帝嘉之，命御史臺清其選。每除目至，必集幕僚御史議其可否，不協公論者即劾去之。繼陳便民一十五事，其略曰：並行省，削冗官，鈐鎮戍，拘官船，業流民，錄故官，贓饋遺，淮浙鹽運司直隸行省，行大司農營田司並入宣慰司，理訟勿分南北，公田召佃仍減其租，革宋公吏勿容作弊。帝皆納焉。浙東盜起，浙西宣慰使昔裡伯縱兵肆掠，俘及平民，乃遣御史商琥據錢唐津渡閱治之，得釋者以數千計。昔裡伯遁還都，奏執還揚州治其罪。

In the fourteenth year he was recalled as Censor-in-Chief of the Jiangnan Branch Censorate. He memorialized, "Your Majesty makes me your eyes and ears; I make the surveillance censors and intendant offices mine. If those men are unworthy, the people's eyes and ears are stopped first—how can grievances reach the throne?" The Emperor praised this and ordered the Censorate to clean up its appointments. Whenever appointments arrived he convened his censors to debate them and impeached anyone the consensus rejected. He then offered fifteen reforms: merge branch secretariats, cut redundant posts, tighten garrisons, restrict official shipping, resettle refugees, register former officials, punish bribery, place the Huai-Zhe salt office under the branch secretariat, fold the agriculture and colonization offices into the pacification commission, try cases without north-south division, lease public fields at reduced rent, and curb Song clerical abuses. The Emperor accepted them all. Bandits rose in eastern Zhe; Zhexi Pacification Commissioner Shili Bo's men looted civilians; Xiangwei sent Censor Shang Huo to investigate at the Qiantang crossing and freed thousands. Shili Bo fled to the capital and petitioned to have Shang Huo arrested and sent back to Yangzhou for trial.

十六年，入覲，會左丞崔斌等言平章阿合馬不法事，有旨命相威及知樞密院博羅自開平馳驛大都共鞫之。阿合馬稱疾不出，博羅欲回，相威厲聲色曰：「奉旨按問，敢回奏耶！」令輿疾赴對，首責數事。既引伏，有旨釋免，仍喻相威曰：「朕知卿不惜顏面。」復命還南行台。十七年，有旨命相威檢核阿里海牙、忽都帖木兒等所俘三萬二千餘口，並放為民。

In the sixteenth year he came to court as Left Vice Administrator Cui Bin and others accused Associate Grand Councillor Ahmad of corruption; Kublai ordered Xiangwei and Military Affairs Commissioner Boluo to ride post from Kaiping to Dadu to investigate. Ahmad feigned illness; Boluo wanted to withdraw; Xiangwei said sharply, "We are ordered to investigate—shall we go back empty-handed?" He had Ahmad brought sick to answer and charged him on several counts first. After Ahmad confessed, an order pardoned him; Kublai told Xiangwei, "I know you do not spare your own face for mine." He was sent back to the southern censorate. In the seventeenth year he was ordered to audit more than thirty-two thousand captives taken by Ariq Qaya, Hudutemür, and others and free them as civilians.

十八年，右丞範文虎、參政李庭以兵十萬航海徵倭。七晝夜至竹島，與遼陽省臣兵合。欲先攻太宰府，遲疑不發。八月朔，颶風大作，士卒十喪六七。帝震怒，復命行省左丞相阿塔海征之。一時無敢諫者。相威遣使入奏曰：「倭不奉職貢，可伐而不可恕，可緩而不可急。向者師行迫期，戰船不堅，前車已覆，後當改轍。今為之計，預修戰艦，訓練士卒，耀兵揚武，使彼聞之，深自備禦。遲以歲月，俟其疲怠，出其不意，乘風疾往，一舉而下，萬全之策也。」帝意始釋，遂罷其役。又陳皇太子既令中書，宜領撫軍監國之任，選正人端士，立詹事、賓客、諭德、贊善，衛翼左右，所以樹國本也。帝深然之。

In the eighteenth year Right Vice Administrator Fan Wenhu and Vice Administrator Li Ting sailed with a hundred thousand men against Japan. In seven days and nights they reached Zhudao and joined the Liaoyang provincial force. They meant to strike Dazaifu first but hesitated and did not attack. On the first of the eighth month a typhoon struck; six or seven in ten soldiers perished. Kublai was furious and ordered Branch Left Chancellor Atahai to invade again. For a time no one dared object. Xiangwei sent a memorial: "Japan withholds tribute—it may be punished but not indulged; the campaign may wait but must not be rushed. The last expedition was forced by deadline with unseaworthy ships; the cart ahead already overturned—the rear must change course. The plan now: build warships, drill troops, show force so they hear and arm themselves heavily. Wait months and years until they tire; then strike where they do not expect, ride the wind, and take them in one blow—that is the safe course." The Emperor relented and halted the expedition. He also urged that with the Crown Prince already directing the Secretariat, he should oversee the realm and the army; appoint upright scholars as Grand Mentor, Guest, Preceptor, and Supporter to guard him—that is how to secure the succession. Kublai strongly agreed.

十九年，又奏阿里海牙占降民一千八百戶為奴，阿里海牙以為征討所得，有旨：「果降民也，還之有司；若征討所得，令御史臺籍其數以聞，量賜有功者。」阿里海牙又自陳其功比伯顏，當賜養老戶，御史滕魯瞻劾之，阿里海牙自辨，有旨遣使赴行台逮問。相威曰：「為臣敢爾欺誑邪，滕御史何罪。」即馳奏，使者竟歸。

In the nineteenth year he reported that Ariq Qaya had enslaved eighteen hundred submitted households; Ariq Qaya claimed them as campaign spoils; the order came: "If they are submitted people, return them to the offices; if spoils of war, let the Censorate register and reward merit accordingly." Ariq Qaya claimed merit equal to Bayan's and demanded retirement households; Censor Teng Luzhan impeached him; an envoy was sent to the branch censorate to arrest and question him. Xiangwei said, "Would a minister dare such fraud? What crime has Censor Teng committed?" He memorialized by urgent courier; the envoy was recalled.

二十年，以疾請入覲，進譯語《資治通鑒》，帝即以賜東宮經筵講讀。拜江淮行省左丞相。二十一年，啟行。四月，卒於蠡州，年四十四。訃聞，帝悼惜不已。

In the twentieth year, ill, he asked to come to court and presented a translated Zizhi Tongjian; Kublai gave it to the Eastern Palace for study. He was made Left Chancellor of the Jianghuai Branch Secretariat. In the twenty-first year he took up the post. In the fourth month he died at Li Prefecture, aged forty-four. News of his death brought Kublai's lasting grief.

子阿老瓦丁，南行台御史大夫；孫脫歡，集賢大學士。

His son Alawading became Censor-in-Chief of the Southern Branch Censorate; his grandson Toghan was Grand Academician of the Hall of Worthies.

○土土哈

○ Tutuha

土土哈，其先本武平北折連川按答罕山部族，自曲出徙居西北玉裡伯裡山，因以為氏，號其國曰欽察。其地去中國三萬餘里，夏夜極短，日暫沒即出。曲出生唆末納，唆末納生亦納思，世為欽察國王。

Tutuha's ancestors were of the Beizhelianchuan Andaqan tribe in Wuping; moving from Ququ to Mount Yiliboli in the northwest, they took that name and styled their realm Qipchaq. Their land lay more than thirty thousand li from China; summer nights were so short the sun barely dipped below the horizon before rising again. Ququ begot Somina; Somina begot Inas; for generations they ruled Qipchaq.

太祖徵蔑裡乞，其主火都奔欽察，亦納思納之。太祖遣使諭之曰：「汝奚匿吾負箭之麋？亟以相還，不然禍且及汝。」亦納思答曰：「逃鸇之雀，叢薄猶能生之，吾顧不如草木耶？」太祖乃命將討之。亦納思已老，國中大亂，亦納思之子忽魯速蠻遣使自歸於太宗。而憲宗受命帥師，已扣其境，忽魯速蠻之子班都察舉族迎降。從徵麥怯斯有功。率欽察百人從世祖徵大理，伐宋，以強勇稱。嘗侍左右，掌尚方馬畜，歲時挏馬乳以進，色清而味美，號黑馬乳，因目其屬曰哈剌赤。

When Genghis Khan campaigned against the Merkits, their lord Hudu fled to Qipchaq and Inas sheltered him. Genghis sent envoys demanding, "Why do you hide my quarry—the elk who bears my arrow? Return him at once or disaster will find you." Inas replied, "Even a sparrow fleeing the hawk finds shelter in the brush—am I less merciful than the grass?" Genghis then sent armies against them. Inas was aged and his realm in turmoil; his son Qulussun sent envoys submitting to Ögedei. When Möngke took supreme command he already pressed their frontier; Qulussun's son Banducha led the clan in submission. He served in the Merv campaign with distinction. Leading a hundred Qipchaqs he followed Kublai against Dali and Song, famed for valor. He attended the Founder, overseeing imperial herds; each season he sent mare's milk—clear and fine—called black kumiss, and his household became known as the Qaračin.

宗王海都構亂，世祖以國家根本之地，命皇太子北平王率諸王鎮守之。至元十四年，諸王脫脫木、失烈吉叛，寇抄諸部，掠祖宗所御大帳以去。土土哈率兵討之，敗其將脫兒赤顏於納蘭不剌，邀諸部以還。應昌部族只兒瓦台構亂，脫脫木引兵應之，中途遇土土哈，將戰，先獲其候騎數十，脫脫木乃引去，遂滅只兒瓦台。追脫脫木等至禿兀剌河，三宿而後返。尋復敗之於斡歡河，奪回所掠大帳，還諸部之眾於北平。

When Prince Haidu rebelled, Kublai—knowing the north was the dynasty's root—ordered the Crown Prince of Beiping and the princes to garrison it. In Zhiyuan 14 Princes Totoqmu and Shiregi rebelled, raided the tribes, and stole the ancestral great tent. Tutuha marched against them, defeated Togril at Nalanbula, and recovered the tribes. The Yingchang chieftain Jirghatai rebelled; Totoqmu marched to join him but met Tutuha, lost his scouts, and withdrew; Jirghatai was destroyed. He pursued Totoqmu to the Togla River, camped three nights, and returned. Soon he beat them again at the Ogna River, recovered the stolen great tent, and restored the tribes to Beiping.

十五年，大軍北征，詔率欽察驍騎千人以從。追失烈吉逾金山，擒扎忽台等以獻。又敗寬折哥等，裹瘡力戰，獲羊馬輜重甚眾。還朝，帝召至榻前，親慰勞之，賜金銀酒器及銀百兩、金幣九、歲時預宴只孫冠服全、海東白鶻一，仍賜以奪回所掠大帳，而諭之曰：「祖宗武帳，非人臣所得御，以卿能歸之，故以授卿。」嘗有旨：「欽察人為民及隸諸王者，皆別籍之以隸土土哈，戶給鈔二千貫，歲賜粟帛，選其材勇，以備禁衛。」

In the fifteenth year the northern campaign was ordered; Tutuha led a thousand Qipchaq horse. Pursuing Shiregi beyond the Altai he captured Zaqutai and others and presented them. He defeated Kuanjge and others too; fighting through wounds he seized vast herds and baggage. At court Kublai summoned him to the couch, comforted him, gave gold and silver vessels, a hundred taels of silver, nine gold coins, full zisun banquet robes, an eastern white gyrfalcon, and returned the recovered great tent, saying, "The ancestral war tent is not for subjects—but you restored it, so it is yours." An edict had registered all Qipchaq civilians and princely dependents under Tutuha—two thousand strings per household, yearly grain and cloth, and the bravest chosen for the guard.

十九年，授昭勇大將軍、同知太僕院事。二十年，改同知衛尉院事，兼領群牧司。請以所部哈剌赤屯田畿內，詔給霸州文安縣田四百頃，益以宋新附軍人八百，俾領其事。二十一年，賜金虎符，並賜金貂、裘帽、玉帶各一，海東青鶻一，水磑壹區，近郊田二千畝，籍河東諸路蒙古軍子弟四千六百人隸其麾下。二十二年，拜鎮國上將軍、樞密院副使。二十三年，置欽察親軍衛，遂兼都指揮使，聽以宗族將吏備官屬。

In the nineteenth year he became General of Brilliant Courage and Associate Director of the Imperial Stud. In the twentieth year he became Associate Director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments and supervised the Herd Office. He asked to settle his Qaračin as colonists near the capital; the court granted four hundred qing in Wen'an, Bazhou, plus eight hundred newly submitted Song troops under his command. In the twenty-first year he received a gold tiger tally, sable and jade regalia, a gyrfalcon, a water mill, two thousand mu near the capital, and forty-six hundred Mongol youths from Hedong. In the twenty-second year he was made General for Pacifying the State and Vice Director of Military Affairs. In the twenty-third year the Qipchaq Guard was established; he became its commander and staffed it with kinsmen and officers.

海都兵犯金山，詔與大將朵兒朵懷共御之。二十四年，宗王乃顏叛，陰遣使來結也不幹、勝剌哈，為土土哈所執，盡得其情以聞。勝剌哈設宴邀二大將，朵兒朵懷將往，土土哈以為事不可測，遂止，勝剌哈計不得行。未幾，有旨令勝剌哈入朝，將由東道進，土土哈言於北安王曰：「彼分地在東，脫有不虞，是縱虎入山林也。」乃命從西道進。既而有言也不幹叛者，眾欲先聞於朝，然後發兵。土土哈曰：「兵貴神速，若彼果叛，我軍出其不意，可即圖之；否則與約而還。」即日啟行，疾驅七晝夜，渡禿兀剌河，戰於孛怯嶺，大敗之，也不幹僅以身免。世祖時親征乃顏，聞之，遣使命土土哈收其餘黨，沿河而下。遇叛王也鐵哥軍萬騎，擊走之，獲馬甚眾，並擒叛王哈兒魯等，獻俘行在所，誅之。欽察、康裡之屬，自叛所來歸者，即以付土土哈，置哈剌魯萬戶府，欽察之散處安西諸王部下者，悉令統之。時成宗以皇孫撫軍於北，詔以土土哈從。追乃顏餘黨於哈剌，誅叛王兀塔海，盡降其眾。二十五年，諸王也只裡為叛王火魯哈孫所攻，遣使告急。復從皇孫移師援之，敗諸兀魯灰。還至哈剌溫山，夜渡貴烈河，敗叛王哈丹，盡得遼左諸部，置東路萬戶府。世祖多其功，以也只裡女弟塔倫妻之。

When Haidu struck the Altai, he and General Dordön were ordered to meet him. In the twenty-fourth year Prince Nayan rebelled and secretly contacted Yebugan and Senggge; Tutuha seized the envoys and reported all. Senggge invited the two generals to a feast; Dordön meant to go; Tutuha stopped him as too risky; Senggge's plot failed. Soon Senggge was ordered to court by the eastern road; Tutuha told the Prince of Beian, "His domain is east—send him that way and we release a tiger into the hills." He was made to travel the western road instead. Soon word came that Yebugan had rebelled; others wanted to report first, then march. Tutuha said, "War favors speed—if he truly rebels, strike before he expects it; if not, make terms and return." That day he marched; in seven days and nights he crossed the Togla and routed Yebugan at Leqie Ridge; Yebugan barely escaped. Kublai, campaigning against Nayan in person, ordered Tutuha to mop up downstream along the river. He met Prince Yitek's ten thousand horse, drove them off, took many horses, captured princes Qarluq and others, and executed them before the imperial camp. Qipchaq and Kangli clans returning from the rebels were placed under Tutuha; the Qarluq Ten-Thousand-Household was established; scattered Qipchaqs under western princes were consolidated under him. When Chengzong as imperial grandson commanded the north, Tutuha was ordered to accompany him. Pursuing Nayan's remnants at Qara he executed Prince Utahai and accepted the surrender of all. In the twenty-fifth year Prince Yeje'er was attacked by rebel Prince Qorqasun and sent urgent pleas. Tutuha shifted with the imperial grandson to relieve him and defeated the Ulughai. Returning to Qalawun he crossed the Guile by night, beat Prince Qadan, secured the eastern departments, and established the Eastern Route Ten-Thousand-Household. Kublai rewarded him with Prince Yeje'er's sister Talun in marriage.

二十六年，從皇孫晉王徵海都。抵杭海嶺，敵先據險，諸軍失利，惟土土哈以其軍直前鏖戰，翼晉王而出。追騎大至，乃選精銳設伏以待之，寇不敢逼。秋七月，世祖巡幸北邊，召見慰諭之，曰：「昔太祖與其臣同患難者，飲班術河之水以記功。今日之事，何愧昔人，卿其勉之。」還至京師，大宴群臣，復謂土土哈曰：「朔方人來，聞海都言：『杭海之役，使彼邊將皆如土土哈，吾屬安所置哉！』」論功行賞，帝欲先欽察之士。土土哈言：「慶賞之典，蒙古將吏宜先之。」帝曰：「爾毋飾讓，蒙古人誠居汝右，力戰豈在汝右耶？」召諸將頒賞有差。

In the twenty-sixth year he followed the Prince of Jin against Haidu. At Hangai Ridge the enemy held the heights; the army faltered; only Tutuha fought straight through and escorted the Prince of Jin out. When pursuers closed in he chose elite men, laid ambush, and the enemy dared not press. In the seventh month Kublai toured the northern frontier, summoned Tutuha, and said, "Genghis and his companions shared hardship and drank the Banshi River to seal their deeds. Today's fight is no disgrace to those men—press on." Back at court, feasting his ministers, Kublai told Tutuha, "Northerners report Haidu said, 'At Hangai, if every frontier general were like Tutuha, where would we stand?' When rewards were apportioned, the Emperor meant to favor the Qipchaq first." Tutuha said, "By custom Mongol officers should come first." Kublai said, "Do not demur—Mongols rank above you, but in the thick of battle who stands ahead?" He summoned the generals and gave graded rewards.

初，世祖既取宋，命籍建康、廬、饒租戶千為哈剌赤戶，益以俘獲千七百戶賜土土哈，仍官一子，以督其賦。二十八年，土土哈奏：「哈剌赤軍以萬數，足以備用。」詔賜珠帽、珠衣、金帶、玉帶、海東青鶻各一，復賜其部曲毳衣、縑素萬匹。於是率哈剌赤萬人北獵於漢塔海，邊寇聞之，皆引去。二十九年秋，略地金山，獲海都之戶三千餘，還至和林。有詔進取乞裡吉思。三十年春，師次欠河，冰行數日，始至其境，盡收其五部之眾，屯兵守之。奏功，加龍虎衛上將軍，仍給行樞密院印。海都聞取乞裡吉思，引兵至欠河，復敗之，擒其將孛羅察。

After conquering Song, Kublai registered a thousand rent households from Jiankang, Lu, and Rao as Qaračin households, added seventeen hundred captives for Tutuha, and appointed a son to oversee the levies. In the twenty-eighth year Tutuha reported, "The Qaračin number in the ten thousands—enough for any task." The court granted pearl cap and robe, gold and jade belts, and ten thousand bolts of felt and silk for his men. He then led ten thousand Qaračin to hunt at Hantaihai; border raiders withdrew at the news. In the autumn of the twenty-ninth year he raided the Altai, took more than three thousand of Haidu's households, and returned to Karakorum. An edict ordered the conquest of Kirghiz. In the spring of the thirtieth year the army reached the Qian River, marched on ice for days, took all five Kirghiz tribes, and garrisoned them. Reporting his merit he was made General of the Dragon-Tiger Guard and given the mobile military affairs seal. Haidu, hearing Kirghiz had fallen, came to the Qian River and was beaten again; his general Bolochaq was taken.

三十一年，成宗即位，詔以邊境事重，其免會朝，遣使就賜銀五百兩、七寶金壺盤盂各一、鈔萬貫、白氈帳一、獨峰駝五。冬，召至京師，賞賚有加，別賜其麾下士鈔千二百萬貫。元貞元年春，仍出守北邊。二年秋，諸王附海都者率眾來歸，邊民驚擾，身至玉龍罕界，饋餉安集之，導諸王岳木忽等入朝。帝解御衣以賜，又賜金五十兩、銀千五百兩、鈔五萬貫、轎輿各一。

In the thirty-first year Chengzong took the throne; frontier duty excused Tutuha from court; envoys brought five hundred taels of silver, jeweled gold vessels, ten thousand strings, a white felt tent, and five Bactrian camels. That winter he was summoned to the capital with added rewards; his soldiers received twelve million strings. In the spring of Yuanzhen 1 he returned to the northern frontier. In the autumn of Yuanzhen 2 princes who had sided with Haidu submitted in numbers; he went to the Yulonghan border in person, fed and settled the people, and escorted Prince Uemuhu and others to court. Chengzong gave his own robe from his shoulders plus fifty taels of gold, fifteen hundred of silver, fifty thousand strings, and a sedan chair.

大德元年正月，拜銀青榮祿大夫、上柱國、同知樞密院事、欽察親軍都指揮使，奉命還北邊。二月，至宣德府，卒，年六十一。贈金紫光祿大夫、司空，追封延國公，謚武毅，後加封升王。子八人，其第三子曰床兀兒。

In the first month of Dade 1 he became Silver-Green Glory Grand Master, Grand Preceptor of State, Vice Director of Military Affairs, and Commander of the Qipchaq Guard, and returned north. In the second month he reached Xuande Prefecture and died at sixty-one. Posthumously honored as Grand Master of Purple-Gold Glory and Minister of Works; enfeoffed Duke of Yan with posthumous title Wuyi; later raised to Prince of Sheng. He had eight sons; the third was Chüyü'er.

床兀兒初以大臣子奉詔從太師月兒魯行軍，戰於百塔山，有功，拜昭勇大將軍、左衛親軍都指揮使。大德元年，襲父職，領征北諸軍帥師逾金山，攻八鄰之地。八鄰之南有答魯忽河，其將帖良台阻水而軍，伐木柵岸以自庇，士皆下馬跪坐，持弓矢以待我軍，矢不能及，馬不能進。床兀兒命吹銅角，舉軍大呼，聲震林野。其眾不知所為，爭起就馬。於是麾師畢渡，湧水拍岸，木柵漂散，因奮師馳擊，追奔五十里，盡得其人馬廬帳。還次阿雷河，與海都所遣援八鄰之將孛伯軍遇。河之上有高山，孛伯陣於山上，馬不利下馳。床兀兒麾軍渡河蹙之，其馬多顛躓，急擊敗之，追奔三十餘里，孛伯僅以身免。二年，北邊諸王都哇、徹徹禿等潛師襲火兒哈禿之地。其地亦有山甚高，敵兵據之。床兀兒選勇而善步者，持挺刃四面上，奮擊，盡覆其軍。三年，入朝，成宗親解御衣賜之，慰勞優渥，拜鎮國上將軍、僉樞密院事、欽察親軍都指揮使、太僕少卿。復還邊。

Chüyü'er first followed Grand Preceptor Yelü Lü by imperial order; at Mount Baita he distinguished himself and became General of Brilliant Courage and Left Commander of the Palace Guard. In Dade 1 he succeeded his father, led the northern armies over the Altai against the Ba'arin. South of Ba'arin lay the Tarluq River; Temürtei camped behind it, felled bank timber for palisades, and had his men kneel with bows—arrows fell short and horses could not cross. Chüyü'er ordered the bronze horn sounded; the army roared until the woods shook. The enemy panicked and scrambled for their horses. He then crossed in force; floodwater smashed the palisades; he charged, pursued fifty li, and took men, horses, and camps entire. Returning he camped on the Ale River and met Boq, whom Haidu had sent to relieve the Ba'arin. A high mountain overlooked the river; Boq formed on the heights where cavalry could not charge down. Chüyü'er forced the crossing and closed on them; their horses stumbled; he routed them, pursued thirty li, and Boq alone escaped. In the second year princes Duwa and Chechektu secretly raided Qorqaz. There too a great height dominated the field; the enemy held it. Chüyü'er picked brave footmen with clubs and blades, climbed on four sides, and overthrew the whole force. In the third year he came to court; Chengzong took off his own robe and gave it; he was made General for Pacifying the State, Associate Director of Military Affairs, Qipchaq Commander, and Vice Minister of the Imperial Stud. He returned to the frontier.

是時武宗在潛邸，領軍朔方，軍事必咨於床兀兒。及戰，床兀兒嘗為先。四年秋，叛王禿麥、斡魯思等犯邊，床兀兒迎敵於闊客之地。及其未陣，直前搏之，敵不敢支，追之，逾金山乃還。五年，海都兵越金山而南，止於鐵堅古山，因高以自保。床兀兒急引兵敗之。復與都哇相持於兀兒禿之地。床兀兒以精銳馳其陣，左右奮擊，所殺不可勝計，都哇之兵幾盡。武宗親視其戰，乃嘆曰：「何其壯耶！力戰未有如此者。」事聞，詔遣御史大夫禿只等即赤訥思之地集諸王軍將問戰勝功狀，咸稱床兀兒功第一。武宗既命尚雅忽禿楚王公主察吉兒，及使者以功簿奏，帝復出御衣遣使臨賜之。七年秋，入朝，帝親諭之曰：「卿鎮北邊，累建大功，雖以黃金周飾卿身，猶不足以盡朕意。」賜以衣帽、金珠等物甚厚，拜驃騎衛上將軍、樞密院副使、欽察親軍都指揮使、太僕少卿，仍賜其軍萬人，鈔四千萬貫。

Wuzong, still heir apparent in the north, always consulted Chüyü'er on military matters. In every battle Chüyü'er led the van. In the autumn of the fourth year rebel princes Totoqmai and Olus invaded; Chüyü'er met them at Kuoke. Before they could form he closed and grappled; they broke; he pursued beyond the Altai before turning back. In the fifth year Haidu crossed south of the Altai and held Mount Tiejianggu. Chüyü'er rushed up and defeated him. He fought Duwa again at Urtu. Chüyü'er drove elite horse into Duwa's line, struck both flanks, and slaughtered beyond count until Duwa's army nearly perished. Wuzong watched the fight and exclaimed, "How fierce! Never had he seen such fighting." Word reached court; Censor-in-Chief Toci was sent to Chinas to gather princes and generals on the victory; all ranked Chüyü'er first. Wuzong had already betrothed Princess Chaji'er of Chuyu'utu; when the merit rolls reached the throne, Chengzong again sent his own robe by envoy. In the autumn of the seventh year he came to court; the Emperor told him, "You guard the north with repeated great deeds—even to gild your body would not repay Our debt." He received rich gifts of hat, robe, gold, and pearls; was made General of the Swift-Cavalry Guard, Vice Director of Military Affairs, Qipchaq Commander, and Vice Minister of the Imperial Stud; ten thousand troops and forty million strings went to his command.

九年，諸王都哇、察八兒、明裡帖木兒等相聚而謀曰：「昔我太祖艱難以成帝業，奄有天下，我子孫乃弗克靖恭，以安享其成，連年構兵，以相殘殺，是自隳祖宗之業也。今撫軍鎮邊者，皆吾世祖之嫡孫，吾與誰爭哉？且前與土土哈戰既弗能勝，今與其子床兀兒戰又無功，惟天惟祖宗意可見矣。不若遣使請命罷兵，通一家之好，使吾士民老者得以養，少者得以長，傷殘疲憊者得以休息，則亦無負太祖之所望於我子孫者矣。」使至，帝許之。於是明裡帖木兒等罷兵入朝，特為置驛以通往來。十年，拜榮祿大夫、同知樞密院事，尋拜光祿大夫、知樞密院事，欽察左衛指揮、太僕少卿皆如故。

In the ninth year princes Duwa, Chabai, and Minglitaimur met and said, "Genghis won the realm through hardship; we his heirs cannot keep the peace but war among ourselves—we ruin his legacy. Those who hold the frontier now are Kublai's own grandsons—with whom should we fight? We could not beat Tutuha; we cannot beat his son Chüyü'er—the will of Heaven and the ancestors is plain. Better to sue for peace and restore kinship, so old and young may thrive and the maimed rest—we would not betray what Genghis wished for his line." When their envoys came, the court agreed. Minglitaimur and the others laid down arms and came to court; relay stations were set up for their traffic. In the tenth year he became Glory Grand Master and Vice Director of Military Affairs; soon Grand Master of Splendid Happiness and Director of Military Affairs, retaining the Qipchaq Left Guard and Imperial Stud posts.

子六人：燕帖木兒，答剌罕、太師、右丞相、太平王；撒敦，左丞相；答裡，襲封句容郡王。

He had six sons: Yanztemür, Daraqan, Grand Preceptor, Right Chancellor, and Prince of Taiping; Sadun, Left Chancellor; Dali, who inherited the enfeoffment as Prince of Jurong Commandery.

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