Volume 156 Biographies 43: Dong Wenbing, Zhang Hongfan

董文炳

Dong Wenbing

董文炳字彥明，俊之長子也。父歿時年始十六，率諸幼弟事母李夫人。夫人有賢行，治家嚴，篤於教子。文炳師侍其先生，警敏善記誦，自幼儼如成人。

Dong Wenbing, whose courtesy name was Yanming, was the eldest son of Dong Jun. When his father died, he was only sixteen. He took charge of his younger brothers and together they attended their mother, Lady Li. Lady Li was known for her virtue, ran the household with strict discipline, and was deeply committed to her sons' education. Wenbing studied with his teacher, showed a quick mind and a gift for memorization, and from boyhood carried himself with the gravity of a grown man.

歲乙未，以父任為藁城令。同列皆父時人，輕文炳年少，吏亦不之憚。文炳明於聽斷，以恩濟威。未幾，同列束手下之，吏抱案求署字，不敢仰視，里人亦大化服。縣貧，重以旱蝗，而徵斂日暴，民不聊生。文炳以私穀數千石與縣，縣得以寬民。前令因軍興乏用，稱貸於人，而貸家取息歲倍，縣以民蠶麥償之。文炳曰：「民困矣，吾為令，義不忍視也，吾當為代償。」乃以田廬若干畝計直與貸家，復籍縣閒田與貧民為業，使耕之。於是流離漸還，數年間民食以足。朝廷初料民，令敢隱實者誅，籍其家。文炳使民聚口而居，少為戶數。衆以為不可，文炳曰：「為民獲罪，吾所甘心。」民亦有不樂為者，文炳曰：「後當德我。」由是賦斂大減，民皆富完。旁縣民有訟不得直者，皆詣文炳求決。文炳嘗上謁大府，旁縣人聚觀之，曰：「吾亟聞董令，董令顧亦人耳，何其明若神也！」時府索無厭，文炳抑不予。或讒之府，府欲中害之，文炳曰：「吾終不能剝民求利也。」即棄官去。

In the yiwei year (1235), he was appointed magistrate of Gaocheng on account of his father's position. His fellow officials were all veterans of his father's day. They dismissed Wenbing as too young, and the clerks showed him no respect. Wenbing proved adept at hearing cases and passing judgment, tempering authority with mercy. Before long his colleagues had submitted to him. Clerks would bring documents for his signature without daring to meet his eye, and the people of the district were thoroughly won over. The county was poor to begin with, and drought and locusts made matters worse while levies grew harsher by the day. The people could barely survive. Wenbing contributed several thousand piculs of his own grain to the county treasury, enabling the magistracy to lighten the people's burdens. The previous magistrate, pressed for funds by the wars, had borrowed on credit at interest that doubled yearly, and the county had been repaying the lenders from the people's silk and wheat harvests. Wenbing said, "The people are suffering. As their magistrate, I cannot stand by and watch—I will repay the debt myself." He settled the debt by valuing several dozen mu of his own fields and homesteads and turning them over to the lenders. He also registered unused county land for poor families to farm as their livelihood. Displaced families gradually returned, and within a few years the people had enough to eat. When the court first conducted a population survey, it decreed death and confiscation of property for anyone who concealed the true household count. Wenbing had families consolidate into larger household units, thereby reducing the number of registered households. Many objected that this could not be done. Wenbing said, "If I must bear punishment on the people's behalf, I accept it willingly." Some households were still reluctant. Wenbing told them, "You will thank me later." As a result, levies fell sharply, and the people grew prosperous and secure. Litigants from neighboring counties who could not obtain a fair hearing all came to Wenbing for judgment. When Wenbing once went to the superior prefecture on official business, people from neighboring counties crowded around to watch and exclaimed, "We have heard so much of Magistrate Dong—and he is only a man! How can he judge with the clarity of a god?" The prefecture's demands were insatiable, but Wenbing held firm and refused to comply. Some maligned him to the prefecture, which sought to destroy him. Wenbing said, "I will never strip the people to fill official coffers." He resigned his post at once and departed.

世祖在潛藩，癸丑秋，受命憲宗征南詔。文炳率義士四十六騎從行，人馬道死殆盡。及至吐番，止兩人能從，兩人者挾文炳徒行，躑躅道路，取死馬肉續食，日行不能三二十里，然志益厲，期必至軍。會使者過，遇文炳，還言其狀。時文炳弟文忠先從世祖軍，世祖即命文忠解尚五馬載糗糧迎文炳。既至，世祖壯其忠，且閔其勞，賜賚甚厚。有任使皆稱旨，由是日親貴用事。

While Kublai was still in his princely domain, in the autumn of 1253 he received from Möngke Khan the order to campaign south. Wenbing led forty-six mounted volunteers on the march. Men and horses perished along the way until almost none remained. By the time they reached Tibet, only two companions remained. They supported Wenbing on foot, stumbling along the road and eating the flesh of dead horses to stay alive. They could manage barely twenty or thirty li a day, yet his resolve only hardened—he was determined to reach the army. A courier happened to pass by, met Wenbing, and returned to report his plight. Wenbing's younger brother Wenzhong was already with Kublai's army. The prince at once ordered Wenzhong to take five saddled horses loaded with provisions to meet him. When he arrived, Kublai admired his loyalty and pitied his ordeal, rewarding him lavishly. Every task entrusted to him met with the prince's approval, and from that day he grew ever closer, honored, and influential at court.

己未秋，世祖伐宋，至淮西臺山寨，命文炳往取之。文炳馳至寨下，諭以禍福，不應，文炳脫冑呼曰：「吾所以不極兵威者，欲活汝衆也，不速下，今屠寨矣。」守者懼，遂降。九月，師次陽羅堡。宋兵築堡于岸，陳船江中，軍容甚盛，文炳請於世祖曰：「長江天險，宋所恃以為國，勢必死守，不奪其氣不可，臣請嘗之。」即與敢死士數十百人當其前，率弟文用、文忠，載艨艟鼓櫂疾趨，叫呼畢奮。鋒既交，文炳麾衆趨岸搏之，宋師大敗。命文用輕舟報捷。世祖方駐香爐峰，因策馬下山問戰勝狀，則扶鞍起立，豎鞭仰指曰：「天也！」且命他師毋解甲，明日將圍城。既渡江，會憲宗崩。閏十一月，班師。

In the autumn of 1259, Kublai marched against Song and reached Taishan Stockade in western Huai. He ordered Wenbing to capture it. Wenbing rode to the foot of the stockade and urged them with talk of consequences, but they would not answer. He took off his helmet and shouted, "I have held back my full force because I want you to live. Surrender at once, or I will slaughter every soul in this stockade." The defenders were terrified and surrendered. In the ninth month the army encamped at Yangluo Fort. Song forces had built a fort on the shore and lined warships across the river in an imposing display. Wenbing said to Kublai, "The Yangtze is Song's natural fortress and the foundation of their state. They will fight to the death here—we must break their morale, and I ask leave to make the first trial." He took several hundred volunteers to the fore, leading his brothers Wenyong and Wenzhong in tower ships with drums beating and oars driving hard. They shouted themselves hoarse, then charged with everything they had. When the vanguards met, Wenbing drove his men ashore to grapple at close quarters, and the Song army was routed. He sent Wenyong in a light boat to report the victory. Kublai was encamped on Incense Burner Peak. He rode down the mountain to ask how the battle had been won, then braced himself on the saddle, raised his whip toward the sky, and cried, "Heaven itself has willed this!" He ordered the other divisions to keep their armor on—the city would be besieged the next day. After the army crossed the river, Möngke Khan died. In the intercalary eleventh month the army withdrew.

三年，李璮反濟南。璮劇賊，善用兵。文炳會諸軍圍之，璮不得遁。久之，賊勢日蹙，文炳曰：「窮寇可以計擒。」乃抵城下，呼璮將田都帥者曰：「反者璮耳，餘來即吾人，毋自取死也。」田縋城降。田，璮之愛將，既降，衆遂亂，禽璮以獻。璮兵有浙、漣兩軍二萬餘人，勇而善戰，主將怒其與賊，配諸軍，使陰殺之。文炳當殺二千人，言于主將曰：「彼為璮所脅耳，殺之恐乖天子仁聖之意。向天子伐南詔，或妄殺人，雖大將亦罪之，是不宜殺也。」主將從之。然他殺之者已衆，皆大悔。

In the third year (1262), Li Tan rebelled at Jinan. Tan was a formidable rebel and a skilled commander. Wenbing joined the allied armies in besieging him, and Tan could not break out. As the siege wore on, the rebels grew weaker by the day. Wenbing said, "A cornered enemy can be taken by strategy." He went to the foot of the wall and called to Tan's general, Commander Tian: "Only Tan is the rebel. The rest of you are our people once you come over—do not throw your lives away." Tian was lowered over the wall by rope and surrendered. Tian was Tan's favorite commander. Once he surrendered, the rebel ranks collapsed, and Tan was captured and brought in. Tan's forces included more than twenty thousand troops of the Zhe and Lian armies—brave and formidable fighters. The commander-in-chief, furious that they had sided with the rebel, scattered them among other units to be killed in secret. Two thousand men were assigned to Wenbing for execution. He told the commander-in-chief, "They were coerced by Tan alone. To kill them would betray the Son of Heaven's benevolent purpose. When the Son of Heaven campaigned against Nanzhao, even senior generals were punished for killing without cause. These men should not be killed." The commander-in-chief agreed. But many had already been killed elsewhere, and all deeply regretted it.

璮伏誅，山東猶未靖，乃以文炳為山東東路經略使，率親軍以行。出金銀符五十，有功者聽與之。閏九月，文炳至益都，留兵于外，從數騎衣冠而入。居府，不設警衛，召璮故將吏立之庭，曰：「璮狂賊，詿誤汝等。璮已誅死，汝皆為王民，天子至仁聖，遣經略使撫汝，當相安毋懼。經略使得便宜除擬將吏，汝等勉取金銀符，經略使不敢格上命不予有功者。」所部大悅，山東以安。

After Tan was executed, Shandong remained unsettled. Wenbing was appointed Pacification Commissioner of the Eastern Route in Shandong and led his personal troops on campaign. He issued fifty gold and silver commendation tallies to reward those who distinguished themselves. In the intercalary ninth month Wenbing reached Yidu. He left his troops outside and entered the city with only a few mounted attendants, dressed in full official regalia. He took up residence in the government compound without posting guards, summoned Tan's former officers to the courtyard, and said, "Tan was a mad rebel who led you astray. Tan is dead. You are all subjects of the throne. The Son of Heaven is supremely benevolent and has sent me to reassure you. Live in peace and have no fear. As pacification commissioner I may appoint and promote officers at my discretion. Do your best to earn the commendation tallies—I will not withhold them from anyone who deserves them." His subordinates were greatly reassured, and Shandong was pacified.

至元三年，帝懲李璮之亂，欲潛銷方鎮之橫，以文炳代史氏兩萬戶為鄧州光化行軍萬戶、河南等路統軍副使。到官，造戰艦五百艘，習水戰，預謀取宋方略，凡阨塞要害皆列柵築堡，為備禦計。帝嘗召文炳密謀，欲大發河北民丁。文炳曰：「河南密邇宋境，人習江淮地利，宜使河北耕以供軍，河南戰以辟地。俟宋平，則河北長隸兵籍，河南削籍為民。如是為便。又將校素無俸給，連年用兵，至有身為大校出無馬乘者。臣即所部千戶私役兵士四人，百戶二人，聽其雇役，稍食其力。」帝皆從之，始頒將校俸錢，以秩為差。

In 1266, taking warning from Li Tan's rebellion and seeking quietly to curb the power of regional military governors, the emperor replaced the Shi clan's two ten-thousand-household commands with Wenbing, appointing him Military Ten-Thousand-Household of Dengzhou and Guanghua on campaign and Deputy Commander-in-Chief of Henan and neighboring circuits. On taking office he built five hundred warships and trained his forces in naval warfare, planning the strategy for conquering Song in advance. At every pass and strategic point he erected palisades and built forts as defensive measures. The emperor once summoned Wenbing for secret counsel, intending to levy a massive draft of militia from Hebei. Wenbing said, "Henan lies close to Song territory, and its people know the Jiang-Huai terrain. Let Hebei farm to supply the armies and Henan fight to expand our holdings. Once Song is pacified, Hebei can remain on the military rolls permanently while Henan is removed from the rolls and restored to civilian status. That would be the most practical arrangement. Furthermore, officers had never received regular pay. After years of campaigning, some senior commanders had no horse even to ride on campaign. I propose that each thousand-household unit under my command be allowed four soldiers for private hire and each hundred-household unit two, so they may earn a modest income from their labor." The emperor accepted all his proposals and for the first time instituted regular pay for officers, graded by rank.

七年，改山東路統軍副使，治沂州。沂與宋接境，鎮兵仰內郡餉運。有詔和糴本部，文炳命收州縣所移文。衆諫以違詔，文炳曰：「但止之。」乃遣使入奏，略曰：「敵人接壤，知吾虛實，一不可；邊民供頓甚勞，重苦此役，二不可；困吾民以懼來者，三不可。」帝大悟，罷之。九年，遷樞密院判官，行院事於淮西。築正陽兩城，兩城夾淮相望，以綴襄陽及擣宋腹心。

In the seventh year (1270) he was transferred to Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Shandong Route, with his headquarters at Yizhou. Yizhou bordered Song territory, and the garrison depended on grain shipments from interior prefectures. An edict ordered coordinated grain purchases within his jurisdiction. Wenbing had the documents from prefectures and counties collected and withheld. His staff warned that this defied the edict. Wenbing said, "Just stop it for now." He sent a messenger to memorialize the throne, arguing in brief: "First, the enemy borders us and would learn our strengths and weaknesses; second, the border people are already exhausted supplying the army, and this levy would crush them further; third, to impoverish our own people would only discourage future settlers." The emperor was fully persuaded and canceled the order. In the ninth year (1272) he was promoted to Vice Director of the Bureau of Military Affairs and directed its affairs in western Huai. He built the twin cities of Zhengyang on opposite banks of the Huai to pin down Xiangyang and threaten Song's heartland.

十年，拜參知政事。夏，霖雨，水漲，宋淮西制置使夏貴帥舟師十萬來攻，矢石雨下，文炳登城禦之。一夕，貴去復來，飛矢貫文炳左臂，著脅。文炳拔矢授左右，發四十餘矢。菔中矢盡，顧左右索矢，又十餘發，矢不繼，力亦困，不能張滿，遂悶絕幾殆。明日，水入外郭，文炳麾士卒欲避，貴乘之，壓軍而陣。文炳病創甚，子士選請代戰，文炳壯而遣之，復自起束創，手劍督戰。士選以戈擊貴將仆，不死，獲之以獻。貴遂去，不敢復來。

In the tenth year (1273) he was appointed Vice Director of the Secretariat. That summer, weeks of rain swelled the rivers. Song's Pacification Commissioner of Western Huai, Xia Gui, led a fleet of one hundred thousand warships to attack. Arrows and stones rained down as Wenbing mounted the wall to direct the defense. One night Xia Gui withdrew, then returned. A stray arrow pierced Wenbing's left arm and lodged in his ribs. Wenbing pulled out the arrow, handed it to an attendant, and shot more than forty arrows in return. When his quiver was empty he called for more and shot another dozen, but arrows ran out and his strength failed—he could no longer draw the bow fully and collapsed, nearly dead. The next day floodwaters breached the outer wall. Wenbing ordered his troops to withdraw, but Xia Gui pressed the attack and deployed his army in battle formation. Wenbing's wound was grave. His son Shixuan volunteered to fight in his stead. Wenbing, impressed, sent him out, then rose himself, bound his wound, and took up his sword to direct the battle. Shixuan struck down one of Xia Gui's generals with a halberd. Though the man did not die, he was captured and brought before Wenbing. Xia Gui withdrew and did not dare return.

是歲，大舉兵伐宋，丞相伯顏自襄陽東下，與宋人戰陽羅堡。文炳以九月發正陽，十一年正月會伯顏于安慶。安慶守將范文虎以城降。文炳請于伯顏曰：「大軍既疲於陽羅堡，吾兵當前行。」伯顏許之。宋都督賈似道來禦，師陳於蕪湖，似道棄師走。次當塗，文炳復言于伯顏曰：「采石當江之南，和州對峙，不取，必有後顧。」遂進攻之，降知州事王喜。

That year the court launched a major campaign against Song. Chancellor Bayan marched east from Xiangyang and fought the Song at Yangluo Fort. Wenbing set out from Zhengyang in the ninth month and joined Bayan at Anqing in the first month of the eleventh year (1274). Anqing's defender Fan Wenhui surrendered the city. Wenbing said to Bayan, "Your main force is exhausted from Yangluo Fort. My troops should take the lead." Bayan agreed. Song's Commander-in-Chief Jia Sidao came to resist, but when the armies faced each other at Wuhu, Sidao abandoned his troops and fled. At Dangtu, Wenbing again urged Bayan: "Caishi lies south of the river with Hezhou facing it across the stream. If we do not take them, we will always be looking over our shoulder." They advanced to attack, and Prefect Wang Xi surrendered.

三月，有詔以時向暑熱，命伯顏軍駐建康，文炳軍駐鎮江。時揚州、真州堅守不下，常州、蘇州既降復叛。張世傑、孫虎臣約真、揚兵誓死戰，真、揚兵戰每敗，不敢出。世傑等陳大艦萬艘，碇焦山下江中，勁卒居前。文炳身犯之，載士選別船。弟之子士表請從，文炳顧曰：「吾弟僅汝一子，脫吾與士選不返，士元、士秀猶足殺敵，吾不忍汝往也。」士表固請，乃許。文炳乘輪船，建大將旗鼓，士選、士表船翼之，大呼突陣，諸將繼進，飛矢蔽日。戰酣，短兵相接，宋兵亦殊死戰，聲震天地，橫屍委仗，江水為之不流。自寅至午，宋師大敗，世傑走，文炳追及于夾灘。世傑收潰卒復戰，又破之，遂東走於海。文炳船小，不可入海，夜乃還。俘甲士萬餘人，悉縱不殺，獲戰船七百艘，宋力自此遂窮。

In the third month an edict, citing the approaching summer heat, ordered Bayan's army to encamp at Jiankang and Wenbing's at Zhenjiang. Yangzhou and Zhenzhou still held out stubbornly, while Changzhou and Suzhou, having surrendered once, rose in rebellion again. Zhang Shijie and Sun Huchen rallied the Zhen and Yang garrisons to fight to the death, but those troops were beaten in every engagement and dared not venture out. They deployed ten thousand large warships, anchoring at Jiaoshan in the river with elite troops in the van. Wenbing led the assault in person, with Shixuan aboard a separate vessel. His nephew Shibiao asked to join him. Wenbing said, "Your father has only you. If Shixuan and I do not return, Shiyuan and Shixiu can still fight—but I cannot send you into this." Shibiao pressed his case until Wenbing relented. Wenbing took a paddle-wheel warship under the great general's banners and drums, with Shixuan and Shibiao flanking him. He charged the enemy line with a great shout as the other generals pressed forward and arrows darkened the sky. The fighting grew desperate at close quarters. Song troops fought with equal fury until the din shook heaven and earth. Corpses and abandoned weapons littered the field, and the river seemed to stand still. From dawn to midday the Song army was routed. Shijie fled, and Wenbing caught up with him at Jiatan. Shijie rallied his broken forces and fought again, only to be defeated once more. He fled eastward onto the sea. Wenbing's ships were too small to pursue onto the open sea, and he returned that night. He took more than ten thousand armored soldiers prisoner and released them all unharmed. He captured seven hundred warships, and Song's military power was broken from that day forward.

十月，諸軍分三道而進，文炳居左，由江並海趨臨安。先是，江陰軍僉判李世修欲降不果，文炳檄諭之，世修以城來附，令權本軍安撫使。所過民不知兵，凡獲生口，悉縱遣之，無敢匿者，威信前布，皆望旗而服。張瑄有衆數千，負海為橫，文炳命招討使王世強及士選往降之。士選單舸至瑄所，諭以威德，瑄降，得海舶五百。

In the tenth month the armies advanced in three columns. Wenbing commanded the left wing, marching along the river and coast toward Lin'an. Earlier, Li Shixiu, deputy military judge of Jiangyin, had tried to surrender without success. Wenbing sent a proclamation urging him on, and Shixiu submitted the city. Wenbing appointed him acting Pacification Commissioner of the garrison. Wherever he marched, the people scarcely knew an army had passed. Every captive was released, none dared hide, and his reputation preceded him so that all submitted at sight of his banners. Zhang Xuan commanded several thousand men and dominated the coast. Wenbing sent Pacification Commissioner Wang Shiqiang and Shixuan to accept his surrender. Shixuan went alone in a small boat to Zhang Xuan's camp and persuaded him with talk of power and mercy. Xuan surrendered, yielding five hundred seagoing vessels.

十三年春正月，次鹽官。鹽官，臨安劇縣，俟救至，招之再返不下。將佐請屠之，文炳曰：「縣去臨安不百里，聲勢相及，臨安約降已有成言，吾輕殺一人，則害大計，況屠一縣耶。」於是遣人入城諭意，縣降。遂會伯顏于臨安城北。張世傑欲以其主逃之海，文炳繞出臨安城南，戍浙江亭。世傑計不行，乃竊宋主弟吉王昰、廣王昞南走，而宋主遂降。

In the first month of spring in the thirteenth year (1276) he halted at Yanguan. Yanguan was a key county near Lin'an. Awaiting relief, it was summoned repeatedly but refused to surrender. His officers asked to slaughter the county. Wenbing said, "Yanguan lies less than a hundred li from Lin'an, and their fates are linked. Lin'an has already agreed to surrender—if I kill one man lightly I ruin the larger plan, let alone massacre an entire county." He sent envoys into the city to explain his intentions, and the county surrendered. He then joined Bayan north of Lin'an. Zhang Shijie planned to flee with the Song emperor by sea. Wenbing swung south of Lin'an and garrisoned Zhejiang Pavilion. Shijie's plan failed. He secretly fled south with the Song emperor's younger brothers, Princes Ji and Guang, while the Song emperor himself surrendered.

伯顏命文炳入城，罷宋官府，散其諸軍，封庫藏，收禮樂器及諸圖籍。文炳取宋主諸璽符上於伯顏。伯顏以宋主入覲，有詔留事一委文炳。禁戢豪猾，無慰士女，宋民不知易主。時翰林學士李槃奉詔招宋士至臨安，文炳謂之曰：「國可滅，史不可沒。宋十六主，有天下三百餘年，其太史所記具在史館，宜悉收以備典禮。」乃得宋史及諸注記五千餘冊，歸之國史院。宋宗室福王與芮赴京師，遍以重寶致諸貴人，文炳獨却不受。及官錄與芮家。具籍受寶者，惟文炳無名。伯顏入朝奏曰：「臣等奉天威平宋，宋既已平，懷徠安集之功，董文炳居多。」帝曰：「文炳吾舊臣，忠勤朕所素知。」乃拜資德大夫、中書左丞。

Bayan ordered Wenbing into the city to abolish Song government offices, disband the armies, seal the treasuries, and collect ritual instruments, maps, and archives. Wenbing collected the Song emperor's seals and tallies and presented them to Bayan. Bayan escorted the Song emperor to court. An edict left all remaining affairs entirely in Wenbing's hands. He restrained the powerful and lawless, reassured scholars and commoners, and the people of Song scarcely realized their dynasty had changed. Hanlin Academician Li Pan was then ordered to summon Song scholars to Lin'an. Wenbing told him, "A state may fall, but its history must not perish. Song had sixteen rulers and held the realm for more than three hundred years. Everything the court historians recorded is in the archives—you must collect it all for the rites of state." They recovered more than five thousand volumes of Song histories and commentaries and deposited them in the National History Academy. The Song prince Zhao Ru went to the capital and lavished costly gifts on every noble he met. Wenbing alone refused them. When officials later inventoried Zhao Ru's household gifts, the register of recipients listed every name but Wenbing's. Bayan reported to court: "We bore heaven's authority to pacify Song. Now that Song is pacified, the work of winning hearts and securing the realm belongs chiefly to Dong Wenbing." The emperor said, "Wenbing is an old servant of mine. His loyalty and diligence have never been in doubt." He was appointed Grand Master of Splendid Virtue and Left Vice Director of the Secretariat.

時張世傑奉吉王昰據台州，而閩中亦為宋守。敕文炳進兵，所過禁士馬無敢履踐田麥，曰：「在倉者吾既食之，在野者汝又踐之，新邑之民何以續命。」是以南人感之，不忍以兵相向。次台州，世傑遁。諸將先俘州民，文炳下令曰：「台人首效順於我，我不暇有，故世傑據之，其民何罪。敢有不縱所俘者，以軍法論。」得免者數萬口。至溫州，溫州未下，令曰：「毋取子女，毋掠民有。」衆曰：「諾。」其守將火城中逃，文炳亟命滅火，追擒其將，數其殘民之罪，斬以徇。逾嶺，閩人扶老來迎，漳、泉、建寧、邵武諸郡皆送款來附。凡得州若干、縣若干、戶口若干。閩人感文炳德最深，廟而祀之。

Zhang Shijie still held Taizhou with Prince Ji Zhao, and Fujian also remained loyal to Song. Wenbing was ordered to advance. He forbade troops and horses to trample the wheat in the fields, saying, "We have already eaten what is in the granaries—if you trample what grows in the fields, how will the people of these new territories survive?" The people of the south were so moved that they could not bring themselves to take up arms against him. At Taizhou, Shijie fled. The generals had already taken Taizhou's people captive. Wenbing ordered, "Taizhou was the first to submit to us—we had no time to secure it, and so Shijie seized it. What crime have its people committed? Anyone who fails to release the captives will be punished under military law." Tens of thousands were spared. At Wenzhou, which had not yet fallen, he ordered, "Take no children, seize no private property." The troops answered, "Yes, sir." The defending general set the city ablaze and fled. Wenbing ordered the fire put out at once, pursued and captured the general, condemned him for harming the people, and executed him as a warning. Crossing the mountains into Fujian, the people came out to welcome him, the old supported on the arms of the young. Zhang, Quan, Jianning, Shaowu, and other prefectures all submitted. He secured a substantial number of prefectures, counties, and registered households. The people of Fujian revered Wenbing's kindness above all and built temples in his honor.

十四年，帝在上都，適北邊有警，欲親將北伐。正月，急召文炳。四月，文炳至自臨安。比至，帝日問來期。及至，即召入。文炳拜稽首曰：「今南方已平，臣無所效力，請事北邊。」帝曰：「朕召卿，意不在是也。豎子盜兵，朕自撫定。山以南，國之根本也，盡以託卿。卒有不虞，便宜處置以聞。中書省、樞密院事無大小，咨卿而行，已敕主者，卿其勉之。」文炳避謝，不許，因奏曰：「臣在臨安時，阿里伯奉詔檢括宋諸藏貨寶，追索沒匿甚細，人實苦之。宋人未洽吾德，遽苦之以財，恐非安懷之道。」即詔罷之。又曰：「昔者泉州蒲壽庚以城降，壽庚素主市舶，謂宜重其事權，使為我扞海寇，誘諸蠻臣服，因解所佩金虎符佩壽庚矣，惟陛下恕其專擅之罪。」帝大嘉之，更賜金虎符。燕勞畢，即聽陛辭，文炳求見皇太子，帝許之，復敕太子曰：「董文炳所任甚重，見畢即遣行。」既見，慰諭懇至。文炳留士選宿衛，即日就道，凡在上都三日。

In the fourteenth year (1277) the emperor was at Shangdu. Trouble on the northern frontier prompted him to lead a campaign in person. In the first month he urgently summoned Wenbing. In the fourth month Wenbing arrived from Lin'an. As he drew near, the emperor asked daily when he would arrive. The moment he arrived, the emperor summoned him in. Wenbing kowtowed and said, "The south is pacified and I have no further service to offer. I beg leave to campaign on the northern frontier." The emperor said, "I did not summon you for that. Petty rebels on the northern frontier—I will settle them myself. South of the mountains lies the foundation of the realm. I entrust it all to you. If anything unforeseen arises, handle it as you see fit and report to me. Matters great and small in the Secretariat and Bureau of Military Affairs are to be referred to you. I have instructed the responsible officials—do your utmost." Wenbing demurred but was overruled. He then said, "While I was at Lin'an, Alibo was ordered to inventory Song's stored goods and treasures, pursuing hidden wealth down to the smallest item. The people suffered greatly. The Song people have not yet accepted our rule. To burden them with exactions now is no way to win their hearts." The emperor at once canceled the order. He added, "When Pu Shougen of Quanzhou surrendered, he had long managed maritime trade. I thought his authority should be strengthened so he could guard against pirates and win over the southern peoples. I gave him my own gold tiger tally—may Your Majesty forgive my presumption." The emperor praised him highly and granted another gold tiger tally. After the farewell banquet he was dismissed. Wenbing asked to see the Crown Prince, and the emperor agreed, instructing the prince, "Dong Wenbing's commission is weighty—send him on his way as soon as you have seen him." The prince received him with earnest reassurance. Wenbing left Shixuan behind as palace guard and set out the same day. His entire stay at Shangdu lasted three days.

至大都，更日至中書、樞密，不署中書案。平章政事阿合馬方恃寵用事，生殺任情，惟畏文炳，奸狀為之少斂。嘗執筆請曰：「相公官為左丞，當署省案。」請至再四，不肯署。皇太子聞之，謂宮臣竹忽納曰：「董文炳深慮，非爾曹所知。」後或私問其故，文炳曰：「主上所付託者，在根本之重，非文移之細。且吾少徇則濟姦，不徇則致讒。讒行則身危，而深失付託本意。吾是以預其大政，而略其細務也。」

At Dadu he visited the Secretariat and Bureau of Military Affairs daily but refused to sign Secretariat documents. Grand Councillor Ahmad was then abusing the emperor's favor, killing and sparing at whim. He feared only Wenbing, and his misconduct was somewhat curbed. Ahmad once pressed a brush on him, saying, "As Left Vice Director you should sign the Secretariat papers." He asked again and again, but Wenbing would not sign. The Crown Prince heard of this and told his attendant Zhuhuna, "Dong Wenbing thinks far ahead—beyond what you can grasp." Later someone asked him privately why. Wenbing said, "The sovereign entrusted me with the weight of the foundation, not the minutiae of paperwork. If I yield even slightly I abet wickedness; if I refuse I invite slander. If slander succeeds I am endangered and I betray the sovereign's trust. So I take part in great affairs of state and leave the small matters alone."

十五年夏，文炳有疾，奏請解機務，詔曰：「大都暑熾，非病者宜，卿可來此，固當愈。」文炳至上都，奏曰：「臣病不足領機務，西北高寒，筋骸舒暢，當復自愈，請盡力北邊。」帝曰：「卿固忠孝，是不足行也。樞密事重，以卿僉書樞密院事，中書左丞如故。」文炳辭，不許，遂拜。八月天壽節，禮成賜宴，帝命坐文炳上坐，諭宗室大臣曰：「董文炳，功臣也，理當坐是。」每尚食，上食輒輟賜文炳。是夜，文炳疾復作，敕賜御醫日來診視。九月十三日，疾篤，洗沐而坐，召文忠等曰：「吾以先人死王事，恨不為國死邊，今至此，命也。願董氏世有男能騎馬者，勉力報國，則吾死瞑目矣。」言畢，就枕卒。帝聞，悼痛良久，命文忠護喪葬藁城，令所過有司以禮弔祭，贈金紫光祿大夫、平章政事，諡忠獻。子士元、士選。

In the summer of the fifteenth year (1278) Wenbing fell ill and asked to be relieved of state duties. The emperor replied, "Dadu is sweltering and ill-suited to your condition. Come north—you will recover." At Shangdu he said, "I am too ill to manage state affairs, but the cool northwest should restore me. I beg leave to serve on the northern frontier." The emperor said, "Your loyalty and devotion are well known—that will not do. Military affairs are too important. You are appointed Concurrent Secretary of the Bureau of Military Affairs while retaining your post as Left Vice Director." Wenbing declined but was overruled and accepted the appointment. At the Heavenly Longevity festival in the eighth month, after the rites the emperor gave a feast and seated Wenbing in the place of honor, telling the princes and ministers, "Dong Wenbing is a founding servant—he belongs in this seat." Whenever the emperor was served, he would set aside portions for Wenbing. That night his illness returned. The emperor sent his own physicians to attend him daily. On the thirteenth day of the ninth month, gravely ill, he bathed, sat upright, and summoned Wenzhong and his brothers. "Our father died in the king's service. I always regretted not dying for the realm on the frontier. To come to this is fate. May the Dong clan always produce men who can ride and serve the state with all their strength—then I can die in peace." Having spoken, he lay back on his pillow and died. When the emperor heard, he mourned deeply. He ordered Wenzhong to escort the funeral to Gaocheng and commanded officials along the route to perform rites of mourning. Wenbing was posthumously granted Grand Master of the Golden Girdle and Purple Clasp and Grand Councillor, with the posthumous title Loyal and Offering. His sons were Shiyuan and Shixuan.

中統初，文蔚入典禁兵，士元以世家子選供奉內班，從車駕巡狩北方，嘗預武定山之役。帝知其忠勤可任以事。會文蔚病卒，無子，命士元襲為千夫長。出師南征襄、漢，分禁兵戍淮上，士元在軍中修敕武備，號令肅然。

Early in the Zhongtong era, Wenwei took charge of the imperial guard. Shiyuan, as a son of a distinguished family, was selected for the inner palace guard, accompanied the emperor on hunts in the north, and fought at Wudingshan. The emperor recognized his loyalty and diligence and judged him fit for responsible posts. When Wenwei died without heirs, Shiyuan was ordered to inherit his command as leader of a thousand. On the southern campaign into Xiang and Han, part of the imperial guard was posted on the Huai. Shiyuan drilled the troops and restored discipline until orders rang with absolute authority.

丞相伯顏克江南，宋兵保兩淮未下，士元數與戰，拔淮安堡，以功遷武節將軍。從太師博魯歡攻揚州，駐師灣頭堡。時方大暑，博魯歡病還京師，以行省阿里代領諸軍。揚州守將姜才乘隙來攻。阿里素不習兵，率輕騎數百出堡，士元與別將哈刺禿以百騎從之。日已暮，宋兵至者萬餘，士元謂左右曰：「大丈夫報國政在今日，勿懼也。」方整陣欲戰，阿里趣令左旋，已乃遁去。士元與哈剌禿以部兵赴敵死戰，鼓譟震地，泥淖馬不能馳，乃棄馬步戰，至四更，敵衆始退。及旦，阿里來視戰地，見士元卧泥中，身被十七槍，甲裳盡赤，肩舁至營而絕，年四十二。哈剌禿亦戰死。

When Chancellor Bayan conquered the south, Song forces still held the two Huai regions. Shiyuan fought repeatedly, captured Huaian Fort, and was promoted to Martial Integrity General for his merit. He followed Grand Preceptor Boluohan in the attack on Yangzhou and encamped at Wantou Fort. In the height of summer Boluohan fell ill and returned to the capital. Provincial Commissioner Ali took command in his stead. Yangzhou's defender Jiang Cai seized the moment to attack. Ali had no military experience. He led several hundred light horsemen out of the fort, with Shiyuan and Deputy Commander Halutu following with a hundred cavalry. "A man repays his country when the moment comes—do not fear," Shiyuan told his men as more than ten thousand Song troops closed in at dusk. Just as he was forming ranks to fight, Ali ordered a left wheel and fled. Shiyuan and Halutu led their men into a desperate fight. Drums and shouts shook the ground. Horses foundered in the mud, so they dismounted and fought on foot until the fourth watch, when the enemy finally withdrew. At dawn Ali came to the field and found Shiyuan lying in the mud with seventeen wounds, his armor soaked red. He was carried to camp and died there, aged forty-two. Halutu also fell in battle.

江淮既平，伯顏入朝言於帝曰：「淮海之役，所損者二將而已。」帝問其人，以士元與哈剌禿對。帝曰：「不花健捷過人，晝戰必能制敵，夜戰而死，甚可惜也。」至大元年，贈鎮國上將軍、僉書樞密院事，諡節愍。後加贈推誠效節功臣、資德大夫、中書左丞、護軍，追封趙郡公，改諡忠愍。

After the Jiang-Huai region was pacified, Bayan reported to court: "In the Huai-Hai campaign we lost only two generals." The emperor asked their names and was told Shiyuan and Halutu. The emperor said, "Buhua was exceptionally bold and swift—by day he always mastered the enemy. To die in a night battle is a great pity." In 1308 he was posthumously made Defender-General of the State and Concurrent Secretary of the Bureau of Military Affairs, with the posthumous title Temperate and Lamented. Later honors were added: Meritorious Minister of Sincere Loyalty, Grand Master of Splendid Virtue, Left Vice Director, Guardian of the Army, and posthumous Duke of Zhao, with the title changed to Loyal and Lamented.

士選字舜卿，文炳次子也。幼從文炳居兵間，晝治武事，夜讀書不輟。文炳緫師與宋兵戰金山，士選戰甚力，大敗之，追至海而還。及降張瑄等，丞相伯顏臨陣觀之，壯其驍勇，遣使問之，始知為文炳子。奏功，佩金符，為管軍緫管。戰數有功。宋降，從文炳入宋宮，取宋主降表及收其文書圖籍，靜重識大體，秋毫無所取，軍中稱之。宋平，班師，詔置侍衛親軍諸衛，以士選為前衛指揮使，號令明正，得士大夫心。未幾，以其職讓其弟士秀。帝嘉其意。命士秀將前衛，而以士選同僉行樞密院事於湖廣，久之召還。

Shixuan, courtesy name Shunqing, was Wenbing's second son. From boyhood he followed his father on campaign, drilling by day and reading books at night without pause. When Wenbing fought Song forces at Jinshan, Shixuan fought fiercely, routed them, and pursued to the coast before turning back. When Zhang Xuan surrendered, Bayan watched the fighting and admired his courage, then learned he was Wenbing's son. His deeds were reported; he received a gold tally and was made Commander-in-Chief of army management. He distinguished himself in battle again and again. When Song surrendered he entered the palace with Wenbing, took the surrender document and archives, and touched nothing—calm, dignified, and principled, as the army acclaimed. After the pacification he was made Commander of the Forward Guard with clear and upright orders that won scholar-officials' respect. Soon he yielded the post to his younger brother Shixiu. The emperor praised his generosity. Shixiu took the Forward Guard; Shixuan served concurrently in Huguang and was later recalled.

宗王乃顏叛，帝親征，召士選至行在所，與李勞山同將漢人諸軍以禦之。乃顏軍飛矢及乘輿前，士選等出步卒橫擊之，其衆敗走。緩急進退有禮，帝甚善之。桑哥事敗，帝求直士用之，以易其弊，於是召士選論議政事，以中書左丞與平章政事徹理往鎮浙西，聽辟舉僚屬。至部，察病民事，悉以帝意除之，民大悅。有聚斂之臣為奸利，事發得罪且死，詐言所遣舶商海外未至，請留以待之，士選曰：「海商至則捕錄之，不至則無如之何，不係斯人之存亡也。苟此人幸存，則無以謝天下。」遂竟其罪。浙多湖泊，廣蓄泄以藝水旱，率為豪民占以種藝，水無所居積，故數有水旱，士選與徹理力開復之。

When Prince Nayan rebelled, the emperor summoned Shixuan to campaign with Li Laoshan commanding Han forces. When arrows reached the imperial carriage, Shixuan sent infantry in a flanking attack and routed Nayan's troops. In advance and retreat he observed propriety, and the emperor greatly approved. After Sangge's fall the emperor sought upright men; Shixuan was made Left Vice Director and sent with Cheli to western Zhe with power to recruit staff. On arrival he investigated abuses harming the people and removed them by imperial intent; the people rejoiced. A corrupt official facing death claimed his merchant ships had not returned. Shixuan said, "If they arrive, arrest them; if not, this man's life is irrelevant. If he survives, how can we answer to the realm?" The sentence was carried out. Zhe's lakes, seized by powerful families, caused floods and droughts; Shixuan and Cheli restored them.

成宗即位，僉行樞密院於建康。未幾，拜江西行省左丞。贛州盜劉六十偽立名號，聚衆至萬餘。朝廷遣兵討之，主將觀望退縮不肯戰，守吏又因以擾良民，賊勢益盛。士選請自往，衆欣然託之。即日就道，不求益兵，但率掾史李霆鎮、元明善二人，持文書以去，衆莫測其所為。至贛境，捕官吏害民者治之，民相告語曰：「不知有官法如此。」進至興國縣，去賊巢不百里，命擇將校分兵守地待命。察知激亂之人，悉置于法，復誅奸民之為囊橐者。於是民爭出請自效，不數日遂擒賊魁，散餘衆歸農。軍中獲賊所為文書，旁近郡縣富人姓名具在。霆鎮、明善請焚之，民心益安。遣使以事平報于朝。中書平章政事不忽木召其使謂之曰：「董公上功簿邪？」使者曰：「某且行，左丞授之言曰：『朝廷若以軍功為問，但言鎮撫無狀，得免罪幸甚，何功之可言！』」因出其書，但請黜贓吏數人而已，不言破賊事。廷議深歎其知體而不伐。拜江南行御史臺中丞，廉威素著，不嚴而肅，凜然有大臣風。

Under Chengzong he served concurrently at Jiankang. Soon he was Left Vice Director of the Jiangxi Branch Secretariat. At Ganzhou the bandit Liu Liushi raised a title and gathered ten thousand men. Government troops hung back while officials harassed the people, and the rebels grew stronger. Shixuan volunteered; all gladly entrusted themselves to him. He left the same day with only two clerks and documents, to everyone's puzzlement. In Gan he punished harmful officials; the people marveled at such justice. Near the rebel nest he divided troops and waited. He punished inciters and accomplices by law. The people rallied; within days the chief was captured and the rest sent to farm. Captured documents listed wealthy households in nearby counties. His clerks asked to burn them, easing popular hearts. He reported pacification to court. Bukha asked the messenger, "Has Director Dong submitted a merit register?" The messenger said, "The Vice Director told me: if asked about merit, say only that I am lucky to escape blame for inadequate pacification—what merit is there? His memorial only asked to dismiss corrupt officials, not mentioning defeating bandits." The court admired his propriety and lack of boasting. He became Vice Censor-in-Chief of Jiangnan, stern and respected without harshness.

入僉樞密院事，俄拜御史中丞。前中丞崔彧久任風紀，善斡旋以就事功。既卒，不忽木以平章軍國重事繼之，方正持大體，天下望之，而已多病，遂以屬之士選。風采明俊，中外竦然。

He served in the Bureau and soon became Censor-in-Chief. Former Censor-in-Chief Cui Yu had long held discipline and maneuvered ably. After Yu died, Bukha succeeded but fell ill; the post went to Shixuan. His bearing was distinguished; all revered him.

時丞相完澤用劉深言，出師征八百媳婦國，遠冒煙瘴，及至未戰，士卒死者十已七八。驅民轉粟餉軍，谿谷之間不容舟車，必負擔以達。一夫致粟八斗，率數人佐之，凡數十日乃至。由是民死者亦數十萬，中外騷然。而完澤說帝：「江南之地盡世祖所取，陛下不興此役，則無功可見於後世。」帝入其言，用兵意甚堅，故無敢諫者。士選率同列言之，奏事殿中畢，同列皆起，士選乃獨言：「今劉深出師，以有用之民而取無用之地。就令當取，亦必遣使諭之，諭之不從，然後聚糧選兵，視時而動。豈得輕用一人妄言，而致百萬生靈於死地？」帝色變，士選猶明辨不止，侍從皆為之戰慄，帝曰：「事已成，卿勿復言。」士選曰：「以言受罪，臣之所當。他日以不言罪臣，臣死何益！」帝麾之起，左右擁之以出。未數月，帝聞師敗績，慨然曰：「董二哥之言驗矣，吾愧之。」因賜上尊以旌直言，始為罷兵，誅劉深等。世祖嘗呼文炳曰董大哥，故帝以二哥呼士選。久之出為江浙行省右丞，遷汴梁行省平章政事，又遷陝西。

Wanze, following Liu Shen, campaigned against the Eight Hundred Wives kingdom; before battle seven or eight tenths of the troops died of miasma. People carried grain on their backs where boats and carts could not pass. One man carried eight dou, aided by several others, for weeks on end. Hundreds of thousands of civilians died; the realm was in turmoil. Wanze told the emperor, "Jiangnan was won by Kublai—without this campaign you will leave no achievement to posterity." The emperor accepted this; his resolve was firm and none dared remonstrate. Shixuan alone remained and said, "Liu Shen uses useful people to take useless land. Even if it must be taken, send envoys first; only if they refuse, gather grain and troops and act in season. How can one man's reckless words consign a million souls to death?" The emperor's face changed; attendants trembled; the emperor said, "It is settled—speak no more." Shixuan said, "Punishment for speaking is what I accept. But if later I am punished for silence, what good is my death?" The emperor waved him out; attendants escorted him. Months later, hearing of defeat, the emperor sighed, "Second Brother Dong was right—I am ashamed." He honored forthright speech with fine wine, halted the troops, and executed Liu Shen. Kublai had called Wenbing Elder Brother Dong; hence the emperor called Shixuan Second Brother. He later served in Zhejiang, Bianliang, and Shaanxi.

士選平生以忠義自許，尤號廉介，自門生部曲，無敢持一毫獻者。治家甚嚴，而孝弟尤篤。時言世家有禮法者，必歸之董氏。其禮敬賢士尤至。在江西，以屬掾元明善為賓友，既又得吳澄而師之，延虞汲於家塾以教其子。諸老儒及西蜀遺士，皆以書院之祿起之。使以所學教授。遷南行臺，又招汲子集與俱，後又得范等數人。皆以文學大顯於時。故世稱求賢薦士，亦必以董氏為首。晚年好讀易，澹然終其身。每一之官，必賣先業田廬為行貲，故老而益貧，子孫不異布衣之士，仕者往往稱廉吏云。

He pledged loyalty and righteousness and was famed for integrity; none dared offer him the slightest gift. He ran his household strictly with deep filial piety and brotherly duty. Eminent houses with ritual propriety were said to be the Dong clan. He especially honored worthy scholars. In Jiangxi he befriended Yuan Mingshan, studied with Wu Cheng, and had Yan Ji teach his sons. Old scholars of Shu were supported on academy stipends. He had them teach their learning. At the Southern Censorate he recruited Yan Ji's son and Fan Lin. All achieved literary renown. Seeking worthies and recommending scholars, the Dong clan was always named first. In later years he loved the Changes and lived plainly to the end. Each new post he sold family land for travel expenses, grew poorer in old age, and his descendants lived like commoners—many became known as honest officials.

子守忠，雲南行省參知政事；守愨，侍正府判官；守思，知威州。

His son Shouzhong was Vice Director of the Yunnan Branch Secretariat; Shoubi was judge of the Attendant-Properness Office; Shousi was magistrate of Weizhou.

張弘範

Zhang Hongfan

張弘範字仲疇，柔第九子也。善馬槊，頗能為歌詩。年二十時，兄順天路緫管弘略上計壽陽行都，留弘範攝府事，吏民服其明決。蒙古軍所過肆暴，弘範杖遣之，入其境無敢犯者。

Zhang Hongfan, courtesy name Zhongchou, was Rou's ninth son. He was skilled with the horse lance and could write songs and poems. At twenty, when his brother Honglue went to account at Shouyang, Hongfan acted as prefect and won respect for clear decisions. Mongol troops plundered wherever they passed; Hongfan beat and expelled them, and none dared offend his jurisdiction.

中統初，授御用局緫管。三年，改行軍緫管，從親王合必赤討李璮於濟南。柔戒之曰：「汝圍城勿避險地。汝無怠心，則兵必致死。主者慮其險。苟有來犯，必赴救，可因以立功，勉之。」弘範營城西，璮出軍突諸將營，獨不向弘範。弘範曰：「我營險地，璮乃示弱於我，必以奇兵來襲，謂我弗悟也。」遂築長壘，內伏甲士，而外為壕，開東門以待之，夜令士卒浚濠益深廣，璮不知也。明日，果擁飛橋來攻，未及岸，軍陷壕中，得跨壕而上者，突入壘門，遇伏皆死，降兩賊將。柔聞之曰：「真吾子也。」璮既誅，朝廷懲璮盡專兵民之權，故能為亂，議罷大藩子弟之在官者，弘範例罷。

Early in Zhongtong he was appointed Director-General of the Imperial Use Bureau. In the third year he became Campaign Commander-in-Chief and followed Prince Hebichi against Li Tan at Jinan. Rou warned him, "When besieging a city do not avoid dangerous ground. If you never slacken, your men will fight to the death. The commander fears the danger. If attacked, he must rescue you—you can win merit thereby. Exert yourself." Hongfan encamped west of the city. Tan struck the other generals' camps but not Hongfan's. Hongfan said, "My camp is in dangerous ground—Tan is feigning weakness and will raid me by surprise." He built a long rampart with hidden soldiers and a moat, opened the east gate as bait, and deepened the moat by night unbeknown to Tan. The next day they attacked with flying bridges; men fell into the moat; those who crossed met the ambush and died; two rebel generals surrendered. Rou heard and said, "Truly my son." Once Li Tan was put to death, the court blamed his rebellion on his monopoly of military and civil authority and proposed removing great feudatories' sons from office; Hongfan was dismissed under the same rule.

六年，括諸道兵圍宋襄陽，授益都淄萊等路行軍萬戶，復佩金虎符。朝廷以益都兵乃李璮所教練之卒，勇悍難制，故命領之。戍鹿門堡，以斷宋餉道，且絕郢之救兵。弘範建言曰：「國家取襄陽，為延久之計者，所以重人命而欲其自斃也。曩者，夏貴乘江漲送衣糧入城，我師坐視，無禦之者。而其境南接江陵、歸、峽，商販行旅士卒絡繹不絕，寧有自斃之時乎！宜城萬山以斷其西，柵灌子灘以絕其東，則庶幾速斃之道也。」帥府奏用其言，移弘範兵千人戍萬山。

In year six, conscripts from every circuit besieged Song Xiangyang; Hongfan was made Mobile Corps commander of the Yidu-Zilai routes and again given the golden tiger tally. Because the Yidu force was Li Tan's old training cadre—fierce and unruly—the court put Hongfan in charge of them. He held Lumen Fort to sever Song supply lines and block relief from Ying. Hongfan argued that the long siege of Xiangyang was meant to spare lives and let the city collapse on its own. Earlier, Xia Gui had used flood season to slip supplies into the city while our forces looked on without interference. Yet the south still fed Xiangyang through Jiangling, Gui, and Xia—how could it ever collapse if trade and reinforcements never stopped? We should fortify Wanshan in the west and block Guanzi Bay in the east—that is the way to bring the city down quickly. The headquarters adopted his plan and posted a thousand of Hongfan's men at Wanshan.

既城，與將士較射出東門，宋師奄至。將佐皆謂衆寡不敵，宜入城自守。弘範曰：「吾與諸君在此何事，敵至將不戰乎？敢言退者死。」即擐甲上馬，立遣偏將李庭當其前，他將攻其後，親率二百騎為長陣，令曰：「聞吾鼓則進，未鼓勿動。」宋軍步騎相間突陣，弘範軍不動，再進再却，弘範曰：「彼氣衰矣。」鼓之，前後奮擊，宋師奔潰。

Once the fort was finished, he took his men out the east gate for archery practice when Song troops suddenly appeared. His officers argued they were outnumbered and should retreat behind the walls. Hongfan said, 'Why else are we here? When the enemy comes, will we refuse to fight? Anyone who talks of retreat will die.' He armored, mounted, sent Li Ting to the front and other commanders to the rear, and personally led two hundred cavalry in line, ordering, 'Advance at my drum; until then, hold your ground.' Song infantry and cavalry charged in waves, but Hongfan's men held; after two feints Hongfan said, 'Their spirit is broken.' He sounded the drum; his forces struck from front and rear, and the Song army broke and fled.

八年，築一字城逼襄陽。破樊城外郭。九年，攻樊城，流矢中其肘，裹瘡見主帥曰：「襄、樊相為唇齒，故不可破。若截江道，斷其援兵，水陸夾攻，樊必破矣。樊破則襄陽何所恃。」從之。明日，復出銳卒先登，遂拔之。襄陽既下，偕宋將呂文煥入覲，賜錦衣、白金、寶鞍，將校行賞有差。

In year eight, he built a linked-wall siege line to tighten the noose on Xiangyang. The outer defenses of Fancheng were breached. In year nine, while assaulting Fancheng, he was struck in the elbow; bandaged, he told the commander, 'Xiangyang and Fancheng stand or fall together—you cannot take one alone. Cut the river and block reinforcements, then press from land and water—Fancheng will fall. Once Fancheng falls, what can Xiangyang depend on?' The commander agreed. The next day he sent elite troops up first and took the city. After Xiangyang fell, he and the Song commander Lü Wenhuan were received in audience and rewarded with brocade, silver, and a fine saddle; ranks below were also rewarded.

十一年，丞相伯顏伐宋，弘範率左部諸軍循漢江，東略郢西，南攻武磯堡，取之。北兵渡江，弘範為前鋒。宋相賈似道督兵阻蕪湖，殿帥孫虎臣據丁家洲。弘範轉戰而前，諸軍繼之，宋師潰，弘範長驅至建康。十二年五月，帝遣使諭丞相毋輕敵貪進，方暑，其少駐以待。弘範進曰：「聖恩待士卒誠厚，然緩急之宜，非可遙度。今敵已奪氣，正當乘破竹之勢，取之無遺策矣。豈宜迂緩，使敵得為計耶？」丞相然之，馳驛至闕，面論形勢，得旨進師。

In year eleven, when Chancellor Bayan invaded Song, Hongfan led the left wing down the Han, swept the west of Ying, and captured Wuji Fort. When the Yuan army crossed the Yangzi, Hongfan led the vanguard. Song Chancellor Jia Sidao mustered troops at Wuhu while Rear Guard Marshal Sun Huchen held Dingjiazhou. Hongfan fought forward while the main force followed; the Song line collapsed, and he raced on to Jiankang. In the fifth month of year twelve, the emperor sent word telling Bayan not to underestimate the enemy or push too hard in the summer heat, but to pause and wait. Hongfan replied that the emperor's care for the troops was generous, but commanders on the spot alone could judge pace. The enemy's spirit is broken; now is the moment to press like bamboo splitting—no better opening will come. Why delay and give the enemy time to recover? Bayan agreed, rode posthaste to court, argued the case in person, and won permission to march on.

十二年，次瓜洲，分兵立柵，據其要害，揚州都統姜才所統兵勁悍善戰，至是以二萬人出揚子橋。弘範佐都元帥阿朮禦之，與宋兵夾水陣。弘範以十三騎徑度衝之，陣堅不動，弘範引却。一騎躍馬揮刀，直趣弘範，弘範旋轡反迎刺之，應手頓斃馬下，其衆潰亂，追至城門，斬首萬餘級，自相蹂藉溺死者過半。宋將張世傑、孫虎臣等率水軍於焦山決戰，弘範以一軍從旁橫衝之，宋師遂敗。追至圌山之東，奪戰艦八十艘，俘馘千數。上其功，改亳州萬戶，後賜名拔都。

In year twelve he halted at Guazhou, posted troops at key points, and faced Jiang Cai of Yangzhou—a fierce commander—who marched twenty thousand men out to Yangzi Bridge. Hongfan assisted Grand Marshal Aju, drawing up battle lines across the water from the Song force. Hongfan charged across with thirteen riders, but the Song line held firm, and he withdrew. One rider broke ranks and charged Hongfan; Hongfan wheeled and ran him through, and at once the man fell dead; the Song force collapsed, and in the pursuit to the city gate more than ten thousand were killed—over half trampled or drowned. Zhang Shijie and Sun Huchen brought the Song fleet to battle at Jiaoshan; Hongfan hit them from the flank with a separate force, and the Song navy was broken. The pursuit reached the east of Mount Tu, where they captured eighty warships and took thousands of prisoners and heads. He reported his victories, was made commander of Bozhou, and later received the honorific name Batu.

從中書左丞董文炳，由海道會丞相伯顏，進次近郊。宋主上降表，以伯姪為稱，往返未決。弘範將命入城，數其大臣之罪，皆屈服，竟取稱臣降表來上。十三年，台州叛，討平之，誅其為首者而已。十四年，師還，授鎮國上將軍、江東道宣慰使。

He joined Left Councillor Dong Wenbing by sea, met Bayan, and marched to the outskirts of the capital. The Song emperor offered surrender on uncle-nephew terms, but negotiations dragged on unresolved. Hongfan entered the city on imperial orders, condemned the Song ministers until they yielded, and at last secured a full surrender memorial. In year thirteen he put down a revolt in Taizhou, executing only the ringleaders. When the army returned in year fourteen, he was made General Who Guards the State and Pacification Commissioner of Jiangdong.

十五年，宋張世傑立廣王昞于海上，閩、廣響應，俾弘範往平之，授蒙古漢軍都元帥。陛辭奏曰：「漢人無統蒙古軍者，乞以蒙古信臣為首帥。」帝曰：「汝知而父與察罕之事乎？其破安豐也，汝父欲留兵守之，察罕不從。師既南，安豐復為宋有，進退幾失據，汝父深悔恨，良由委任不專故也，豈可使汝復有汝父之悔乎。今付汝大事，能以汝父之心為心，則予汝嘉。」面賜錦衣、玉帶，弘範不受，以劍甲為請。帝出武庫劍甲，聽其自擇，且諭之曰：「劍，汝之副也，不用令者，以此處之。」將行，薦李恒為己貳，從之。

In year fifteen Zhang Shijie crowned Prince Guang Bing at sea; Fujian and Guangdong rallied, and Hongfan was sent to crush them as Grand Marshal of Mongol and Han forces. Taking leave of the throne, he asked that a trusted Mongol officer lead, since no Han commander had ever held Mongol troops. The emperor asked whether he knew what had happened between his father and Chaghan. At Anfeng his father had wanted to leave a garrison, but Chaghan refused. When the army marched south, Anfeng fell back to Song and the campaign nearly lost its footing; his father bitterly regretted divided command—shall I let you repeat that mistake? I now give you full command; serve with your father's steadfastness, and you will have my favor. The emperor personally granted brocade and a jade belt, but Hongfan declined them and asked for sword and armor instead. The emperor brought arms from the imperial arsenal for him to choose and said, 'This sword is your deputy—use it on any man who disobeys.' Before he marched, he recommended Li Heng as his second, and the appointment was granted.

至揚州，選將校水陸二萬，分道南征，以弟弘正為先鋒，戒之曰：「選汝驍勇，非私汝也。軍法重，我不敢以私撓公，勉之。」弘正所向克捷。進攻三江寨，寨據隘乘高，不可近，因連兵向之，寨中持滿以待。弘範下令下馬治朝食，若將持久者。持滿者疑不敢動，而他寨不虞也。忽麾軍連拔數寨，迴擣三江，盡拔之。至漳州，軍其東門，命別將攻南門、西門，乃乘虛破其北門，拔之。攻鮑浦寨，又拔之。由是瀕海郡邑皆望風降附。獲宋丞相文天祥于五坡嶺，使之拜，不屈，弘範義之，待以賓禮，送至京師。獲宋禮部侍郎鄧光薦，命子珪師事之。

At Yangzhou he picked twenty thousand land and sea troops and marched south in columns, making his brother Hongzheng vanguard and warning him, 'You lead because you are brave—not because you are my brother. Military law is strict; I will not let kinship bend justice—do your duty.' Hongzheng won wherever he fought. At Sanjiang Stockade the defenders held the heights at a narrow pass; Hongfan massed troops before it while archers inside stood at full draw. Hongfan ordered his men to dismount and eat breakfast as though settling in for a long siege. The drawn bows held their fire in uncertainty, while the other stockades remained unsuspecting. Suddenly he swept several stockades, then wheeled back and took Sanjiang as well. At Zhangzhou he pinned the east gate, sent others against south and west, then broke through the undefended north gate and took the city. He stormed Baopu Stockade and took that too. After that, coastal towns surrendered one after another. He captured Song Chancellor Wen Tianxiang at Wupo Ridge; when ordered to bow, Wen refused; Hongfan admired his integrity, treated him as an honored guest, and sent him to the capital. He captured Song Vice Minister of Rites Deng Guangjian and had his son Gui study under him.

十六年正月庚戌，由潮陽港發舶入海，至甲子門，獲宋斥候將劉青、顧凱，乃知廣王所在。辛酉，次崖山。宋軍千餘艘碇海中，建樓櫓其上，隱然堅壁也，弘範引舟師赴之。崖山東西對峙，其北水淺，舟膠，非潮來不可進，乃由山之東轉南入大洋，始得逼其舟，又出奇兵斷其汲路，燒其宮室。世傑有甥在弘範軍中，三使招之，世傑不從。甲戌，李恒自廣州至，授以戰艦二，使守北面。

On the first month, day gengxu of year sixteen, he sailed from Chaoyang Harbor, reached Jiazi Gate, captured scouts Liu Qing and Gu Kai, and learned the young emperor's whereabouts. On day xinyou he anchored off Yamen. Over a thousand Song ships lay at anchor with towers built on deck like a floating fortress; Hongfan led his fleet against them. Yamen's cliffs faced each other east and west; shoals to the north grounded ships unless the tide was in, so Hongfan swung south around the eastern point into open water, closed on the fleet, cut off their water supply with a flanking force, and burned their palaces. Zhang Shijie's nephew was in Hongfan's camp; three times Hongfan sent him to summon Shijie, but Shijie refused. On day jiaxu, Li Heng arrived from Guangzhou with two warships and was posted to block the north.

二月癸未，將戰，或請先用砲。弘範曰：「火起則舟散，不如戰也。」明日，四分其軍，軍其東南北三面，弘範自將一軍相去里餘，下令曰：「宋舟潮至必東遁，急攻之，勿令得去，聞吾樂作乃戰，違令者斬。」先麾北面一軍乘潮而戰，不克，李恒等順潮而退。樂作，宋將以為且宴，少懈，弘範舟師犯其前，衆繼之。豫構戰樓於舟尾，以布幙障之，命將士負盾而伏，令之曰：「聞金聲起戰，先金而妄動者死。」飛矢集如蝟，伏盾者不動。舟將接，鳴金撤障，弓弩火石交作，頃刻并破七舟，宋師大潰。宋臣抱其主昞赴水死。獲其符璽印章。世傑先遁，李恒追至大洋不及。世傑走交趾，風壞舟，死海陵港。其餘將吏皆降。嶺海悉平，磨崖山之陽，勒石紀功而還。

On the second month, day guiwei, as battle neared, someone proposed opening with cannon fire. Hongfan said fire would scatter the fleet—better to fight ship to ship. The next day he quartered his force on three sides while he held a separate command a li away, ordering, 'When the tide turns the Song ships will run east—strike hard and do not let them escape; attack only when my music sounds; disobey and die.' First the northern wing attacked with the tide but failed, and Li Heng withdrew with the ebb. When the music started, Song commanders thought it signaled a feast and slackened; Hongfan's fleet struck their front and the rest followed. He had fighting towers built on the sterns, screened with canvas, and ordered his men to crouch behind shields until the brass signal sounded—anyone who moved early would die. Arrows fell thick as porcupine quills, but the men behind their shields held fast. As the ships closed, the signal sounded, the screens dropped, and bows, crossbows, and fire bombs rained down; in moments seven ships were smashed and the Song fleet collapsed. Song ministers carried the young emperor Bing into the water and drowned with him. They captured the imperial seals and regalia. Zhang Shijie escaped first; Li Heng chased him into open water but could not catch him. Shijie fled toward Annam, but a storm wrecked his ship and he died at Hailing Harbor. The remaining commanders and officials all surrendered. The south was fully pacified; he inscribed his victory on the cliffs of Yamen and returned.

十月，入朝，賜宴內殿，慰勞甚厚。未幾，瘴癘疾作，帝命尚醫診視，遣近臣臨議用藥，敕衛士監門，止雜人毋擾其病。病甚，沐浴易衣冠，扶掖至中庭，面闕再拜。退坐，命酒作樂，與親故言別。出所賜劍甲，命付嗣子珪曰：「汝父以是立功，汝佩服勿忘也。」語竟，端坐而卒。年四十三。贈銀青榮祿大夫、平章政事，諡武烈。至大四年，加贈推忠效節翊運功臣、太師、開府儀同三司、上柱國、齊國公，改諡忠武。延祐六年，加保大功臣，加封淮陽王，諡獻武。子珪，自有傳。

In the tenth month he went to court, was feasted in the inner palace, and richly rewarded. Soon malarial fever struck; the emperor sent court physicians, dispatched a close adviser to oversee his care, and posted guards to keep visitors away. As his illness worsened, he bathed, dressed in formal robes, was helped into the courtyard, and bowed twice toward the palace. He returned indoors, called for wine and music, and said farewell to family and friends. He produced the sword and armor the emperor had given him and told his heir Gui, 'Your father won glory with these—wear them and never forget.' When he had finished speaking, he sat upright and died. He was forty-three years old. He was posthumously made Silver-Girdled Grand Master and Grand Councillor, with the temple name Martial Fierce. In Zhide 4 he was further ennobled as Loyal Merit Assisting the Dynasty, Grand Preceptor, Duke of Qi, and Second Rank Equivalent; his posthumous name became Loyal Martial. In Yanyou 6 he was made Merit Protector of the Dynasty, created Prince of Huaiyang, with the posthumous name Offered Martial. His son Gui has a separate biography.

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