Volume 163 Biographies 50: Li Dehui, Zhang Xiongfei, Zhang Dehui, Ma Heng, Cheng Silian, Wu Gusunze, Zhao Bing

李德輝

Li Dehui

李德輝字仲實，通州潞縣人。生五歲，父且卒，指德輝謂其家人曰：「吾為吏，治獄不任苛刻，人蒙吾力者衆，天或報之，是兒其大吾門乎！」及卒，德輝號慟如成人。適歲凶，家儲粟纔五升，其母舂蓬稗、炊藜莧而食之。德輝天性孝悌，操履清慎，既就外傅，嗜讀書，束於貧，無以自資，乃輟業。年十六，監酒豐州，祿食充足甘旨，有餘則市筆札錄書，夜誦不休。已乃厭糟麴，歎曰：「志士顧安此耶！仕不足以匡君福民，隱不足以悅親善身，天地之間，人壽幾何，惡可無聞，同腐草木也！」乃謝絕所與游少年，求先生長者講學，以卒其業。

Li Dehui, whose courtesy name was Zhongshi, came from Lu County in Tongzhou. At the age of five, as his father lay dying, he pointed to Dehui and told the household: "In my years as an official I never handled a case with undue harshness, and many have owed their lives to me. Heaven may repay that debt—perhaps this boy will bring honor to our line!" When his father died, Dehui mourned with the wailing of a grown man. That year brought famine, and the household had barely five sheng of grain in store. His mother ground cogon and foxtail millet and cooked amaranth for their meals. Dehui was naturally filial and dutiful, his conduct upright and careful. Once he had begun study under an outside teacher he took to books, but poverty left him no means to continue, and he had to abandon his schooling. At sixteen he was appointed wine supervisor at Fengzhou. His salary furnished enough fine food for his family, and whatever he could spare he spent on brush and paper to copy books, studying through the night without pause. Before long he grew disgusted with a life among lees and mash, and sighed: "Can a man of ambition really be satisfied with this? In public life I cannot aid the ruler and bring blessing to the people; in retirement I cannot please my parents and cultivate myself. Between heaven and earth, how long does a man live? How can I pass unknown, rotting away like grass and trees?" He then broke with the young companions he had kept, sought out established teachers for instruction, and finished his education.

時世祖在潛藩，用劉秉忠薦，使侍裕宗講讀，乃與竇默等皆就辟。癸丑，憲宗封宗親，割京兆隸世祖潛藩，擇廷臣能理財賦者俾調軍食，立從宜府，以德輝與孛得乃為使。時汪世顯宿兵利州，扼四川衿喉，以規進取，數萬之師仰哺德輝。乃募民入粟綿竹，散錢幣，給鹽券為直，陸挽興元，水漕嘉陵，未期年而軍儲充羨，取蜀之本基於此矣。

At that time the future Emperor Shizu held his princely establishment. On Liu Bingzhong's recommendation Dehui was assigned to attend and tutor Prince Yuzong, and he accepted the post together with Dou Mo and others. In the guichou year Emperor Xianzong enfeoffed the imperial clansmen and assigned Jingzhao to Shizu's princely domain. He chose court officials skilled in finance and taxation to provision the army, set up a provisional supply office, and appointed Dehui and Biedainai as its commissioners. Wang Shixian then held troops at Lizhou, commanding the gateway to Sichuan in preparation for a forward advance, and tens of thousands of men looked to Dehui to feed them. He recruited civilians to bring grain to Mianzhu, paid out coin, and issued salt vouchers in exchange; supplies went overland to Xingyuan and by water along the Jialing. Within less than a year the army's stores were full—this was the foundation on which Shu was taken.

至元元年，罷宣慰司，授太原路緫管。時潛藩故傅相無有出為二千石者，帝以太原難治，故以德輝為守。至郡，崇學校，表孝節，勸耕桑，立社倉，一權度，凡可以阜民者無不為之。嘉禾瑞麥，六出其境。五年，徵為右三部尚書。人有訟財而失其兄子者，德輝曰：「此叔殺之無疑。」遂竟其獄。權貴人為請者甚衆，德輝不應，罪狀既明，請者乃慚服。七年，帝以蝗旱為憂，命德輝錄囚山西、河東。行至懷仁，民有魏氏發得木偶，持告其妻挾左道為厭勝，謀不利於己。移數獄，詞皆具。德輝察其冤，知其有愛妾，疑妾所為，將搆陷其妻也。召妾鞫之，不移時而服，遂杖其夫而論妾以死。

In the first year of the Zhiyuan era the pacification commission was abolished, and he was appointed chief administrator of Taiyuan Circuit. None of the former tutors and chancellors from Shizu's princely household had yet taken a prefectural post. The emperor judged Taiyuan hard to govern and therefore sent Dehui to hold the post. On reaching his post he promoted the schools, honored filial and chaste conduct, encouraged farming and silkworm raising, established community granaries, and standardized weights and measures—there was nothing that might enrich the people that he left undone. Fine grain and auspicious wheat appeared again and again within his jurisdiction. In the fifth year he was recalled to the capital and appointed Minister of the Right Three Departments. When a man brought suit over property and reported that his elder brother's son had vanished, Dehui said, "There is no doubt the uncle killed him." He then saw the case through to judgment. Many powerful men pleaded on the uncle's behalf, but Dehui paid them no heed. Once the crime was proved, those who had interceded were ashamed and conceded. In the seventh year, anxious over locusts and drought, the emperor ordered Dehui to review criminal cases in Shanxi and Hedong. At Huairen a man named Wei dug up a wooden figurine and accused his wife of using forbidden magic to curse him and do him harm. The case had passed through several jurisdictions, and the depositions all agreed. Dehui sensed a miscarriage of justice. Knowing the man kept a favored concubine, he suspected she had planted the evidence to frame the wife. He summoned the concubine for questioning; she confessed almost at once. He had the husband flogged and sentenced the concubine to death.

皇子安西王鎮關中，奏以德輝為輔，遂改安西王相。至則視瀕涇營牧故地，可得數千頃，起廬舍，疏溝澮，假牛、種、田具與貧民二千家，屯田其中，歲得粟麥芻藁萬計。十二年，詔以王相撫蜀。時重慶猶城守不下，朝廷各置行樞密院於東、西川，合兵萬人圍之。德輝至成都，兩府爭遣使咨受兵食方略，德輝戒之曰：「宋已亡矣，重慶以彈丸之地，不降何歸。政以公輩利其剽殺，民不得有子女，懼而不來耳。嚮日兵未嘗戰，中使奉璽書來赦，公輩既不能正言明告，嚴備止攻，以須其至，反購得軍吏杖之，偽為得罪，使懼而叛去，水陸之師雷鼓繼進，是堅其不下也。中使不諭詐計，竟以不奉明詔復命。如是者，非玩寇而何！況復軍政不一，相訾紛紛，朝夕敗矣，豈能成功哉！」德輝出，未至秦，瀘州叛，而重慶圍果潰，再退守瀘州。

Prince Anxi held Guanzhong and recommended Dehui as his adviser; Dehui was then appointed chancellor to the Prince of Anxi. On taking up his post he surveyed abandoned pasture along the Jing and found several thousand qing of arable land. He built cottages, opened irrigation channels, and lent oxen, seed, and tools to two thousand poor households to farm the land as garrison colonies, which each year yielded tens of thousands of measures of grain, wheat, and fodder. In the twelfth year an edict appointed him, in his capacity as the prince's chancellor, to pacify Shu. Chongqing still held out behind its walls. The court had established traveling military affairs commissions in eastern and western Sichuan and massed ten thousand men to besiege the city. When Dehui reached Chengdu, both commissions vied to send envoys to consult him on provisions and strategy. He warned them: "The Song is already destroyed. Chongqing is no more than a pellet on the map—if they do not surrender, where can they go? The real reason is that you profit from looting and killing, so the people cannot keep their children alive—they are afraid and will not surrender. Not long ago, before a blow had been struck, an imperial envoy arrived with a sealed edict of amnesty. Instead of proclaiming it openly and holding the attack in strict abeyance until he came, you bribed a clerk, had him beaten, and staged a false punishment so the garrison would panic and flee; then land and river forces advanced with thundering drums. That is what has made them refuse to yield. The envoy did not see through the trick and reported back that the clear imperial command had not been carried out. Conduct like this—what is it if not coddling the enemy! And with military and civil authority divided and mutual blame flying back and forth, you will be beaten any day now. How can you hope to succeed?" Dehui then left. Before he reached Qin, Luzhou rebelled, and the siege of Chongqing collapsed as he had foretold; the defenders withdrew to hold Luzhou again.

十四年，詔以德輝為西川行樞密院副使，仍兼王相。諸軍既發，德輝留成都給軍食。是年，復瀘州。十五年，再圍重慶，踰月拔之，紹慶、南平、夔、施、思、播諸山壁水柵皆下。而東川樞府，猶故將也，懲前與西川相觀望致敗，惡相屬，願獨軍圍合州。德輝乃出合俘繫順慶獄者縱之，使歸語州將張珏，以天子威德遠著，宋室既亡，三宮皆北，我朝含弘，錄功忘過，能早自歸，必取將相，與夏、呂比。又為書，以禮義禍福反復譬解之，以為：「汝之為臣，不親於宋之子孫，合之為州，不大於宋之天下，彼子孫已舉天下而歸我，汝猶偃然負阻窮山，而曰吾忠於所事，不亦惑哉！且昔此州之人不自為謀者，以國有主，恥被不義之名，故爾得制其死命。主今亡矣，猶欲以是行之，則戲下盜遇君，竊君首以徼福一旦，不難也。」珏未及報，而德輝還王邸。

In the fourteenth year an edict made him vice commissioner of the traveling military affairs bureau in western Sichuan while he retained his post as the prince's chancellor. Once the armies had marched, Dehui stayed at Chengdu to provision them. That year Luzhou was retaken. In the fifteenth year Chongqing was besieged again and taken within a month. Shaoxing, Nanping, Kui, Shi, Si, Bo, and the mountain stockades and river forts all submitted. The eastern commission, still under its former commander, remembered how mutual hesitation with the western command had led to defeat and wanted no part of joint operations; they asked to besiege Hezhou on their own. Dehui then released Hezhou prisoners held in Shunqing and sent them back to tell the commander Zhang Jue that the Son of Heaven's majesty was known far and wide, the Song house was destroyed, the imperial family had gone north, and the Yuan court was magnanimous, rewarding merit and overlooking past faults—if he surrendered promptly he would be made a general or minister, the equal of Xia and Lü. He also wrote a letter, reasoning again and again with duty, interest, and the turns of fortune and ruin, saying: "You are no closer to the Song imperial line as a subject than any other man. Hezhou as a prefecture is not larger than the Song realm. Their descendants have already surrendered the empire to us, yet you still hold out in remote mountains and call it loyalty to your charge—is that not folly? In former days the people of this prefecture did not decide their own fate because the state still had a ruler and they shrank from the name of disloyalty—that is how you could command their lives. Your ruler is gone now. If you still try to act in that way, some bandit among your men may one day meet you, cut off your head, and trade it for a reward—it would not be hard." Zhang Jue had not yet answered when Dehui returned to the prince's residence.

既而合州遣李興、張郃十二人詗事成都，皆獲之，釋不殺，復為書縱歸，使諭其將王立如諭珏者，而辭益剴切。立亦計夙與東府有深怨，懼誅，即使興等導帥幹楊獬懷蠟書，間至成都降。德輝從兵纔數百人赴之，東府害其來，皆曰：「公昔為書招珏，誠亦極矣，竟無功而還。今立，珏牙校也，習狙詐不信，特以計致公來，使與吾爭垂成之功，延命晷刻耳，未必誠降。」德輝曰：「昔合以重慶存，故力可以同惡，今已孤絕，窮而來歸，亦其勢然。吾非攘人之功者，誠懼公等憤其後服，誣以嘗抗蹕先朝，利其剽奪，而快心於屠城也。吾為國活此民，豈計汝嫌怒為哉！」即單舸濟江，薄城下，呼立出降，安集其民，而罷置其吏，合人自立而下，家繪事之。川蜀平，復以王相還邸。

Soon Hezhou sent twelve men, including Li Xing and Zhang He, to spy on Chengdu. All were captured but spared. Dehui wrote another letter and sent them back to urge the commander Wang Li as he had urged Zhang Jue, but in still sharper terms. Wang Li also knew he had long been at odds with the eastern command and feared execution. He had Li Xing and the others guide the staff officer Yang Xie, who carried a sealed letter and made his way secretly to Chengdu to surrender. Dehui went with only a few hundred men. The eastern command resented his coming and said: "You once wrote to Zhang Jue with every argument you could muster and still came back empty-handed. Wang Li is only Zhang Jue's subordinate, skilled in deceit and not to be trusted. He has surely tricked you into coming so we will quarrel over credit almost won and buy himself another hour. He may not mean to surrender at all. Dehui said: "Before, Hezhou could hold out because Chongqing still stood. Now it is cut off and surrenders in desperation—that is only what the situation demands. I am not trying to steal your credit. I fear that you, angry at their late surrender, will falsely accuse them of having resisted the imperial procession, seize the loot, and take pleasure in sacking the city. I am trying to save these people for the state—do you think I care about your resentment? He then crossed the river alone in a small boat, drew up beneath the walls, and called Wang Li out to surrender. He pacified the people and reorganized the officials. From Wang Li's surrender onward, households throughout Hezhou painted his portrait in homage. When Sichuan was pacified he returned to the prince's household as chancellor.

十七年，置行中書省，以德輝為安西行省左丞。是年，西南夷羅施鬼國既降復叛，詔雲南、湖廣、四川合兵三萬人討之。兵且壓境，德輝適被命在播，乃遣安珪馳驛止三道兵勿進，復遣張孝思諭鬼國趣降。其酋阿察熟德輝名，曰：「是活合州李公耶，其言明信可恃。」即身至播州，泣且告曰：「吾屬百萬人，微公來，死且不降，今得所歸，蔑有二矣。」德輝以其言上聞，乃改鬼國為順元路，以其酋為宣撫使。其後有以受鬼國馬千數譖德輝于朝者，帝曰：「是人朕所素知，雖一羊不妄受，寧有是耶！」

In the seventeenth year a traveling central secretariat was set up, and Dehui was appointed left vice director of the Anxi branch secretariat. That year the Luoshi Ghost Country among the southwestern Yi, having submitted, rebelled again. An edict ordered Yunnan, Huguang, and Sichuan to combine thirty thousand troops against them. The armies were about to cross the border when Dehui happened to be on duty at Bo. He sent An Gui by urgent relay to stop the three columns from advancing and dispatched Zhang Xiaosi to urge the Ghost Country to surrender at once. Their chieftain Acha knew Dehui's reputation and said: "Is this not the Lord Li who spared Hezhou? His word is trustworthy." He came in person to Bozhou, weeping as he said: "Our people number a million. Without you we would have died rather than submit. Now we have found our place—there is no other choice." Dehui reported this to the court. The Ghost Country was renamed Shunyuan Circuit and its chieftain was made pacification commissioner. Later someone accused Dehui at court of accepting thousands of horses from the Ghost Country. The emperor said: "I have long known this man. He would not take even a single sheep wrongly—how could this be true?"

德輝卒年六十三，蠻夷聞訃，哭之哀如私親，為位而祭者動輒千百人。合州安撫使王立，衰絰率吏民拜哭，聲震山谷，為發百人護喪興元。播州安撫使何彥請率其民立廟祀之。

Dehui died at the age of sixty-three. When the frontier peoples heard the news they mourned him as they would a kinsman; those who set up altars to sacrifice to him often numbered in the thousands. Wang Li, pacification commissioner of Hezhou, dressed in mourning and led officials and people in bowing and weeping until the sound shook the valleys. He sent a hundred men to escort the coffin to Xingyuan. He Yan, pacification commissioner of Bozhou, asked permission to lead his people in building a temple to worship him.

張雄飛

Zhang Xiongfei

張雄飛字鵬舉，琅琊臨沂人。父琮，仕金，守盱眙。金人疑之，罷其兵柄，徙居許州。尋復命守河陰，仍留家人於許。雄飛幼失母，琮妾李氏養之。國兵屠許，惟工匠得免。有田姓者，琮故吏也，自稱能為弓，且詐以雄飛及李氏為家人，由是獲全，遂徙朔方，雄飛時方十歲。至霍州，李欲逃，恐其累己，雄飛知之，頃刻不去左右，李乃變服與俱還，寓潞州。雄飛既長，往師前進士王寶英於趙城。金亡，雄飛不知父所在，往來澤、潞，求之十餘年，常客食僧舍。已而入關陝，歷懷、孟、潼、華，終求其父弗得，遂入燕。居數歲，盡通國言及諸部語。

Zhang Xiongfei, whose courtesy name was Pengju, came from Linyi in Langya. His father Zhang Cong served the Jin dynasty and held Xuyi. The Jin court grew suspicious of him, stripped him of military command, and moved him to Xuzhou. Soon he was ordered back to defend Heyin, while his family remained at Xu. Xiongfei lost his mother as a child and was raised by Zhang Cong's concubine, Lady Li. When the Mongol armies sacked Xu, only artisans were spared. A man named Tian, once Zhang Cong's clerk, claimed skill as a bow-maker and falsely passed Xiongfei and Lady Li off as his kin. They were spared and moved to Shuofang. Xiongfei was ten years old. At Huozhou Lady Li tried to flee, fearing she would endanger him. Xiongfei understood and would not leave her side for an instant. She changed clothes and returned with him, and they settled at Luzhou. When he had grown up, Xiongfei went to study under the former jinshi Wang Baoying at Zhaocheng. After the Jin fell, Xiongfei did not know where his father was. For more than ten years he traveled between Ze and Lu in search of him, often living on meals in Buddhist monasteries. He then entered Guanzhong and Shaanxi, passing through Huai, Meng, Tong, and Hua, but never found his father and went on to Yan. After several years there he had mastered Mongolian and the languages of the various tribes.

至元二年，廉希憲薦之于世祖，召見，陳當世之務，世祖大悅。授同知平陽路轉運司事，搜抉蠹弊悉除之。帝問處士羅英，誰可大用者，對曰：「張雄飛真公輔器。」帝然之。命驛召雄飛至，問以方今所急，對曰：「太子天下本，願早定以繫人心。閭閻小人有升斗之儲，尚知付託，天下至大，社稷至重，不早建儲貳，非至計也。向使先帝知此，陛下能有今日乎？」帝方卧，矍然起，稱善者久之。

In the second year of Zhiyuan, Lian Xixian recommended him to the emperor. Summoned to audience, he laid out the pressing affairs of the day, and the emperor was greatly pleased. He was appointed associate commissioner of the Pingyang transport office and rooted out every corrupt abuse he found. The emperor asked the recluse Luo Ying whom he might employ on a grand scale. He answered: "Zhang Xiongfei is truly fit for the highest office." The emperor agreed. He had Xiongfei summoned by post and asked what was most urgent. Xiongfei answered: "The crown prince is the foundation of the empire. I hope Your Majesty will establish him early to steady the people's hearts. Even common people with a measure of grain in store know whom to entrust with it. The realm is vast and the altars of state weighty beyond measure. Not to establish an heir early is no sound policy. If the late emperor had understood this, would Your Majesty be on the throne today?" The emperor had been reclining. He started up at once and praised him at length.

他日，與江孝卿同召見，帝曰：「今任職者多非材，政事廢弛，譬之大將傾，非良工不能扶，卿輩能任此乎？」孝卿謝不敢當。帝顧雄飛，雄飛對曰：「古有御史臺，為天子耳目，凡政事得失，民間疾苦，皆得言；百官姦邪貪穢不職者，即糾劾之。如此，則紀綱舉、天下治矣。」帝曰：「善。」乃立御史臺，以前丞相塔察兒為御史大夫，雄飛為侍御史，且戒之曰：「卿等既為臺官，職在直言，朕為汝君，苟所行未善，亦當極諫，況百官乎！汝宜知朕意。人雖嫉妒汝，朕能為汝地也。」雄飛益自感勵，知無不言。

On another day he and Jiang Xiaoqing were summoned together. The emperor said: "Most of those in office today lack ability, and government has fallen slack. It is like a great house about to collapse—only a skilled craftsman can shore it up. Can you undertake this?" Xiaoqing declined, saying he was not equal to the task. The emperor turned to Xiongfei. He answered: "In antiquity there was the Censorate, the eyes and ears of the Son of Heaven. Whatever was right or wrong in government and whatever suffering among the people could be reported; and any official who was wicked, corrupt, greedy, or neglectful of duty was impeached at once. In that way discipline would be upheld and the realm well governed. The emperor said, "Good." He then established the Censorate, appointing the former chancellor Tachar as censor-in-chief and Xiongfei as attending censor, and admonished them: "You are now censorial officials. Your duty is to speak plainly. I am your sovereign. If my conduct is not good, you must remonstrate to the utmost—how much more the rest of the officials! You should understand what I mean. Though others may envy you, I can protect you." Xiongfei was stirred all the more and spoke without reserve on whatever he knew.

參議樞密院事費正寅素憸狡，有告其罪者，詔丞相線真等與雄飛雜治之。請托交至，雄飛無所顧，盡得其罪狀以聞，正寅與其黨管如仁等皆伏誅。會議立尚書省，雄飛力爭於帝前，忤旨，左遷同知京兆緫管府事。宗室公主有家奴逃渭南民間為贅壻。主適過臨潼，識之，捕其奴與妻及妻之父母，皆械繫之，盡沒其家貲。雄飛與主爭辨，辭色俱厲。主不得已，以奴妻及妻之父母、家貲還之，惟挾其奴以去。

Fei Zhengyin, a consultant of the Bureau of Military Affairs, had long been crafty and deceitful. When someone reported his crimes, an edict ordered Chancellor Xian Zhen and others, together with Xiongfei, to investigate jointly. Pleas and entreaties poured in, but Xiongfei paid no heed. He established every charge and reported them. Zhengyin and his followers, including Guan Ruren, were all executed. When the court met to establish the Ministry of Revenue, Xiongfei argued forcefully before the emperor, defying his will, and was demoted to associate administrator of the Jingzhao headquarters. A household slave of an imperial princess had fled and become a son-in-law among the people of Weinan. The princess happened to pass through Lintong, recognized him, seized the slave together with his wife and her parents, put them all in fetters, and confiscated the entire household property. Xiongfei argued with the princess, his words and expression equally fierce. The princess had no choice but to return the slave's wife, her parents, and the household property, taking only the slave away.

入為兵部尚書。平章阿合馬在制國用司時，與亦麻都丁有隙，至是，羅織其罪，同僚爭相附會，雄飛不可曰：「所犯在制國用時，平章獨不預耶？」衆無以荅。秦長卿、劉仲澤亦以忤阿合馬，皆下吏，欲殺之，雄飛亦持不可。阿合馬使人啗之，曰：「誠能殺此三人，當以參政相處。」雄飛曰：「殺無罪以求大官，吾不為也。」阿合馬怒，奏出雄飛為澧州安撫使，而三人竟死獄中。

He entered the capital as minister of war. When Grand Councillor Ahmad was in the state revenue office he had a feud with Yimaduding; now he fabricated charges against him. Colleagues vied to join the accusation, but Xiongfei refused and said, "The offenses charged occurred when he was in the state revenue office—was the grand councillor not involved then?" No one could answer. Qin Changqing and Liu Zhongze had also offended Ahmad and were imprisoned; the authorities wished to kill them, but Xiongfei again refused. Ahmad sent someone to entice him, saying, "If you will kill these three men, I will make you a vice grand councillor." Xiongfei said, "I will not kill innocent men to win high office." Ahmad was angry and memorialized to send Xiongfei out as pacification commissioner of Lizhou, while the three men died in prison after all.

時澧州初下，民懷反側，雄飛至，布宣德教以撫綏之，民遂安。有巨商二人犯匿稅及毆人事，僚佐受賂，欲寬其罪，雄飛繩之益急。或曰：「此細事，何執之堅？」雄飛曰：「吾非治匿稅毆人者，欲改宋弊政，懲不畏法者爾。」細民以乏食，群聚發富家廩，所司欲論以強盜，雄飛曰：「此盜食，欲救死，非強也。」寬其獄，全活者百餘人。澧西南接溪洞，徭人乘間抄掠居民，雄飛遣楊應申等往諭以威德，諸徭悉感服。

Lizhou had only recently submitted and the people were unsettled. When Xiongfei arrived he proclaimed imperial virtue and instruction to pacify them, and the people were soon at ease. Two great merchants had committed tax evasion and assault; subordinates accepted bribes and wished to lighten their sentences, but Xiongfei pressed the case all the more urgently. Someone said, "This is a trifling matter—why press it so hard?" Xiongfei said, "I am not merely punishing tax evasion and assault. I wish to reform Song abuses and warn those who do not fear the law." Common people, lacking food, gathered to break open the granaries of wealthy families. The authorities wished to charge them with robbery, but Xiongfei said, "They are stealing food to escape death—not robbery." He lightened their cases and more than a hundred lives were spared. Southwest of Lizhou lay mountain caves where Yao people took advantage to raid inhabitants. Xiongfei sent Yang Yingshen and others to instruct them with imperial majesty and virtue, and all the Yao submitted.

十四年，改安撫司為緫管府，命雄飛為達魯花赤，遷荊湖北道宣慰使。有告常德富民十餘家，與德山寺僧將為亂，衆議以兵討之。雄飛曰：「告者必其仇也。且新附之民，當以靜鎮之，兵不可遽用，苟有他，吾自任其責。」遂止，徐察之，果如所言。先是，荊湖行省阿里海牙以降民三千八百戶沒入為家奴，自置吏治之，歲責其租賦，有司莫敢言。雄飛言于阿里海牙，請歸其民於有司，不從。雄飛入朝奏其事，詔還籍為民。

In the fourteenth year the pacification office was changed to a circuit headquarters; Xiongfei was appointed darughachi and transferred to pacification commissioner of the Jinghu North circuit. Someone reported that more than ten wealthy families of Changde, together with monks of Deshan Temple, were about to rebel; the assembly discussed sending troops against them. Xiongfei said, "The accuser must be their enemy. Moreover, newly submitted people should be calmed by quiet rule. Troops must not be used rashly. If trouble arises, I myself will bear the responsibility." He halted the action and investigated slowly; it turned out exactly as he had said. Previously, Ali Haiya of the Jinghu branch secretariat had confiscated 3,800 surrendered households as household slaves, appointed his own clerks to govern them, and exacted annual rent and tax; no office dared speak of it. Xiongfei spoke to Ali Haiya, asking that the people be returned to the proper offices; he refused. Xiongfei entered court and memorialized the matter; an edict restored them to the registers as common people.

十六年，拜御史中丞，行御史臺事。阿合馬以子忽辛為中書右丞，行省江淮，恐不為所容，奏留雄飛不遣，改陝西漢中道提刑按察使。未行，阿合馬死，朝臣皆以罪去。拜參知政事。阿合馬用事日久，賣官鬻獄，紀綱大壞，雄飛乃先自降一階，於是僥倖超躐者皆降之。忽辛有罪，敕中貴人及中書雜問，忽辛歷指宰執曰：「汝曾使我家錢物，何得問我！」雄飛曰：「我曾受汝家錢物否？」曰：「惟公獨否。」雄飛曰：「如是，則我當問汝矣。」忽辛遂伏辜。二十一年春，冊上尊號，議大赦天下，雄飛諫曰：「古人言：無赦之國，其刑必平。故赦者，不平之政也。聖明在上，豈宜數赦！」帝嘉納之，語雄飛曰：「大獵而後見善射，集議而後知能言，汝所言者是，朕今從汝。」遂止降輕刑之詔。

In the sixteenth year he was appointed vice censor-in-chief and directed censorate affairs. Ahmad had his son Husin appointed right vice director of the Secretariat and sent to administer the Jianghuai circuit, fearing he would not be tolerated; he memorialized to retain Xiongfei and changed him instead to surveillance commissioner of the Shaanxi-Hanzhong circuit. Before he departed, Ahmad died and court officials all left office on account of guilt. He was appointed vice grand councillor. Ahmad had long held power, selling offices and justice; discipline was greatly corrupted. Xiongfei first lowered himself one rank, whereupon all who had risen by favor also lowered their ranks. Husin was guilty; the edict ordered eunuchs and the Secretariat to question him jointly. Husin pointed at the chief ministers one by one, saying, "You all once sent goods and money to my house—how can you question me!" Xiongfei said, "Did I ever receive goods and money from your house?" He said, "Only you did not." Xiongfei said, "If so, then it is I who should question you." Husin then confessed his guilt. In the spring of the twenty-first year, when the exalted title was bestowed, a general amnesty was discussed. Xiongfei remonstrated, "The ancients said: in a state without amnesties, punishments are sure to be even. Therefore amnesty is an unbalanced policy. With sage clarity above, how can amnesties be frequent!" The emperor approved and said to Xiongfei, "Only after a great hunt does one see who shoots well; only after gathering for discussion does one know who can speak—you are right, and I now follow you." He therefore halted the edict reducing light punishments.

雄飛剛直廉慎，始終不易其節。嘗坐省中，詔趣召之，見於便殿，謂雄飛曰：「若卿，可謂真廉者矣。聞卿貧甚，今特賜卿銀二千五百兩、鈔二千五百貫。」雄飛拜謝，將出，又詔加賜金五十兩及金酒器。雄飛受賜，封識藏於家。後阿合馬之黨以雄飛罷政，詣省乞追奪賜物，裕宗在東宮聞之，命參政溫迪罕諭丞相安童曰：「上所以賜張雄飛者，旌其廉也，汝豈不知耶？毋為小人所詐。」塔即古阿散請檢核前省錢穀，復用阿合馬之黨，竟矯詔追奪之。塔即古阿散等俄以罪誅，帝慮校核失當，命近臣伯顏閱之。中書左丞耶律老哥勸雄飛詣伯顏自辨，雄飛曰：「上以老臣廉，故賜臣，然臣未嘗敢輕用，而封識以俟者，政虞今日耳，又可自辨乎？」二十一年，盧世榮以言利進用，雄飛與諸執政同日皆罷。二十三年，起為燕南河北道宣慰使，決壅滯，黜姦貪，政化大行。卒于官。

Xiongfei was upright, firm, incorrupt, and cautious, never changing his integrity from beginning to end. Once while sitting in the Secretariat, an edict urgently summoned him. Received in the side hall, the emperor said to Xiongfei, "A man like you may truly be called incorrupt. I hear you are very poor; I now specially bestow on you 2,500 taels of silver and 2,500 strings of paper money." Xiongfei bowed in thanks; as he was about to leave, another edict added fifty taels of gold and gold wine vessels. Xiongfei accepted the gifts, sealed them, and stored them at home. Later Ahmad's faction, because Xiongfei had left office, went to the Secretariat to beg that the gifts be seized. Prince Yuzong in the Eastern Palace heard of it and ordered Vice Grand Councillor Wendihani to tell Chancellor Antong, "The reason the emperor bestowed gifts on Zhang Xiongfei was to honor his integrity—do you not know this? Do not be deceived by petty men. Do not be deceived by petty men." Tagijiu Asan requested an audit of the former Secretariat's money and grain and again employed Ahmad's faction; they ultimately forged an edict to seize the gifts. Tagijiu Asan and the others were soon executed for their crimes. The emperor, fearing the audit had been improper, ordered the close minister Bayan to review it. Left Vice Director Yelü Laoge urged Xiongfei to go to Bayan and plead his case himself. Xiongfei said, "The emperor bestowed on me because I am an old official and incorrupt. Yet I have never dared use the gifts lightly, and sealed them to await this day—how could I plead for myself?" In the twenty-first year, Lu Shirong was advanced for profit-seeking counsel; Xiongfei and the other chief ministers were all dismissed on the same day. In the twenty-third year he was recalled as pacification commissioner of the Yannan-Hebei circuit, clearing blockages, removing the corrupt, and government flourished greatly. He died in office.

子五人：師野，師諤，師白，師儼，師約。師野宿衛東宮時，荊湖行省平章政事阿里海牙入覲，言之宰相，欲白皇太子，請以師野為荊南緫管，雄飛固止之。歸謂師野曰：「今日欲有官汝者，汝宿衛日久，固應得官，然我方為執政，天下必以我私汝，我一日不去此位，汝輩勿望有官也。」其介慎如此。

He had five sons: Shiye, Shie, Shibai, Shiyan, and Shiyue. When Shiye was on guard in the Eastern Palace, Ali Haiya, pingzhang of the Jinghu branch secretariat, came to audience and spoke to the chancellor, wishing to tell the crown prince to appoint Shiye as administrator of Jingnan; Xiongfei firmly stopped it. Returning home he told Shiye, "Today someone wished to give you an office. You have long served on guard and surely deserve an office, but I am now in power and the empire will surely think I favor you privately. As long as I do not leave this post, you must not hope for office." His integrity and caution were such as this.

張德輝

Zhang Dehui

張德輝字耀卿，冀寧交城人。少力學，數舉於鄉。金貞祐間兵興，家業殆盡，試掾御史臺。會盜殺卜者，有司蹤跡之，獲僧匿一婦人，搒掠誣服，獄具，德輝疑其冤，其後果得盜。趙秉文、楊慥咸器其材。金亡，北渡，史天澤開府真定，辟為經歷官。歲乙未，從天澤南征，籌畫調發，多出德輝。天澤將誅逃兵，德輝救止，配令穴城。光州蓽山農民為寨以自固，天澤議攻之，德輝請招之降，全活甚衆。

Zhang Dehui, whose courtesy name was Yaoqing, came from Jiaocheng in Jining. In youth he studied diligently and repeatedly passed the district examinations. When warfare arose in the Zhenyou period of Jin, his family property was nearly exhausted and he tested as a clerk of the Censorate. It happened that a diviner was murdered; the authorities tracked the crime and seized a monk hiding a woman; under torture he confessed falsely and the case was complete. Dehui suspected injustice; afterward the real thief was indeed caught. Zhao Bingwen and Yang Gao both valued his talent. When the Jin perished he crossed north; Shi Tianze opened a headquarters at Zhending and appointed him as an administrative officer. In the yiwei year he followed Tianze on the southern campaign; planning and provisioning mostly came from Dehui. Tianze was about to execute deserters; Dehui stopped him and assigned them to dig ramparts. Farmers of Bishan in Guangzhou had fortified a stockade to defend themselves; Tianze planned to attack it, but Dehui asked to summon them to surrender, sparing a great many lives.

歲丁未，世祖在潛邸，召見，問曰：「孔子歿已久，今其性安在？」對曰：「聖人與天地終始，無往不在。殿下能行聖人之道，性即在是矣。」又問：「或云，遼以釋廢，金以儒亡，有諸？」對曰：「遼事臣未周知，金季乃所親睹，宰執中雖用一二儒臣，餘皆武弁世爵，及論軍國大事，又不使預聞，大抵以儒進者三十之一，國之存亡，自有任其責者，儒何咎焉！」世祖然之。因問德輝曰：「祖宗法度具在，而未盡設施者甚多，將如之何？」德輝指銀槃，喻曰：「創業之主，如製此器，精選白金良匠，規而成之，畀付後人，傳之無窮。當求謹厚者司掌，乃永為寶用。否則不惟缺壞，亦恐有竊而去之者矣。」世祖良久曰：「此正吾心所不忘也。」又訪中國人材，德輝舉魏璠、元裕、李冶等二十餘人。又問：「農家作勞，何衣食之不贍？」德輝對曰：「農桑，天下之本，衣食之所從出者也。男耕女織，終歲勤苦，擇其精者輸之官，餘惡者將以仰事俯育。而親民之吏復橫斂以盡之，則民鮮有不凍餒者矣。」

In the dingwei year the future Emperor Shizu, still in his princely establishment, summoned him for an audience and asked, "Confucius died long ago—where now is his nature?" He answered, "The sage begins and ends with heaven and earth; he is nowhere not present. If Your Highness can practice the way of the sage, his nature is right here." He also asked, "Some say the Liao perished through Buddhism and the Jin through Confucianism—is this so?" He answered, "I am not fully informed about Liao affairs, but the fall of Jin I witnessed myself. Among the chief ministers, though one or two Confucian officials were used, the rest were military men with hereditary fiefs, and when military and state affairs were discussed they were not allowed to take part. Roughly only one in thirty who rose through Confucian learning—the survival or fall of the state had those who bore responsibility; how can Confucians be blamed!" The prince approved. He then asked Dehui, "The ancestral laws and institutions all exist, yet many have not been fully implemented—what is to be done?" Dehui pointed to a silver dish and said by analogy, "A founding ruler is like one who makes this vessel, selecting fine white metal and skilled craftsmen to shape it and hand it down to posterity to be transmitted without end. One must seek the prudent and honest to take charge of it, and then it will forever be a treasure in use. Otherwise not only will it be damaged, but one may also fear it will be stolen away." The prince was silent a long while and said, "This is exactly what I cannot forget." He also inquired about Chinese talent; Dehui recommended Wei Fan, Yuan Yu, Li Ye, and more than twenty others. He also asked, "Farmers labor—why are their food and clothing not sufficient?" Dehui answered, "Agriculture and sericulture are the foundation of the empire, the source from which food and clothing come. Men plow and women weave; working hard all year, they select the finest to deliver to the government and must use the remainder, coarse and bad, to support those above and nurture those below. Yet the officials close to the people again levy harshly to exhaust them—then among the people few escape cold and hunger."

歲戊申春，釋奠，致胙於世祖，世祖曰：「孔子廟食之禮何如？」對曰：「孔子為萬代王者師，有國者尊之，則嚴其廟貌，修其時祀，其崇與否，於聖人無所損益，但以此見時君崇儒重道之意何如耳。」世祖曰：「今而後，此禮勿廢。」世祖又問：「典兵與宰民者，為害孰甚？」對曰：「軍無紀律，縱使殘暴，害固非輕；若宰民者，頭會箕斂以毒天下，使祖宗之民如蹈水火，為害尤甚。」世祖默然，曰：「然則奈何？」對曰：「莫若更遣族人之賢如口溫不花者，使掌兵權，勳舊則如忽都虎者，使主民政，若此，則天下均受賜矣。」

In the spring of the wushen year, at the sacrifice to Confucius, the offering meat was sent to Shizu. Shizu said, "What is the ritual of temple offerings to Confucius?" He answered, "Confucius is teacher to the kings of ten thousand generations. Those who have a state honor him, then make strict his temple appearance and maintain his seasonal sacrifices. Whether he is honored or not neither adds to nor diminishes the sage, but by this one sees how the ruler of the time honors Confucianism and values the Way." Shizu said, "From this day forward, this ritual must not be abandoned." Shizu also asked, "Those who command troops and those who govern the people—which does greater harm?" He answered, "Troops without discipline, even if violent, do harm that is surely not light; but those who govern the people, gathering like a pestle and scraping like a dustpan to poison the empire, making the people of the ancestral altars tread fire and water—the harm is still greater." Shizu was silent and said, "Then what is to be done?" He answered, "Nothing better than dispatching worthy men of the clan like Onggüdai to hold military power, and meritorious elders like Hutuqu to preside over civil government; if so, the empire will equally receive blessing."

是年夏，德輝得告，將還，更薦白文舉、鄭顯之、趙元德、李進之、高鳴、李槃、李濤數人。陛辭，又陳先務七事：敦孝友，擇人才，察下情，貴兼聽，親君子，信賞罰，節財用。世祖以字呼之，賜坐，錫賚瀀渥。有頃，奉旨教冑子孛羅等。壬子，德輝與元裕北覲，請世祖為儒教大宗師，世祖悅而受之。因啟：「累朝有旨蠲儒戶兵賦，乞令有司遵行。」從之。仍命德輝提調真定學校。

That summer Dehui obtained leave and was about to return; he again recommended Bai Wenju, Zheng Xianzhi, Zhao Yuande, Li Jinzhi, Gao Ming, Li Pan, Li Tao, and several others. At his farewell audience he again set forth seven urgent priorities: encourage filial piety and fraternity, select talent, examine conditions below, value hearing many sides, draw near to gentlemen, trust in rewards and punishments, and economize expenditures. Shizu addressed him by his courtesy name, granted him a seat, and bestowed gifts with great generosity. Before long he received an edict to instruct the crown prince's sons Boluo and others. In the renzi year Dehui and Yuan Yu had a northern audience and asked Shizu to become Grand Master of the Confucian teaching; Shizu was pleased and accepted. He then reported, "Successive dynasties had edicts exempting Confucian households from military service and tax; I beg that the responsible offices be ordered to carry this out." It was approved. He was also ordered to supervise the schools of Zhending.

世祖即位，起德輝為河東南北路宣撫使，下車，擊豪強，黜贓吏，均賦役。耆耋不遠數千里來見，曰：「六十年不復見此太平官府矣。」戴之若神明。西川帥紐鄰重取兵千餘人，守吏畏其威，莫敢申理，隸鳳翔屯田者八百餘人，屯罷，兵不歸籍；會簽防戍兵，河中浮梁故有守卒，不以充數。悉條奏之，帝可其請。兵後孱民多依庇豪右，及有以身傭藉衣食，歲久掩為家奴，悉遣還之為民。

When Shizu took the throne he recalled Dehui as pacification commissioner of the Hedong north and south circuits. On taking office he struck down powerful families, removed corrupt officials, and equalized taxes and corvée. The aged came from thousands of li away to see him and said, "For sixty years we have not again seen a government office of such peace." They honored him as if he were a spirit. The commander of western Sichuan, Niulin, heavily requisitioned more than a thousand troops; the guarding officials feared his power and dared not plead the case. More than eight hundred men assigned to Fengxiang garrison farms, when the farms were abolished, did not return to the registers; When it came time to check frontier garrison troops, the floating bridge at Hezhong originally had guarding soldiers but they were not counted toward the quota. He set forth all these matters in memorial and the emperor approved his requests. After the war many weak people relied on powerful families for protection, and some who had hired themselves out for food and clothing over many years were concealed as household slaves; he sent them all back to be common people.

二年，考績為十路最。陛見，帝勞之，命疏所急務，條四事：一曰嚴保舉以取人材；二曰給俸祿以養廉能；三曰易世官而遷都邑；四曰正刑罰而勿屢赦。帝嘉納焉。遷東平路宣慰使，春旱，禱泰山而雨。東平賦夥獄繁，視河東相倍蓰，凡遇贓奸，悉窮之，不少貸。奏免遠輸豆粟二十萬斛，和糶粟十萬斛。寶合丁議賦繭絲，令民稅而後輸。德輝曰：「是誣上以毒下也，且後期之責孰任之！」遂罷其事。孀婦馬氏，將鬻其女以代納逋賦，分己俸代償之，仍蠲其額。

In the second year his performance review ranked first among the ten circuits. At audience the emperor praised him and ordered him to set forth urgent matters; he listed four items: first, strict recommendation to obtain talent; second, provide salaries to nurture integrity and ability; third, change hereditary offices and relocate capitals and districts; fourth, rectify punishments and do not amnesty frequently. The emperor approved and accepted them. He was transferred to pacification commissioner of the Dongping circuit. In a spring drought he prayed at Mount Tai and rain fell. Dongping's taxes were heavy and cases numerous, several times those of Hedong; whenever he encountered corruption and wickedness he investigated to the end and showed no leniency. He memorialized exemption from transporting 200,000 hu of beans and grain over long distances and from harmonizing and selling 100,000 hu of grain. Baodinging proposed levying cocoon silk, ordering the people to pay tax and then deliver. Dehui said, "This is to deceive the ruler above and poison the people below; moreover, who will bear responsibility for late delivery!" The matter was therefore halted. A widow surnamed Ma was about to sell her daughter to pay overdue taxes; Dehui used part of his own salary to pay on her behalf and also remitted her quota.

至元三年秋，參議中書省事。五年春，擢侍御史，辭不拜。有言沿邊將校冒代軍士、虛糜廩幣者，敕按之，奏曰：「在昔將校，備嘗艱阻，與士卒同甘苦，今年少子弟襲爵，或以微勞進用，豈知軍旅之事乎！致使朝廷遣使覆按，此省院素失約束耳。痛繩之，則人不自安，第易其部署，選武毅才略者任之，庶使軍政自新。又時委司憲者體究，庶革其弊。」有旨命德輝議御史臺條例，德輝奏曰：「御史，執法官。今法令未明，何據而行？此事行之不易，陛下宜慎思之。」有頃，復召曰：「朕慮之熟矣，卿當力行之。」對曰：「必欲行之，乞立宗正府以正皇族，外戚得以糾彈，女謁毋令奏事，諸局承應人皆得究治。」帝良久曰：「其徐行之。」德輝請老，命舉任風憲者，疏烏古倫貞等二十人以聞。

In the autumn of the third year of Zhiyuan he became consultant of the central secretariat. In the spring of the fifth year he was promoted to attending censor but declined and did not accept. When someone reported that frontier commanders falsely substituted for soldiers and wasted government grain and coin, an edict ordered investigation. He memorialized, "Former commanders had experienced hardship and shared weal and woe with the soldiers; now young sons and younger brothers inherit fiefs or rise through slight merit—how would they know military affairs! This causes the court to send envoys to re-investigate—it is simply that the secretariat and the bureau have long failed in restraint. If punished severely, people will not feel secure; it is better to change their deployments and select men of martial valor, talent, and strategy to hold the posts, so that military government may renew itself. Moreover, from time to time commission surveillance officials to investigate thoroughly, so that the abuses may be reformed." An edict ordered Dehui to draft censorate regulations. Dehui memorialized, "Censors are law-enforcing officials. Now the laws and ordinances are not clear—on what basis are they to act? This matter is not easy to carry out; Your Majesty should consider it carefully." Before long he was summoned again and told, "I have considered it thoroughly; you must strive to carry it out." He answered, "If it must be carried out, I beg that the Court of the Imperial Clan be established to correct the imperial clan, so that maternal relatives may be impeached, palace women be forbidden to report affairs, and all bureau attendants may be investigated." The emperor was silent a long while and said, "Let it be carried out slowly." Dehui requested retirement and was ordered to recommend men fit for surveillance duties; he listed Ughurun Zhen and twenty others in a memorial.

初，河東歉，請於朝，發常平貸之，并減其秋租有差。賦役不均，官吏並緣為姦，賦一征十年，不勝其困苦，民率流亡。德輝閱實戶編，均其等第，出納有法，數十年之弊一旦革去。

Earlier, Hedong had a poor harvest and requested from court that the ever-normal granary lend grain and that autumn rent be reduced by degrees. Taxes and corvée were unequal; officials took advantage to commit wickedness, levying one tax for ten years; unable to bear the hardship, the people mostly fled. Dehui examined actual household registers, equalized their grades, and had receipts and disbursements according to law; abuses of several decades were reformed in a single day.

德輝天資剛直，博學有經濟器，毅然不可犯，望之知為端人，然性不喜嬉笑。與元裕、李冶游封龍山，時人號為龍山三老云。卒年八十。

Dehui was upright and firm by nature, broadly learned with capacity for statecraft, resolute and not to be violated; seen from afar one knew him for an upright man, yet by nature he did not like laughter. He traveled with Yuan Yu and Li Ye on Mount Fenglong; people of the time called them the Three Elders of Fenglong. He died at eighty.

馬亨字大用，邢州南和人。世業農，以貲雄鄉里。亨少孤，事母孝，金季習為吏。庚寅，太宗始建十路徵收課稅使，河北東西路使王晉辟亨為掾，以才幹稱。甲午，晉薦於中書令耶律楚材，授轉運司知事，尋陞經歷，擢轉運司副使。

Ma Heng, whose courtesy name was Dayong, came from Nanhe in Xingzhou. For generations the family occupation was farming; by wealth they were powerful in the countryside. Heng lost his father young, served his mother filially, and in the late Jin studied to become a clerk. In the gengyin year, when Taizong first established the ten-circuit tax-collection commissioners, Wang Jin of the Hebei east and west circuit made Heng a clerk; he was known for administrative ability. In the jiawu year Jin recommended him to Chancellor Yelü Chucai, who appointed him manager of the transport office; soon he was promoted to administrative officer and then deputy commissioner of the transport office.

庚戌，太保劉秉忠薦亨於世祖，召見潛邸，甚器之。既而籍諸路戶口，以亨副八春、忙哥撫諭西京、太原、平陽及陝西五路，俾民弗擾。既還，圖山川形勢以獻，餘使者多以賄敗，惟亨等各賜衣九襲。癸丑，從世祖征雲南，留亨為京兆榷課所長官。京兆，藩邸分地也，亨以寬簡治之，不事掊克，凡五年，民安而課裕。

In the gengxu year Grand Preceptor Liu Bingzhong recommended Heng to Shizu, who summoned him to the princely establishment and greatly valued him. Soon afterward household registers of all circuits were compiled; Heng was made deputy to Bachun and Mangge to pacify Xijing, Taiyuan, Pingyang, and the five circuits of Shaanxi, so that the people would not be disturbed. On returning he mapped the mountains and rivers and presented it; the other envoys mostly failed through bribery, but Heng and the others each received nine suits of clothing as gifts. In the guichou year he followed Shizu on the Yunnan campaign; Heng was left as chief of the Jingzhao tax monopoly office. Jingzhao was territory of the princely establishment; Heng governed it with leniency and simplicity, not engaging in extortion. For five years the people were at ease and revenue was ample.

丁巳，憲宗遣阿藍荅兒等覈藩府錢穀，亨時輦歲辦課銀五百鋌，輸之藩府，道出平陽，適與之遇。亨策曰：「見之，則銀必拘留，不見，則必以罪加我，與其銀弗達王府，寧獲罪焉。」避而過之，阿藍荅兒果怒，遣使逮之王府。世祖詢亨曰：「汝往，得無摭汝罪耶？」對曰：「無害，願一行。」乃慰遣亨。既至，拘係之，窮治百端，竟無所得，惟以支竹課分例錢充公用，及僦公廨輦運腳價為不應，勒償其直而已。世祖知其誣，更賜銀三十二鋌。己未，從世祖攻鄂州，洎北還，遣亨馳驛往西京等處罷所簽軍，并撫諭山西、河東、陝右、漢中。既還，復遣轉餉江上軍實。

In the dingsi year Emperor Xianzong sent Alandarie and others to audit the princely establishment's money and grain. Heng was then transporting 500 ingots of annual tax silver to the princely establishment; passing through Pingyang he happened to meet them. Heng planned, "If I see them, the silver will surely be detained; if I do not see them, they will surely charge me with a crime. Rather than the silver not reach the princely establishment, I would rather incur the crime." He avoided them and passed by; Alandarie was indeed angry and sent envoys to seize him at the princely establishment. Shizu asked Heng, "When you go, will they not seize on crimes against you?" He answered, "No harm—I wish to go once." He was therefore sent off with reassurance. When he arrived he was detained and investigated from every angle; in the end nothing was found, except that he had used bamboo-tax apportioned money for public use and rented government offices and paid transport costs—deemed improper—and was forced to repay the value only. Shizu knew he had been slandered and additionally bestowed thirty-two ingots of silver. In the jiwei year he followed Shizu in attacking Ezhou; when they returned north he sent Heng by post relay to Xijing and other places to dismiss conscripted troops and pacify Shanxi, Hedong, Shaanxi right, and Hanzhong. On returning he was again sent to transport provisions for the army on the Yangzi.

中統元年，世祖即位，陝西、四川立宣撫司，詔亨議陝西宣撫司事。尋賜金符，遷陝西四川規措軍儲轉運使。時阿藍荅兒等叛，亨與宣撫使廉希憲、商挺合謀，誅劉太平等，悉定關輔。尋建行省，命亨兼陝西行省左右司郎中。時興元畜糧五萬石，欲轉餉大安軍，計傭直萬緡，衆推亨往，時丁內艱，以攝省府事強起之。至則以兵官丁產均其役，不閱月而事集，無勞民傷財之嘆。興元判官費正寅狡悍不法，莫有能治之者。亨白省府，欲以法繩之，反誣搆行省前保關中有異謀，詔右丞粘合珪讞之，亨力辨之，冤搆釋然。

In the first year of Zhongtong, when Shizu took the throne, pacification offices were established in Shaanxi and Sichuan; an edict ordered Heng to deliberate on Shaanxi pacification affairs. Soon he was granted a gold tally and transferred to commissioner for planning military provisions and transport in Shaanxi and Sichuan. At that time Alandarie and others rebelled; Heng plotted with pacification commissioner Lian Xixian and Shang Ting, executed Liu Taiping and others, and fully pacified Guanfu. Soon a branch secretariat was established and Heng was ordered to serve concurrently as left and right department director of the Shaanxi branch secretariat. At that time Xingyuan had stored 50,000 shi of grain; they wished to transport it to Da'an Army, the hired cost reckoned at 10,000 strings of cash; all pushed Heng to go. He was then in mourning for his mother but was forcibly raised to manage secretariat affairs. On arrival he equalized corvée by the property of military officials and commoners; within less than a month the task was done, without the lament of laboring the people and injuring wealth. Xingyuan assistant administrator Fei Zhengyin was crafty and fierce and lawless; no one could control him. Heng reported to the branch secretariat, wishing to punish him by law; in return he falsely charged that the former branch secretariat had harbored a plot to hold Guanzhong with ulterior intent. An edict ordered right vice director Nayan to judge the case; Heng argued forcefully and the false charge was cleared.

四年，遷陝西五路西蜀四川廉訪都轉運使。未幾，朝廷以考課檄諸路轉運司，至則併轉運司入緫管府，咸奪其制書，授亨工部侍郎、解鹽副使。亨乃上言：「以考課定賞罰，其人甫集，而一切罷之，則是非安在？宜還其命書，俾仕者有所勸勉。」從之。亨復上便宜六事：一曰東宮保傅當用正人，以固國本；二曰中書大政，擇任儒臣，以立朝綱；三曰任相惟賢，官不必備，今宰相至十七員，宜加裁汰；四曰左右郎署毗贊大政，今用豪貴子弟，豈能贊襄；五曰六曹之職分理萬機，今止設左右二部，事何由辦；六曰建元以來，便民條畫已多，有司往往視為文具，宜令憲司糾舉，務在必行。疏聞，帝即召見，有旨：「卿比安在，胡不早言？」亨對曰：「新自陝西來覲。」帝諭曰：「卿久著忠勤，自今不令卿遠出矣。」

In the fourth year he was transferred to surveillance and transport commissioner of the five circuits of Shaanxi, western Shu, and Sichuan. Before long the court sent performance-review documents to all circuit transport offices; on arrival the transport offices were merged into circuit headquarters, all stripped of their credentials, and Heng was given vice minister of works and deputy salt commissioner of Jie. Heng then memorialized, "Using performance review to fix rewards and punishments—the men have only just gathered and are all dismissed at once; where then is right and wrong? It is fitting to return their credentials so that those in office may have encouragement." It was followed. Heng again memorialized six convenient measures: first, the Eastern Palace tutors should employ upright men to strengthen the foundation of the state; second, great affairs of the central secretariat should employ Confucian ministers to establish court discipline; third, in appointing chancellors only the worthy should be used and offices need not be filled—in all there are seventeen chancellors today and they should be reduced; fourth, the left and right secretariat aides assist in great affairs—now noble youths are used; how can they assist?" Fifth, the six departments divide and manage the myriad affairs—now only the left and right two departments are set up; how can affairs be handled? Sixth, since the founding of the dynasty many measures to benefit the people have been enacted, but the offices often treat them as empty documents; the surveillance offices should be ordered to investigate and report, so that they must be carried out. The memorial was heard and the emperor immediately summoned him, saying, "Where have you been lately—why did you not speak earlier?" Heng answered, "I have newly come from Shaanxi to have audience." The emperor said, "You have long shown loyal diligence; from now on I will not send you far away."

至元三年，進嘉議大夫、左三部尚書，尋改戶部尚書，金穀出納，有條不紊。時有賈胡，恃制國用使阿合馬，欲貿交鈔本，私平準之利，以增歲課為辭。帝以問亨，對曰：「交鈔可以權萬貨者，法使然也。法者，主上之柄，今使一賈擅之，廢法從私，將何以令天下？」事遂寢。亨又建言立常平、義倉，謂備荒之具，宜亟舉行。而時以財用不足，止設義倉。

In the third year of Zhiyuan he was promoted to grand master for discussion and minister of the left three departments; soon he was changed to minister of revenue; gold, grain, receipts and disbursements were orderly without confusion. At that time a Muslim merchant, relying on state revenue commissioner Ahmad, wished to trade in paper-note capital and privately level profits to increase annual revenue as his plea. The emperor asked Heng, who answered, "Paper notes can weigh all goods because the law makes it so. Law is the sovereign's handle; now to let one merchant monopolize it, abandoning law for private gain—how will you command the empire?" The matter was therefore dropped. Heng also memorialized to establish ever-normal and charity granaries, saying they were equipment for guarding against famine and should be urgently carried out. But at the time finances were insufficient and only charity granaries were set up.

七年，立尚書省，仍以亨為尚書，領左部。亨上言：「尚書省專領金穀百工之事，其銓選宜歸中書，以示無濫。」尋為平章阿合馬所忌，以誣免官。會國兵圍襄、樊，廷議河南行省調發軍餉，詔以阿里為右丞、姚樞為左丞、亨為僉省任其事，水陸供餽，未嘗有闕，亨之力為多。十年，還京師，帝方欲柄用之，遂嬰末疾。十四年，卒，年七十一。

In the seventh year the ministry of revenue was established and Heng was again made minister, heading the left department. Heng memorialized, "The ministry of revenue specially manages gold, grain, and the hundred crafts; its selection and appointment should return to the central secretariat to show there is no abuse." Soon he was envied by pingzhang Ahmad and dismissed from office on false charges. When the national army besieged Xiang and Fan, the court discussed the Henan branch secretariat dispatching military provisions; an edict appointed Ali as right vice director, Yao Shu as left vice director, and Heng as vice secretariat commissioner to undertake the task; land and water supplies were never lacking—Heng's effort was greatest. In the tenth year he returned to the capital; the emperor was about to employ him with full authority when he suddenly fell gravely ill. In the fourteenth year he died at seventy-one.

子紹庭，雲南諸路肅政廉訪司副使。

His son Shaoting was deputy surveillance commissioner of the Yunnan circuits.

程思廉

Cheng Silian

程思廉字介甫，其先洛陽人，元魏時以豪右徙雲中，遂家東勝州。父恒，國初佩金符，為沿邊監榷規運使、解州鹽使。

Cheng Silian, whose courtesy name was Jiefu, was originally from Luoyang; in the Northern Wei, as powerful local families, they moved to Yunzhong and made their home in Dongshengzhou. His father Heng, at the founding of the dynasty, wore a gold tally as frontier salt monopoly supervisor and transport commissioner and Jiezhou salt commissioner.

思廉用太保劉秉忠薦，給事裕宗潛邸，以謹愿聞。命為樞密院監印，平章政事哈丹行省河南，署為都事。丞相史天澤尤器之。時方規取襄樊，使任轉餉，築城置倉以受粟，轉輸者與民爭門，不時至，思廉令行者異路。粟至，多露積，一夕大雨，思廉安卧不起，省中召詰之，思廉曰：「此去敵近，中夜騷動，衆必驚疑，或致他變。縱有漂濕，不過軍中一日糧耳。」聞者韙之。

Silian, on Grand Preceptor Liu Bingzhong's recommendation, served in Prince Yuzong's princely establishment and was known for prudence and sincerity. Silian was made seal overseer at the Privy Council, and when Grand Councillor Hadan ran the Henan branch Secretariat, he was appointed chief secretary there. Chancellor Shi Tianze held him in particularly high regard. While the army was preparing to take Xiangyang and Fancheng, Silian was put in charge of supply transport and built fortified granaries to receive grain. Couriers clashed with local residents at the gates and deliveries fell behind schedule, so he had traffic routed along separate paths. When grain arrived, much of it lay piled in the open. One night a torrential rain fell, yet Silian slept on undisturbed. The provincial office summoned him for an explanation. He said, "We are close to the enemy; a midnight uproar would panic the men and invite worse trouble. Even if some grain gets wet, that is at most one day's rations for the army. Those who heard his reply approved.

至元十二年，調同知淇州，徙東平路判官，入為監察御史，以劾權臣阿合馬繫獄。其黨巧為機阱，思廉居之泰然，卒不能害。累遷河北河南道按察副使，道過彰德，聞兩河歲饑，而徵租益急，欲止之。有司謂法當上請，思廉曰：「若然，民已不堪命矣。」即移文罷徵，後果得請。二十年，河北復大饑，流民渡河求食，朝廷遣使者，集官屬，絕河止之。思廉曰：「民急就食，豈得已哉！天下一家，河北、河南皆吾民也。」亟令縱之。且曰：「雖得罪死不恨。」章上，不之罪也。衛輝、懷孟大水，思廉臨視賑貸，全活甚衆。水及城不沒者數板，即修隄防，露宿督役，水不為患，衛人德之。遷陝西漢中道按察使，以母老不赴。俄丁母憂。

In 1275 he was transferred to deputy prefect of Qizhou, then to judge of Dongping Circuit, and then appointed supervising censor; he was jailed for impeaching the powerful minister Ahmad. Ahmad's faction laid cunning traps for him, yet Silian remained unshaken, and in the end they could not destroy him. Promoted repeatedly, he became deputy commissioner of the Hebei-Henan surveillance circuit. Passing through Zhangde, he learned that famine afflicted both banks of the Yellow River even as tax collection grew harsher, and he wanted collection halted. The officials said the law required an appeal to the throne. Silian replied, "By then the people will already have been crushed. He immediately issued an order stopping collection, and the court later approved his action. In 1283 Hebei suffered famine again. Starving refugees crossed the river in search of food, and the court sent envoys who gathered local officials and blocked the crossing to turn them back. Silian said, "People starving for food cannot be stopped! The empire is one household; the people of Hebei and Henan are all our people. He immediately ordered the refugees let through. He added, "Even if I am punished and die for it, I will not regret it. When his report reached the throne, he was not punished. When Weihui and Huaimeng were struck by severe floods, Silian went in person to oversee relief and saved a great many lives. When floodwaters rose to within a few planks of the city walls, he immediately repaired the dikes, sleeping in the open while he supervised the labor, and the city was spared. The people of Weihui were deeply grateful. He was promoted to commissioner of the Shaanxi-Hanzhong surveillance circuit but declined the appointment because his mother was elderly. Soon afterward he went into mourning for his mother.

二十六年，立雲南行御史臺，起復思廉為御史中丞。始至，蠻夷酋長來賀，詞若遜而意甚倨，思廉奉宣上意，綏懷遠人，且明示禍福，使毋自外，聞者懾服。雲南舊有學校，而禮教不興，思廉力振起之，始有從學問禮者。

In 1289 the Yunnan branch censorate was established, and Silian was recalled from mourning to serve as vice censor-in-chief. When he first arrived, tribal chieftains came to congratulate him with words of deference and unmistakable arrogance. Silian proclaimed the emperor's will, reassured the frontier peoples, and plainly showed them reward and punishment so they would not stand apart from the empire. Those who heard him were awed into submission. Yunnan had long had schools, but ritual instruction had fallen dormant. Silian revived them with force, and for the first time people began to study and learn proper conduct.

思廉累任風憲，剛正疾惡，言事剴切，如請早建儲貳、訪求賢俊、辨車服、議封諡、養軍力、定律令，皆急務也。與人交有終始，或有疾病死喪，問遺賙卹，往返數百里不憚勞，仍為之經紀家事，撫視其子孫。其於家族，尤盡恩意。好薦達人物，或者以為好名，思廉曰：「若避好名之譏，人不復敢為善矣。」卒，年六十二，諡敬肅。

Silian served repeatedly in censorial posts, upright and fierce in his hatred of wrongdoing. His memorials were sharp and pressing: he urged the early designation of an heir, the search for worthy men, clarification of carriage and dress regulations, deliberation on posthumous titles, the preservation of military strength, and the fixing of laws—all matters he treated as urgent. In friendship he was constant from beginning to end. When friends fell ill, died, or suffered bereavement, he sent inquiries, gifts, and aid, traveling hundreds of li without complaint, and he also managed their households and looked after their children and grandchildren. Toward his own family he was especially generous and thoughtful. He liked to recommend and promote talented men, and some accused him of courting fame. Silian said, "If one shuns the charge of seeking a good name, people will no longer dare to do good. He died at sixty-two and was posthumously titled Reverent and Solemn.

烏古孫澤

Wugusun Ze

烏古孫澤字潤甫，臨潢人。其先女真烏古部，因以為氏。祖璧，仕金為明威將軍、資用庫使，從金主遷汴。汴城陷，轉徙居大名。父仲，倜儻有奇節，遭金季世，憤無所施，用高言危行，親交避之，遂縱酒陽狂以自晦，然教澤特嚴。

Wugusun Ze, whose courtesy name was Runfu, came from Linhuang. His ancestors belonged to the Jurchen Wugu tribe and took that name as their surname. His grandfather Bi had served the Jin as General of Illustrious Might and keeper of the treasury, accompanying the Jin court when it moved to Bianjing. When Bianjing fell, the family moved and settled in Daming. His father Zhong was free-spirited and possessed unusual moral force. In the Jin's dying years, unable to put his talents to use, he spoke in grand terms and behaved in startling ways until kin and friends kept their distance; he then took to drink and played at madness to hide himself, yet he was exceptionally strict in Ze's upbringing.

澤性剛毅，讀書舉大略，一切求諸己，不事章句，才幹過人。世祖將取江南，澤以選輸鈔至淮南餉軍，丞相阿朮見而奇之，補淮東大都督府掾。

Ze was resolute by nature. He read for the larger meaning, demanding everything of himself rather than chasing textual niceties, and his ability surpassed that of ordinary men. When Kublai was preparing to conquer the south, Ze was sent to Huainan with selected paper currency to supply the army. Grand Councillor Arigh met him, was impressed, and appointed him clerk to the Huaidong grand military command.

至元十四年，元帥唆都下兵閩、越，見澤，與語而合，即辟元帥府提控案牘。時宋廣王據福州，改元炎興，度我軍且至，遂入于海，復聚兵甲子門。其將張世傑攻泉州，興化守臣陳瓚舉郡應之。文天祥置都督府于南劍州，守臣張清行都督府事，謀復建寧。閩中郡縣往往復從宋，江東大擾。唆都時軍浙東，建、信告急，唆都謀于衆曰：「我軍當何先？」澤曰：「彼據閩、廣，而我往浙右，非策之善。譬之伐木，務除其根，當先向南。」會行省檄唆都，與左丞塔出會兵甲子門，遂度兵閩關，八戰而至南劍，殺其守臣張清，宋師遂退。

In 1277 Marshal Suodu led troops into Fujian and Zhejiang. He met Ze, found their conversation congenial, and immediately made him controller of documents in the marshal's headquarters. At the time the Song prince Guang held Fuzhou, changed the era name to Yanxing, and expecting the Yuan army's arrival, fled to sea and regrouped at Jiazi Gate. Song general Zhang Shijie attacked Quanzhou, and Chen Gan, the defending official of Xinghua, raised the whole prefecture in support. Wen Tianxiang set up a military governorship at Nanjian Prefecture; the defending official Zhang Qing administered it and plotted to retake Jianning. Prefectures and counties throughout Fujian repeatedly returned to Song allegiance, and the Jiangdong region was thrown into turmoil. Suodu was then campaigning in eastern Zhejiang when Jianning and Xinzhou sent urgent appeals for help. He asked his officers, "Where should our army strike first? Ze replied, "They hold Fujian and Guangdong while we march into western Zhejiang—that is not the best strategy. It is like felling a tree: cut the root first—we should move south. Just then the branch secretariat ordered Suodu to join Left Chancellor Tacu at Jiazi Gate. They crossed the Fujian passes, fought eight battles to reach Nanjian, killed the defending official Zhang Qing, and the Song army withdrew.

冬十月，收福州，進攻興化，拔之。唆都怒其民反覆，下令屠城，澤屢諫不聽，復前說曰：「世傑不虞我軍遽至，方急攻泉州，謀固其植。我新得泉州，民志未固，旦暮且失守。比我定興化，整兵而南，彼樹植將日固矣。莫若開其遺民，使走泉南扇動之，世傑將膽落而走。是我不戰而完泉州，捷於吾兵之馳救也。」唆都喜，開南門縱民去，因得脫死者甚衆。世傑得逃民，知興化已破，乃解泉州圍去。唆都至泉州，部署別將，裝大艦趣甲子門，自將下漳州，軍于海豐，引精騎與塔出會。十二月，入廣州。

In the tenth month of winter they took Fuzhou, advanced on Xinghua, and captured it. Suodu, enraged by the people's repeated defection, ordered the city put to the sword. Ze remonstrated again and again without success, then pressed his case: "Shijie did not expect us to arrive so quickly; he is pressing hard on Quanzhou, trying to secure his foothold there. We have only just taken Quanzhou, and the people's loyalty is not yet secure; we may lose the city at any moment. By the time we pacify Xinghua and march south in good order, his foothold will grow stronger every day. Better to release the survivors and let them flee south toward Quanzhou to spread panic there—Shijie will lose heart and withdraw. That way we can hold Quanzhou without a battle, and more quickly than rushing troops to its relief. Suodu was persuaded, opened the south gate, and let the people go, thereby saving a great many lives. Shijie received the refugees, learned that Xinghua had fallen, and lifted the siege of Quanzhou. Suodu reached Quanzhou, deployed other generals, loaded large ships for Jiazi Gate, personally led troops south into Zhangzhou, encamped at Haifeng, and brought elite cavalry to join Tacu. In the twelfth month they entered Guangzhou.

十五年春正月，還擊潮州，守將馬發備禦甚固，澤曰：「潮人所以城守不下者，以外多壁壘，為之援應也。第翦其外應，潮必覆矣。」乃分兵攻其一大壘，破之，餘壘盡散走，二旬而潮拔，馬發死焉。既而文天祥軍潰於江西，廣王暨張世傑死于海中，唆都還軍福建。

In the first month of spring in 1278 they turned to attack Chaozhou. The defending general Ma Fa had made the city's defenses very strong. Ze said, "The people of Chaozhou hold the walls because the many outlying forts support them. Cut off those outer supports, and Chaozhou will fall. He divided his forces, stormed one major fort and broke it, the rest scattered and fled, and within twenty days Chaozhou fell; Ma Fa died in the fighting. Soon afterward Wen Tianxiang's army was routed in Jiangxi, Prince Guang and Zhang Shijie died at sea, and Suodu returned his army to Fujian.

夏五月，詔立行中書省于福建，以唆都行參知政事，澤行省都事，從朝京師，命知興化軍，賜金織衣，賞其善謀也。繼改興化軍為路，授澤行緫管府事，民歌舞迎候于道曰：「是吾民復生之父母也。」喜極而繼以泣。郡新殘于兵，白骨在野，首下令掩埋之；又衣食其流離之民，有棄子于道者，置慈幼曹籍而撫育之。郡中惡年少喜為不義，以資求竄名卒伍，冀後得計功版授。官吏恐激變，不敢詰，澤悉追毀所授，誅其尤無良者，貪暴始戢。

In the fifth month of summer an edict established a branch secretariat in Fujian, with Suodu as acting vice grand councillor and Ze as branch secretariat chief secretary. They went to the capital, where Ze was appointed prefect of Xinghua Army and given a gold brocade robe in reward for his wise counsel. Xinghua Army was then converted into a circuit, and Ze was granted acting administration of the circuit headquarters. The people sang and danced along the road to welcome him, crying, "This is the father and mother who have given us life again. Their joy overflowed into tears. The prefecture had just been ravaged by war, and white bones lay scattered in the fields. His first order was to bury the dead. He also clothed and fed displaced people, and when infants were abandoned along the roads he established a Benevolent Youth Office to register and raise them. Wicked young men in the prefecture liked to commit crimes, then bribe their way into military rolls under false names in hopes of later winning merit records and official appointments. Officials feared provoking unrest and dared not investigate, but Ze tracked down and revoked every such appointment, executed the worst offenders, and greed and violence at last subsided.

始陳瓚以郡應張世傑，民多戰死者，至是，吏援例將籍其產，澤語吏曰：「國家至仁，誅止陳瓚，從瓚者猶蒙宥，民奈何連坐！」亟為令曰：「民不幸詿誤從陳瓚誅，及鬪死無後者，其田廬貲產並給其族姻，有司無所與。」吏不能逆，乃止。當江南未定，盜賊所在有之，民自相什伍，保衛鄉里。及時平，行省議籍為兵，上下洶洶，澤白行省曰：「國兵非少，今籍民以示少，非所以安反側也。且當籍者衆，民或有他心。」議遂格。澤又興學校，召長老及諸生講肄經義，行鄉飲酒禮，旁郡聞而慕之。興化故號多士，士咸知嚮慕，以澤與常袞、方儀，並肖像祠于學官。

Earlier Chen Gan had raised the prefecture for Zhang Shijie, and many people had died in battle. Now officials, citing precedent, were about to register and confiscate their property. Ze told them, "The state is supremely benevolent: it punished Chen Gan alone, and even his followers were spared. How can ordinary people be punished by association! He immediately issued an order: "People who were misled into following Chen Gan and died in battle without heirs—their fields, houses, and goods shall all pass to their kin and in-laws, and officials shall receive nothing. The officials could not refuse, and the confiscation was halted. While the south was not yet pacified, bandits were everywhere, and people organized themselves in groups of ten and five to defend their villages. When peace came, the branch secretariat proposed enrolling them as soldiers, and alarm spread through every level of government. Ze reported, "Imperial troops are not few. Conscripting civilians now would suggest weakness—it is no way to reassure those who might waver. Moreover, those eligible for enrollment are many, and the people may turn against us. The proposal was dropped. Ze also revived the schools, summoned elders and students to lecture on the classics, and performed the village drinking ceremony; neighboring prefectures heard of it and were moved to follow his example. Xinghua had long been known as a land of scholars; the gentry looked up to such men, and portraits of Ze together with Chang Gun and Fang Yi were enshrined jointly in the school.

至元二十一年，調永州路判官。湖廣平章政事要束木貪縱淫虐，誅求無厭。或妄言初歸附時，州縣長吏及吏胥富人比屋斂銀，將輸之官，銀已具而事遂中止。要束木即下令，責民自實，使者旁午，隨地置獄，株連蔓引，備極慘酷，民以考掠瘐死者載道，所獲不貲，要束木盡掩有之。有使至永，澤戒吏美供帳，豐酒食，務順適其意。使者感愧，無所發其毒，因間以利害曉之，一郡由是獲安。是歲，盜起寶慶、武崗，皆永旁郡也。行省遣澤討平之，俘獲五百餘人，簡出其詿誤者百有五十人，上書言狀，誅其首惡者三十一人，餘得減死。

In 1284 he was transferred to judge of Yongzhou Circuit. Yao Seshu, grand councillor of Huguang, was greedy, licentious, and cruel, and his extortions knew no limit. Someone falsely claimed that when the region first submitted, prefectural and county chiefs, clerks, and wealthy men had collected silver house by house to deliver to the government, that the silver was already gathered, and that the transfer had then been stopped. Yao Seshu immediately ordered people to declare their wealth themselves. Envoys shuttled back and forth, prisons were set up wherever they went, and guilt spread by association through torture of every kind. People died on the roads under interrogation; what was seized was beyond reckoning, and Yao Seshu kept it all. When an envoy arrived at Yongzhou, Ze instructed his clerks to prepare fine lodging and generous food and drink, doing everything possible to satisfy him. The envoy, moved and ashamed, had no opening to unleash his cruelty; Ze then took the opportunity to explain the consequences, and the whole prefecture was spared. That year bandits rose in Baoqing and Wugang, both prefectures neighboring Yongzhou. The branch secretariat sent Ze to suppress them. He captured more than five hundred men, singled out one hundred fifty who had been misled, reported the facts to the throne, executed thirty-one ringleaders, and commuted the sentences of the rest.

二十六年，丞相桑哥建議考校錢穀，天下騷動。澤嘆曰：「民不堪命矣。」即自上計行省，要束木怒曰：「郡國錢糧無不增羨，永州何為獨不然！此直孫府判倚其才辨慢我，亟拘繫之，非死不釋也。」明年，桑哥敗，要束木伏誅，澤始得釋。

In 1289 Chancellor Sangge proposed auditing revenues and grain accounts, and the empire was thrown into turmoil. Ze sighed, "The people can bear no more. He went up to the branch secretariat to render accounts. Yao Seshu raged, "Every prefecture and commandery shows increased surpluses in revenue and grain—why is Yongzhou alone otherwise! This Vice Prefect Sun relies on his clever tongue to slight me. Arrest him at once—I will not release him short of death. The next year Sangge fell from power, Yao Seshu was executed, and only then was Ze released.

二十九年，湖廣平章政事闊里吉思薦澤才堪將帥，以行省員外郎從征海南黎。黎人平，軍還，上功，授廣南西道宣慰副使。秋七月，併左右兩江道歸廣西宣慰司，置都元帥府，澤為廣西兩江道宣慰副使、僉都元帥府事。兩江荒遠瘴癘，與百夷接，不知禮法，澤作司規三十有二章，以漸為教，其民至今遵守之。又省廄置二十二所，以紓民力。歲饑，上言蠲其田租，發象州、賀州官粟三千五百石以賑饑者，既發，乃上其事。時行省平章哈剌哈孫，察其心誠愛民，不以專擅罪之。邕管徼外蠻數為寇，澤循行並徼，得塞處，布畫遠邇，募民伉健者四千六百餘戶，置雷留那扶十屯，列營堡以守之。陂水墾田，築八堨以節瀦洩，得稻田若干畝，歲收穀若干石為軍儲，邊民賴之。海北元帥薛赤干贓利事覺，行省檄澤驗治。澤馳至雷州，盡發其奸贓，縱所掠男女四百八十二口、牛數千頭，金銀器物稱是，海北之民欣忭相慶。

In 1292 Huguang Grand Councillor Kölügjins recommended Ze as fit for command; as branch secretariat assistant commissioner he joined the campaign against the Li of Hainan. When the Li were pacified and the army returned, his merit was reported and he was appointed vice commissioner of the Guangnan West Pacification Commission. In the seventh month of autumn the Left and Right Two Rivers circuits were merged under the Guangxi Pacification Commission, a grand marshal's headquarters was established, and Ze became vice commissioner of the Guangxi Two Rivers Pacification Commission and associate of the grand marshal's headquarters. The Two Rivers region was remote, malarial, and bordered many tribal peoples who knew nothing of ritual or law. Ze drafted thirty-two chapters of administrative regulations and taught them gradually, and the people there still observe them. He also abolished twenty-two government stables to ease the burden on the people. During a famine year he memorialized for remission of land tax and released three thousand five hundred shi of official grain from Xiang and He prefectures to feed the hungry—reporting what he had done only after the grain was issued. Grand Councillor Harghasun of the branch secretariat saw that Ze truly loved the people and did not punish him for acting on his own authority. Tribes beyond the Yongguan frontier raided repeatedly. Ze toured the frontier posts, identified strategic choke points, mapped the terrain near and far, recruited more than four thousand six hundred sturdy households, established ten garrisons at Lei, Liu, Na, and Fu, and built a chain of forts to guard the border. He dammed water to open new fields, built eight sluices to control storage and release, reclaimed a substantial acreage of rice paddies, and harvested grain each year for military stores, on which the frontier people came to rely. Haibei Marshal Xue Chigan's corruption came to light, and the branch secretariat ordered Ze to investigate. Ze rode swiftly to Leizhou, fully exposed the wrongdoing, and released four hundred eighty-two men and women who had been seized, thousands of cattle, and comparable quantities of gold, silver, and goods; the people of Haibei rejoiced together.

御史臺言：「烏古孫澤奉使知大體，如汲長孺；為將計萬全，如趙充國。可屬大任。」詔擢為海北海南廉訪使。故例，圭田至秋乃入租，後遂計月受之，澤視事三月，民輸租計米五百石，澤曰：「夫子有言，事君者先其事，後其食。吾蒞政日淺，而受祿四倍，非情所安。」量食而入，餘悉委學官，給諸生以勸業。常曰：「士非儉無以養廉，非廉無以養德。」身一布袍數年，妻子樸素無華，人皆言之，澤不以為意也。

The Censorate reported that Wugusun Ze, when serving on diplomatic missions, grasped the larger principles of statecraft, much as Ji Changru had done. As a commander he planned with exhaustive thoroughness, in the manner of Zhao Chongguo. He was fit to be entrusted with weighty responsibilities. An imperial edict then promoted him to Intendant-in-Chief for Haibei and Hainan. Under the old rule, rent from official grain fields was paid only after autumn harvest; later it was collected month by month. When Ze had been in office three months, the people had already paid five hundred shi of grain in rent. He said, "The Master said that one who serves his ruler should put duty first and compensation second. I have governed for only a short time, yet I receive four times the usual stipend. My conscience cannot accept that." He kept only what he needed for food and turned the rest over to the school authorities to support students and encourage scholarship. He often said, "Without frugality a gentleman cannot sustain integrity; without integrity he cannot sustain virtue." For years he wore the same plain cloth robe, and his wife and children lived simply without ornament. Everyone remarked on it, but Ze took no notice.

雷州地近海，潮汐齧其東南，陂塘，農病焉。而西北廣衍平袤，宜為陂塘，澤行視城陰，曰：「三溪徒走海，而不以灌溉，此史起所以薄西門豹也。」乃教民浚故湖，築大堤，堨三溪瀦之，為斗門七，堤堨六，以制其贏耗；釃為渠二十有四，以達其注輸。渠皆支別為牐，設守視者，時其啟閉，計得良田數千頃，瀕海廣潟並為膏土。民歌之曰：「舄鹵為田兮，孫父之教。渠之泱泱兮，長我稻。自今有年兮，無旱無澇。」

Leizhou stood near the sea, where tides eroded the southeast and ruined the ponds and dikes, to the great distress of the farmers. To the northwest, however, the land was broad and level—ideal for reservoirs. On an inspection south of the city, Ze said, "Three streams pour straight into the sea without irrigating the fields. This is why Shi Qi despised Ximen Bao." He then had the people dredge the old lake, build a great dike, and dam the three streams to hold water back. He built seven sluice gates and six dikes and bunds to control overflow and depletion. He cut twenty-four channels to distribute the inflow and outflow. The channels were subdivided with sluice bars, and keepers were assigned to open and close them at the proper times. Several thousand qing of good farmland were reclaimed, and broad tidal flats along the coast were turned into fertile soil. The people sang a song: "We turn brine into fields—thanks to Father Sun's teaching. The channels flow full and long—our rice grows tall. From this day forth, good harvests—no drought, no flood."

至大元年，改福建廉訪使。澤宿有德於閩，閩人安之。有芝五色產於憲司之澄清堂，士民以為澤之所致。以母年踰八十，求歸養長沙。歲餘，母喪，澤以哀毀卒。妻杜，以夫死，飲食不入口者十有三日，不死，乃復食。澤積官自承直郎至中大夫，諡正憲。

In the first year of the Zhide era, he was transferred to Intendant-in-Chief of Fujian. Ze had long before earned the people's trust in Min, and the people of Fujian welcomed his return. A five-colored auspicious fungus appeared in the Clarifying Hall of the Intendant's office, and officials and commoners alike attributed it to Ze's virtuous governance. When his mother passed eighty, he asked to resign and return home to care for her in Changsha. A little over a year later his mother died, and Ze himself died of grief and the strain of mourning. His wife, Lady Du, refused all food and drink for thirteen days after his death. When she did not die, she began to eat again. Through accumulated service Ze rose from Gentleman for Direct Remonstrance to Grand Master of the Palace. His posthumous title was Zhengxian, "Upright and Lawful."

子良禎，仕至中書右丞，以功名終。

His son Liangzhen rose to Vice Grand Councillor of the Right and ended his career with honor and distinction.

趙炳字彥明，惠州灤陽人。父弘，有勇略，國初為征行兵馬都元帥，積階奉國上將軍。炳幼失怙恃，鞠於從兄。歲饑，往平州就食，遇盜，欲殺之，兄解衣就縛。炳年十二，泣請代兄，盜驚異，舍之而去。甫弱冠，以勳閥之子，侍世祖於潛邸，恪勤不怠，遂蒙眷遇。世祖次桓、撫間，以炳為撫州長，城邑規制，為之一新。己未，王師伐宋。未幾，北方有警，括兵斂財，燕薊騷動。王師北還，炳遠迓中途，具以事聞，追所括兵及橫斂財物，悉歸於民，世祖嘉其忠。

Zhao Bing, courtesy name Yanming, was a native of Luanyang in Huizhou. His father Hong was courageous and shrewd. At the founding of the dynasty he served as Marshal-in-Chief on Campaign and rose to the rank of General Supreme Bearer of the State. Bing lost both parents while still young and was raised by a cousin. During a famine he went to Pingzhou to find food. They encountered bandits who meant to kill them, and his cousin stripped off his clothes and offered himself to be bound instead. Bing was twelve years old. Weeping, he begged to die in his cousin's place. The bandits, astonished, released them both. Shortly after coming of age, as the son of a distinguished military family, he served the future Kublai Khan at his princely residence with tireless diligence and won the emperor's favor. When Kublai was stationed between Huan and Fu, he appointed Bing prefect of Fuzhou, and under him the towns and cities were entirely rebuilt and reorganized. In the jiwei year, the imperial army marched against Song. Before long there was trouble in the north. Troops were conscripted and wealth extorted, and the region of Yan and Ji was thrown into turmoil. When the army returned north, Bing went far to meet it on the road and reported everything that had happened. The conscripted troops and extorted goods were all returned to the people, and Kublai praised his loyalty.

中統元年，命判北京宣撫司事。北京控制遼東，番夷雜處，號稱難治。時參知政事楊果為宣撫使，聞炳至，喜曰：「吾屬無憂矣。」三年，括北京鷹坊等戶丁為兵，蠲其賦，令炳緫之。時李璮叛，據濟南，炳請討之。國兵圍城，炳將千人獨當北面，有所俘獲，即縱遣去，曰：「脅從之徒，不足治也。」

In the first year of Zhongtong he was appointed to assist in the affairs of the Northern Capital Pacification Commission. Northern Capital controlled Liaodong, where many peoples and tribes were mixed together, and it had a reputation for being difficult to govern. At the time Yang Guo served as Pacification Commissioner and Vice Councilor. When he heard that Bing had arrived, he said with relief, "We have nothing more to worry about." In the third year, households attached to the falconry offices and similar institutions in Northern Capital were conscripted as soldiers. Their taxes were remitted, and Bing was placed in overall command. At that time Li Tan rebelled and seized Jinan. Bing requested permission to attack him. Imperial troops besieged the city. Bing led a thousand men and alone held the northern front. Whenever he took captives he immediately released them, saying, "Those who were coerced into following need not be punished."

濟南平，入為刑部侍郎，兼中書省斷事官。時有攜妓登龍舟者，即按之以法，未幾，其人死，其子犯蹕訴冤，詔讓之，炳曰：「臣執法尊君，職當為也。」帝怒，命之出，既而謂侍臣曰：「炳用法太峻，然非循情者。」改樞密院斷事官。濟南妖民作亂，賜金虎符，加昭勇大將軍、濟南路緫管。炳至，止罪首惡，餘黨解散。歲凶，發廩賑民，而後以聞，朝廷不之罪也。遷遼東提刑按察使，遼東聞其來，豪猾屏跡。

After Jinan was pacified, he entered the capital as Vice Minister of Justice and concurrently as an adjudication officer of the Secretariat. At the time someone brought a courtesan aboard the imperial dragon boat, and Bing immediately prosecuted him under the law. Before long the man died, and his son blocked the imperial procession to plead his father's innocence. The emperor reproached Bing in an edict, but Bing replied, "Your servant enforces the law to uphold the sovereign's dignity. That is my duty." The emperor was angry and ordered him dismissed. Later he told his attendants, "Bing applies the law too harshly, but he is not a man who bends to personal feeling." He was transferred to serve as an adjudication officer of the Bureau of Military Affairs. When fanatical sectarians in Jinan rose in rebellion, he was granted a golden tiger tally and promoted to Grand General of Manifest Courage and Route Commander of Jinan. When Bing arrived, he punished only the ringleaders, and the rest of the faction dispersed. During a famine he opened the granaries to relieve the people and reported afterward. The court did not punish him for it. He was transferred to Intendant of Penal Affairs and Surveillance of Liaodong. When Liaodong learned he was coming, powerful scoundrels went into hiding.

至元九年，帝念關中重地，風俗強悍，思得剛鯁舊臣以臨之，授炳京兆路緫管，兼府尹。皇子安西王開府於秦，詔治宮室，悉聽炳裁制。王府吏卒橫暴擾民者，即建白，繩以法。王命之曰：「後有犯者，勿復啟，請若自處之。」自是豪猾斂戢，秦民以安。有旨以解州鹽賦給王府經費，歲久，積逋二十餘萬緡，有司追理，僅獲三之一，民已不堪。炳密啟王曰：「十年之逋，責償一日，其孰能堪！與其裒斂病民，孰若惠澤加於民乎！」王善其言，遂命免徵。會王北伐，詔以京兆一年之賦充軍資，炳復請曰：「所徵逋課，足佐軍用，可貸歲賦，以蘇民力。」令下，秦民大悅。

In the ninth year of Zhiyuan the emperor, knowing that Guanzhong was a vital region with fierce and stubborn customs, wanted a seasoned old minister of firm integrity to govern it. He appointed Bing Route Commander of Jingzhao and concurrently Prefect. The Prince of Anxi established his headquarters in Qin. An edict ordered the construction of a palace, with all details left to Bing's discretion. Whenever clerks and soldiers of the princely household acted violently and harassed the people, he reported them at once and punished them according to law. The prince told him, "If anyone offends again, do not report it to me—handle it yourself as you see fit." From then on the violent and cunning restrained themselves, and the people of Qin lived in peace. An imperial order had assigned the salt tax of Jiezhou to cover the princely household's expenses. Over the years arrears accumulated to more than two hundred thousand strings of cash. When the authorities tried to collect, they recovered barely a third—and the people were already at their limit. Bing secretly memorialized the prince, "Ten years of arrears, demanded in a single day—who could bear that? Rather than squeeze the people until they are ruined, would it not be better to show them mercy?" The prince approved his advice and ordered the levies waived. When the prince marched north, an edict diverted one year's revenue from Jingzhao to military supplies. Bing petitioned again, "The recovered arrears are enough to support the army. Waive the annual tax and let the people recover their strength." When the order was issued, the people of Qin rejoiced.

十四年，加鎮國上將軍、安西王相。王府冬居京兆，夏徙六盤山，歲以為常。王既北伐，六盤守者搆亂，炳自京兆率兵往捕，甫及再旬，元惡授首。十五年春，六盤再亂，復討平之。王還自北，嘉賞戰功，賚賜有加。是歲十一月，王薨。

In the fourteenth year he was promoted to General Supreme Guardian of the State and Chancellor to the Prince of Anxi. The princely household wintered in Jingzhao and moved in summer to Liupan Mountain, as was their yearly custom. After the prince marched north, the garrison at Liupan fomented rebellion. Bing led troops from Jingzhao to suppress them, and within barely twenty days the chief culprit was executed. In the spring of the fifteenth year Liupan rebelled again, and he put down the revolt once more. When the prince returned from the north, he praised Bing's military achievements and rewarded him generously. That year, in the eleventh month, the prince died.

十六年秋，被旨入見便殿，帝勞之曰：「卿去數載，衰白若此，關中事煩可知已。」詢及民間利病，炳悉陳之，因言王薨之後，運使郭琮、郎中郭叔雲竊弄威柄，恣為不法。帝卧聽，遽起曰：「聞卿斯言，使老者增健。」飲以上尊馬湩。改中奉大夫、安西王相，兼陝西五路西蜀四川課程屯田事，餘職如故，即令乘傳偕敕使數人往按琮等。至則琮假嗣王旨，入炳罪，收炳妻孥囚之。時嗣王之六盤，徙炳等於平涼北崆峒山，囚閉益嚴。炳子仁榮訴於上，即詔近侍二人馳驛而西，脫炳，且械琮黨偕來。琮等留使者，醉以酒，先遣人毒炳於平涼獄中，其夜星隕，有聲如雷，年五十九，實十七年三月也。帝聞之，撫髀嘆曰：「失我良臣！」俄械琮等百餘人至，帝親鞫問，盡得其情，既各伏辜，命仁榮手刃琮、叔雲於東城，籍其家以付仁榮，仁榮曰：「不共戴天之人，所蓄之物，皆取於民，何忍受之！」帝善之，別賜鈔二萬二千五百緡，為治喪具。國朝舊制，無賻臣下禮，蓋殊恩也。六月，詔雪炳冤，特贈中書左丞，諡忠愍。

In the autumn of the sixteenth year he was summoned to audience in the informal hall. The emperor comforted him, saying, "You have been away several years. You have gone gray like this—the burdens of Guanzhong must be heavy indeed." The emperor asked about the people's welfare, and Bing laid out everything he knew. He added that after the prince's death the transport commissioner Guo Cong and the bureau director Guo Shuyun had usurped power and acted lawlessly at will. The emperor listened while reclining, then sat up abruptly. "Hearing you say that makes an old man feel young again," he said. He had him drink fine mare's milk from a superior cup. He was promoted to Grand Master for Fostering Sagely Rule and Chancellor to the Prince of Anxi, and concurrently put in charge of tax administration and military colonies in the five routes of Shaanxi, western Shu, and Sichuan. His other posts remained unchanged. At once he was ordered to travel by imperial relay, together with several envoys bearing edicts, to investigate Cong and his associates. When they arrived, Cong forged orders in the name of the heir prince, brought charges against Bing, and seized his wife and children for imprisonment. At the time the heir prince was at Liupan. Bing and the others were transferred to Kongtong Mountain north of Pingliang, where their confinement became even harsher. Bing's son Renrong appealed to the throne. An edict at once dispatched two close attendants racing west by relay to free Bing and bring Cong's faction back in chains. Cong and his associates detained the envoys and plied them with wine. They first sent men to poison Bing in the Pingliang jail. That night a star fell with a sound like thunder. He was fifty-nine years old—it was the third month of the seventeenth year. When the emperor heard of it, he struck his thigh and sighed, "I have lost a fine minister!" Before long more than a hundred men of Cong's faction were brought in shackles. The emperor personally interrogated them and learned the full truth. After each had paid the penalty, he ordered Renrong to personally execute Cong and Shuyun at the eastern wall. Their confiscated property was given to Renrong, but Renrong said, "These were men with whom one cannot live under the same sky. Everything they hoarded was taken from the people. How could I accept it?" The emperor approved and separately granted twenty-two thousand five hundred strings of paper money for funeral arrangements. Under the dynasty's old institutions there was no established practice of granting condolence gifts to officials—this was an exceptional honor. In the sixth month an edict cleared Bing's name. He was specially posthumously granted Left Vice Grand Councillor, with the posthumous title Zhongmin, "Loyal and Ardent."

子六人：仁顯，早亡；次仁表，仁榮，仁旭，仁舉，仁軌。仁榮，仕至中書平章政事；餘俱登顯仕。

He had six sons: Renxian, who died young; then Renbiao, Renrong, Renxu, Renju, and Rengui. Renrong rose to Grand Councillor of the Secretariat; the others all attained distinguished office.

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