Volume 194 Biographies 81: Loyal and Righteous Acts 2

張桓，字彥威，真定藁城人。父木，知汝寧府，因家焉。桓以國子生釋褐，授滑之白馬丞，入補中書掾，擢國子典簿。拜陝西行台監察御史，以言事不合去。未幾，汝寧盜起，桓避之確山。賊久知桓名，襲獲之，羅拜請為帥，弗聽。囚六日，擁至渠魁前，桓直趨據榻坐，與之抗論逆順。其徒捽桓起跪，桓仰天大呼，詈叱彌厲，且屢唾賊面。賊猶不忍殺，謂桓曰：「汝但一揖，亦恕汝死。」桓真目曰：「吾恨不能手斬逆首，肯聽汝誘脅而折腰哉！」賊知終不可屈，遂刺之。年四十八。賊後語人曰：「張御史真鐵漢，害之可惜！」事聞，贈禮部尚書，諡忠潔。

Zhang Huan, whose courtesy name was Yanwei, came from Gaocheng in Zhending Prefecture. His father Zhang Mu had served as prefect of Runing, and the family made its home there. Huan took office after graduating from the Imperial Academy, became assistant magistrate of Baima in Hua Prefecture, then filled a clerkship in the Central Secretariat and rose to registrar of the Imperial Academy. He was made supervising censor on the Shaanxi Branch Secretariat, but resigned when the court rejected his memorials. Soon afterward rebels broke out in Runing, and Huan took refuge at Queshan. The rebels had long known his reputation; when they captured him in a surprise attack they bowed around him and begged him to lead them, but he refused. Held for six days, he was dragged before the rebel chief; Huan walked straight to the couch, sat down, and debated with him the rights and wrongs of rebellion. They hauled him up and forced him to his knees, but he looked skyward and roared, cursing them ever more fiercely and spitting in their faces again and again. The rebels still could not bring themselves to kill him and said, "Bow to us once and we will spare you." Huan glared and cried, "I only regret that I cannot strike down the rebel chief with my own hand—do you think I would bend to your threats!" Seeing that he would never yield, they stabbed him to death. He was forty-eight years old. The rebels later told others, "Censor Zhang was a man of iron—it was a shame we had to kill him!" When the affair was reported, the court posthumously appointed him Minister of Rites and gave him the posthumous title Loyal and Pure.

李黼，字子威，潁人也。工部尚書守中之子，守中性卞急，遇諸子極嚴，每一飲酒，輒半月醉不解，黼百計承順，求寧親心，終不可得，跪而自訟，往往達旦，無幾微厭怠之意。初補國學生。泰定四年，遂以明經魁多士，授翰林修撰。明年，代祠西嶽，省臣謂黼曰：「敕使每後我，今可易邪？」黼曰：「王人雖微，《春秋》序於諸侯之上，尊君也，奈何後乎！」省臣不敢對。改河南行省檢校官，遷禮部主事，拜監察御史。首言：「禴祠烝嘗，古今大祭，今太廟唯二祭，而日享佛祠、神御，非禮也，宜據經行之。成均，教化之基，不當隸集賢，宜屬省臣兼領。諸侯王歲賜有定額，分封易代之際，陳請恩例，世系戚疏，無成書可考，宜仿先代，修正玉牒。」皆不報。轉江西行省郎中，入為國子監丞，遷宣文閣監書博士，兼經筵官。數與勸講，每以聖賢心法為帝言之。俄中書命黼巡視河渠，黼上言曰：「蔡河源出京西，宋以轉輸之故，平地作堤，今河底填淤，高出地面，秋霖一至，橫潰為災，宜按故跡修浚。他日東河或有不測之阻，江、淮運物，當由此分道達京，萬世之利也。」亦不報。升秘書太監，拜禮部侍郎。奉旨詳定中外所上封事。已而廷議內外官通調，授黼江州路總管。

Li Fu, courtesy name Ziwei, was from Ying Prefecture. He was the son of Li Shouzhong, Minister of Works. Shouzhong was quick-tempered and harsh with his sons; each time he drank he stayed drunk for half a month. Fu tried every way to win his favor and calm him, but never could; he would kneel and reproach himself, often until dawn, without a trace of impatience. He first entered the Imperial Academy as a student. In the fourth year of the Taiding reign he topped the classics examination and was made a Hanlin compiler. The following year, while deputizing at the Western Peak sacrifice, a provincial minister asked Fu, "The imperial envoy always walks behind us—can we change the order this time?" Fu replied, "However humble the king's envoy may be, the Spring and Autumn Annals rank him above the feudal lords—that is how one honors the sovereign. How could he walk behind us!" The provincial minister had no answer. He became an inspector in the Henan Branch Secretariat, then director in the Ministry of Rites, and was appointed supervising censor. In his first memorial he wrote: "The seasonal sacrifices of spring, autumn, and winter are the great rites of every age, yet the ancestral temple now holds only two ceremonies while Buddhist shrines and spirit tablets are served daily—that is not proper ritual and should be brought back in line with the classics. The Imperial Academy is the foundation of education; it should not be placed under the Academy of Gathered Talents but overseen jointly by secretariat ministers. Princes receive fixed annual stipends, yet whenever titles are granted or dynasties change, petitions for favors pile up with no authoritative record of lineage and kinship—the court should follow earlier practice and revise the imperial genealogy." None of these proposals received a reply. He became a director in the Jiangxi Branch Secretariat, then vice-director of the Imperial Academy, and was promoted to doctor of the Xuanwen Pavilion in charge of books, also serving on the emperor's lecture staff. He frequently took part in the lecture sessions and always expounded to the emperor the inner teachings of the sages. Soon the Central Secretariat sent him to inspect waterways. He memorialized: "The Cai River rises west of the capital. The Song built dikes on flat ground for grain transport, but the bed is now silted up above the surrounding land; when autumn rains come the river bursts and floods everywhere. The old channel should be dredged and restored. If the eastern route were ever blocked, grain from the Yangzi and Huai could be sent along this line to the capital—a benefit for ages to come." This proposal too went unanswered. He was promoted to grand supervisor of the Secretariat and appointed vice minister of rites. By imperial order he reviewed and adjudicated memorials submitted from across the empire. When the court later decided on a general rotation of officials, Fu was appointed prefect of Jiangzhou Circuit.

至正十一年夏五月，盜起河南，北據徐、蔡，南陷蘄、黃，焚掠數千里，造船北岸，銳意南攻。九江居下流，實江東、西襟喉之地，黼治城壕，修器械，募丁壯，分守要害，且上攻守之策於江西行省，請兵屯江北，以扼賊衝，庶幾大江之險，賊不得共之，不報。黼歎曰：「吾不知死所矣。」乃獨椎牛饗士，激忠義以作士氣，數日之間，紀綱粗立。十二年正月己未，賊渡江，陷武昌，威順王及省臣相繼遁，舳艫蔽江而下，江西大震。賊乘勝破瑞昌，右丞孛羅帖木兒方軍於江，聞之，遁。黼雖孤立，辭氣愈奮厲。時黃梅縣主簿也孫帖木兒，願出擊賊，黼大喜，向天瀝酒與之誓。言始脫口，賊遊兵已至境，急檄諸鄉落聚木石於險塞處，遏賊歸路。倉卒無號，乃墨士卒面，統之出戰，黼身先士卒，大呼陷陣，也孫帖木兒繼進，賊大敗，逐北六十里。鄉丁依險阻，乘高下木石，橫屍蔽路，殺獲二萬餘。黼還，謂左右曰：「賊不利於陸，必由水道以舟薄我，苟失備禦，吾屬無唯類矣。」乃以長木數千，冒鐵椎於杪，暗植沿岸水中，逆刺賊舟，謂之七星樁。會西南風急，賊舟數千，果揚帆順流鼓譟而至，舟遇樁不得動，進退無措，黼帥將士奮擊，發火翎箭射之，焚溺死者無算，餘舟散走。行省上黼功，請拜江西行省參政，行江州、南康等路軍民都總管，便宜行事。已而賊勢更熾，西自荊湖，東際淮甸，守臣往往棄城遁，黼守孤城，提孱旅，斬馘扶傷，無日不戰，中外援絕。二月甲申，賊將薄城，分省平章政事禿堅不花自北門遁。黼引兵登陴，布戰具，賊已至甘棠湖，焚西門，乃張弩箭射之。賊趑趄未敢進，轉攻東門。黼救東門，賊已入，與之巷戰，知力不敵，揮劍叱賊曰：「殺我！毋殺百姓！」賊自巷背來，刺黼墮馬，黼與從子秉昭俱罵賊而死。郡民聞黼死，器聲震天，相率具棺，葬於東門外。黼死踰月，參政之命始下，年五十五。

In the fifth month of summer in the eleventh year of Zhizheng, rebels broke out in Henan, seized Xu and Cai in the north and Qi and Huang in the south, burned and looted for thousands of li, built fleets on the north bank of the Yangzi, and pressed hard toward the south. Jiujiang lay on the lower Yangzi, the strategic throat of the river lands east and west of it. Fu repaired walls and moats, restored arms, recruited able men, and posted guards at critical points; he also sent the Jiangxi authorities plans for attack and defense, asking that troops be stationed north of the river to block the rebel advance so they could not use the great river's barrier—but his plea went unanswered. Fu sighed, "I no longer know where I am to die." He alone slaughtered an ox to feast his men, stirred their loyalty and righteousness to raise morale, and within days had restored a measure of order. On the jiwei day of the first month of the twelfth year the rebels crossed the Yangzi and took Wuchang; the Prince of Weishun and the provincial officials fled in turn, and a fleet of warships filled the river sailing downstream—Jiangxi was thrown into panic. Pressing their victory, the rebels took Ruichang. Right Chancellor Boluotiemuer, who had been encamped on the river, fled at the news. Though he stood alone, Fu's words and bearing grew ever fiercer. Yesuntiemuer, chief clerk of Huangmei County, volunteered to lead a sortie; Fu was overjoyed and poured a libation to heaven to seal their oath. Hardly had he spoken when rebel scouts were already at the border; he urgently ordered the countryside to pile timber and stone at narrow defiles to cut off their retreat. With no time to issue unit badges, he marked the soldiers' faces with ink and led them out. Fu charged at the head of the column, shouting as he broke the enemy line; Yesuntiemuer pressed behind; the rebels were routed and pursued sixty li. Village militia used the high ground to roll down timber and stone; corpses choked the roads, and more than twenty thousand rebels were killed or captured. On his return Fu told his staff, "The rebels fare poorly on land—they will surely come by water in boats to press us. If we fail to prepare, none of us will be left alive." He drove thousands of long poles tipped with iron spikes into the riverbed along the shore to impale enemy boats from below—he called them the Seven Stars Stakes. A strong southwest wind sprang up, and thousands of rebel boats sailed downstream with drums and shouts as expected. The boats struck the stakes and could neither advance nor retreat; Fu led his men in a fierce assault, shooting fire arrows; countless rebels were burned or drowned, and the rest scattered in flight. The branch secretariat reported his victories and asked that he be made vice administrator of Jiangxi, with overall military and civil command over Jiangzhou, Nankang, and neighboring circuits and discretionary authority. Soon the rebels grew stronger still, from Jinghu in the west to the Huai plain in the east; defenders everywhere abandoned their cities and fled. Fu held a lone city with a weakened force, fighting daily, cutting down enemies and tending the wounded, while all aid from within and without was cut off. On the jiashen day of the second month, as the rebels closed on the city, Pacification Commissioner Tujianbuhua of the branch secretariat fled through the north gate. Fu led his men onto the walls and deployed weapons. The rebels had reached Gantang Lake and set fire to the west gate; he drew up crossbows and shot at them. The rebels hung back and did not dare advance, then turned to assault the east gate. Fu raced to the east gate, but the rebels were already inside; he fought them street by street. Seeing he could not hold, he brandished his sword and shouted, "Kill me! Spare the common people!" Rebels came up from behind in the alley and stabbed him from his horse; Fu and his nephew Bingzhao cursed them as they died. When the people heard of his death, their wailing shook the heavens; they together prepared coffins and buried him outside the east gate. More than a month after his death the appointment as vice administrator finally arrived; he had been fifty-five.

黼兄冕居潁，亦死於賊。秉昭，冕季子也。事聞，贈黼攄忠秉義效節功臣、資德大夫、淮南江北等處行中書省左丞、上護軍，追封隴西郡公，諡忠文。詔立廟江州，賜額曰崇烈。官其子秉方集賢待制。

Fu's elder brother Mian, who lived in Ying, also died at rebel hands. Bingzhao was Mian's youngest son. When the affair was reported, the court posthumously granted Fu the title of meritorious subject who displayed loyalty and upheld righteousness, made him Zide Grand Master and left chancellor of the Huainan-Jiangbei Branch Secretariat and upper guardian general, enfeoffed him posthumously as Duke of Longxi, and gave him the posthumous title Loyal and Literary. An edict ordered a temple built in Jiangzhou and bestowed the plaque title Revering Fierce Deeds. His son Bingfang was appointed attendant drafting official in the Academy of Gathered Talents.

李齊，字公平，廣平人。家甚貧，客於江南，工辭章。元統元年進士第一。歷僉河南淮西廉訪司事，移知高郵府，有政聲。至正十年，盜突入府驛，取十二馬去，齊躬追謝長等殺之。十一年，州人秦觀保造兵仗，將圖劫掠，复獲而行誅。十三年，泰州白駒場亭民張士誠為亂，破泰州。河南行省遣齊往招降，被拘。久之，賊酋自相殺，始縱齊來歸。泰州平，賊徒尚蜂聚，士誠复鼓變，殺參知政事趙璉，掠官庫民財，走入得勝湖，俄陷興化縣。行省以左丞偰哲篤偕宗王鎮高郵，使齊出守甓社湖。夏五月乙未，數賊入城，一噪呼而省憲官皆遁。齊急還救城，賊已閉門拒我，遂連興化接得勝湖，舟艦四塞，蔓延入寶應縣。已而有詔：凡叛逆者赦之。詔至高郵，不得入，賊紿曰：「請李知府來，乃受命。」行省強齊往，至則下齊獄中，齊益辯說，士誠本無降意，特遷延為繕飭計耳。官軍諜知之，乃進攻城，士誠呼齊使跪，齊叱曰：「吾膝如鐵，豈肯為賊屈！」士誠怒，扼之跪，齊立而詬之，乃曳倒，搥碎其膝而呙之。

Li Qi, courtesy name Gongping, was from Guangping. His family was very poor; he lived as a guest in the south and excelled at literary composition. In the first year of the Yuantong reign he placed first in the jinshi examination. He served on the Henan-Huaixi surveillance commission, then became prefect of Gaoyou, where he earned a reputation for effective government. In the tenth year of Zhizheng, bandits raided the prefectural courier station and stole twelve horses; Qi pursued them in person and killed Xie Chang and his men. In the eleventh year a local man named Qin Guanbao forged weapons and plotted to raid the countryside; Qi captured him again and had him executed. In the thirteenth year Zhang Shicheng, a salt-worker of Baiju Field pavilion in Taizhou, rose in rebellion and overran Taizhou. The Henan Branch Secretariat sent Qi to negotiate their surrender, but he was taken prisoner. After a long while the rebel chiefs turned on one another, and only then was Qi released to return. Though Taizhou was pacified, rebel bands still clustered together; Shicheng stirred up trouble again, killed Vice Administrator Zhao Lian, looted the government treasury and private wealth, fled into Desheng Lake, and soon overran Xinghua County. The branch secretariat sent Left Chancellor Qiezhedu with a imperial clansman to hold Gaoyou and posted Qi to defend Bishe Lake. On the yiwei day of the fifth month of summer, a handful of rebels entered the city; at a single shout the provincial and surveillance officials all fled. Qi rushed back to relieve the city, but the rebels had already shut the gates against him; they linked Xinghua with Desheng Lake, filled the waters with warships, and spread into Baoying County. Soon an edict arrived pardoning all rebels. When the edict reached Gaoyou the rebels would not let it in, claiming, "Send Prefect Li and we will accept the pardon." The branch secretariat forced Qi to go; on arrival they threw him in prison. Qi argued ever more forcefully, but Shicheng had never meant to surrender—he was only stalling to regroup. Government spies learned of this and advanced to besiege the city. Shicheng ordered Qi to kneel; Qi shouted, "My knees are iron—I will never bow to rebels!" Shicheng in rage forced him down, but Qi rose still cursing him; they dragged him down, smashed his knees with a mallet, and hacked him to pieces.

論者謂大科三魁，若泰不華沒海上，李黼隕九江，洎齊之死，皆不負所學云。

Commentators said that the three top graduates of the great examination—Taibuhua lost at sea, Li Fu fallen at Jiujiang, and now Qi at his death—none had betrayed what their learning had taught them.

褚不華，字君實，隰州石樓人，沉默有器局。泰定初，補中瑞司譯史，授海道副千戶，轉嘉興路治中，連拜南台、西台監察御史，遷河西道廉訪僉事，移淮東。未幾，升副使。汝、潁盜發，勢張甚。不華行郡至淮安，極力為守禦計。賊至，多所斬獲。且請知樞密院老章、判官劉甲守韓信城，相掎角為聲援。复上章，劾總兵及諸將逗撓之罪。朝廷錄其功，升廉訪使，階中奉大夫。甲有智勇，與賊戰輒勝，賊憚之，號曰劉鐵頭，不華頗賴之。總兵者聞不華劾己，益恚嫉，乃檄甲別將兵擊賊，冀以困不華。甲去，韓信城陷，賊乃掘塹相銜，揵水寨以圍我。既而天長青軍叛，普顏帖木爾所統黃軍复叛，賊皆挾之來攻不華知事危，退入哈剌章營。賊稍引去，乃出，抵楊村橋，賊奄至，殺廉訪副使不達失裡，啖其屍。不華以餘兵入淮安。時城之東、西、南三面皆賊，惟北門通沭陽，阻赤鯉湖，指揮使魏岳、楊暹駐兵沭陽，淮安倚其芻餉，而赤鯉湖為賊據，沭陽之路又絕。賊計孤城可取，進柵南瑣橋。不華與元帥張存義出大西門，會僉事忽都不花兵突賊柵，殊死戰，賊敗走，追北二十餘里。城中食且絕，元帥吳德琇運糧萬斛入河，竟為賊所掠，德琇僅以身免。賊與青軍攻圍，日益急，總兵者屯下邳，相去五百里，按兵不出，凡遣使十九輩告急，皆不聽。城中餓者僕道上，即取噉之，一切草木、螺蛤、魚蛙、燕烏，及靴皮、鞍韂、革箱、敗弓之筋皆盡，而後父子夫婦老稚更相食，撤屋為薪，人多露處，坊陌生荊棘。力既盡，城陷，不華猶據西門力鬥，中傷見執，為賊所臠。次子伴哥，冒刃護之，亦見殺。時至正十六年十月乙丑也。

Chu Buhua, courtesy name Junshi, came from Shilou in Xi Prefecture; he was quiet and possessed both talent and resolve. Early in the Taiding reign he entered service as a translator in the Zhongrui Office, became deputy commander of the sea route, then administrator of Jiaxing Circuit, and in succession supervising censor on the southern and western censorate platforms, surveillance commissioner on the Hexi circuit, and then Huaidong. Before long he was promoted to vice commissioner. Rebels broke out in the Ru and Ying region, and their power grew formidable. Buhua toured the circuit as far as Huai'an and threw himself into plans for the city's defense. When the rebels arrived, he killed or captured many of them. He also asked Laozhang of the Bureau of Military Affairs and Judge Liu Jia to hold Hanxin City so the two positions could support each other. He memorialized again, impeaching the commander-in-chief and other generals for delay and shirking. The court recognized his achievements, promoted him to surveillance commissioner, and raised his rank to Zhongfeng Grand Master. Liu Jia was resourceful and brave and won every engagement with the rebels, who feared him and called him Iron-Head Liu; Buhua relied heavily on him. The commander-in-chief, hearing that Buhua had impeached him, grew more hostile and ordered Liu Jia away on a separate command against the rebels, hoping to weaken Buhua. After Liu Jia departed, Hanxin City fell; the rebels dug linked trenches and built water palisades to besiege the city. Soon the Tianchang Green Army mutinied, and the Yellow Army under Puyantiemuer rebelled as well; the rebels brought them all to the attack. Seeing the danger, Buhua withdrew into the Halazhang camp. When the rebels drew back slightly he came out and reached Yangcun Bridge, where they suddenly fell upon him, killed Vice Surveillance Commissioner Budashili, and devoured his body. Buhua entered Huai'an with what troops remained. Rebels now held the east, west, and south of the city; only the north gate led toward Shuyang across Chiyu Lake, where Commanders Wei Yue and Yang Xian were encamped. Huai'an depended on them for fodder and grain, but the rebels now held Chiyu Lake and the route to Shuyang was cut. The rebels judged the isolated city could be taken and advanced their palisades to Nan Suo Bridge. Buhua and Marshal Zhang Cunyi sallied from the great west gate, joined Commissioner Hudubuhua's troops in a sudden assault on the rebel palisades, fought a desperate battle, routed the rebels, and pursued them more than twenty li. Food in the city was nearly gone. Marshal Wu Dexiu tried to bring ten thousand hu of grain up the river, but the rebels seized it all; Dexiu barely escaped alive. Rebels and the Green Army tightened the siege day by day. The commander-in-chief sat at Xiapi five hundred li away and would not move; nineteen urgent messengers were sent, and none was heeded. The starving collapsed in the streets and were eaten on the spot; every plant, shellfish, fish, frog, bird, boot leather, saddle pad, leather box, and bowstring was consumed; then families turned on one another; houses were torn down for firewood; most slept in the open, and thorns overran the lanes. When their strength was spent the city fell. Buhua still held the west gate and fought on until he was wounded, captured, and cut to pieces by the rebels. His second son Bange rushed through the blades to shield him and was killed as well. This was on the yichou day of the tenth month of the sixteenth year of Zhizheng.

不華守淮安五年，殆數十百戰，精忠大節，人比之張巡云。朝廷聞之，贈翰林學士承旨、榮祿大夫、柱國，追封衛國公，諡曰忠肅，賻鈔二百錠，以卹其家。

Buhua had defended Huai'an for five years through scores of battles; for his pure loyalty and steadfast integrity people compared him to Zhang Xun. When word reached the court, it posthumously made him Hanlin expositor-in-chief, Ronglu Grand Master, and Pillar of the State, enfeoffed him as Duke of Weiguo with the posthumous title Loyal and Solemn, and granted two hundred ingots of paper money to support his family.

郭嘉，字元禮，濮陽人。祖昂，父惠，俱以戰功顯。嘉慷慨有大志，始由國子生登泰定三年進士第，授彰德路林州判官，累遷翰林國史院編修官，除廣東道宣慰使司都元帥府經歷。未幾，入為京畿漕運使司副使，尋拜監察御史。會朝廷以海寇起，欲於浙東溫、台、慶元等路立水軍萬戶鎮之，眾論紛紜莫定。擢嘉禮部員外郎，乘驛至慶元，與江浙行省會議可否。嘉至，首詢父老，知其弗便，請罷之。會方擇守令綏靖遼東，乃授嘉廣寧路總管，兼諸奧魯勸農防禦。屬盜起，軍旅數興，供餉無虛日。民苦和糴轉輸，而吏胥得因時為奸。嘉設法計其戶口，第其甲乙，民甚便之。有詔團結義兵，嘉招集民數千，教以坐作進退，萬、千、百夫各統以長，號令齊一，賞罰明信。故東方諸郡，錢糧之富，甲兵之精，稱嘉為最。

Guo Jia, courtesy name Yuanli, was from Puyang. His grandfather Ang and father Hui had both won distinction in battle. Jia was generous and ambitious. He entered office through the Imperial Academy and passed the jinshi examination in the third year of Taiding, became assistant prefect of Linzhou in Zhangde Circuit, rose to compiler in the Hanlin National History Institute, and was made administrator of the Guangdong pacification commissioner's grand marshal's office. Before long he became vice commissioner of the capital region grain transport office, and soon was appointed supervising censor. When sea raiders appeared, the court proposed establishing naval commanders of ten thousand households in Wen, Tai, Qingyuan, and other eastern Zhe circuits, but opinion was divided and no decision could be reached. Jia was promoted to vice director in the Ministry of Rites, traveled by courier to Qingyuan, and met with the Jiang-Zhe authorities to decide the matter. On arrival he first consulted local elders, learned the plan would be burdensome, and asked that it be dropped. As the court was choosing officials to pacify Liaodong, Jia was appointed prefect of Guangning Circuit, with concurrent charge of agriculture and defense for the Oru communities. Rebels broke out in the region, troops were raised again and again, and supplies were demanded without a day's respite. The people groaned under government grain purchases and transport levies while clerks exploited the crisis for their own gain. Jia devised a system to register households and rank them by grade, which greatly eased the people's burden. When an edict ordered the rallying of loyal militia, Jia gathered several thousand men, drilled them in formation, organized them under commanders of ten thousand, thousand, and hundred, and enforced uniform orders with clear rewards and punishments. Among the eastern circuits he was reckoned foremost in wealth of revenue and quality of arms and troops.

十八年，寇陷上京，嘉聞之，躬率義兵出禦。既而遼陽陷，嘉將眾巡邏，去城十五里，遇青號隊伍百餘人，始言官軍，嘉疑其詐，俄果脫青衣變紅。嘉出馬射賊，分兵兩隊而夾攻之，生擒賊數百，死者無算。嘉見賊勢日熾，孤城無援，乃集同官議攻守之計，眾皆失措，嘉曰：「吾計決矣。」因竭家所有衣服財物犒義士，以勵其勇敢，且曰：「自我祖宗，有勳王室，今之盡忠，吾分內事也。況身守此土，當生死以之，餘不足卹矣。」頃之，賊至，圍城亙數十里，有大呼者曰：「遼陽我得矣，何不出降！」嘉挽弓射呼者，中其左頰，墮馬死，賊稍引退，嘉遂開西門逐之，賊大至，力戰以死。事聞，贈崇化宣力效忠功臣、資善大夫、河南江北等處行省左丞、上護軍，封太原郡公，諡忠烈。

In the eighteenth year the rebels took Shangjing; on hearing the news Jia personally led his militia out to resist them. Soon Liaoyang fell. Jia was patrolling fifteen li from the city when he met a band of more than a hundred men in green who claimed to be government troops; suspecting a ruse, he watched as they stripped off their green coats and donned red rebel colors. Jia rode out and shot at them, split his force into two columns to attack from both flanks, took several hundred prisoners, and killed countless others. Seeing rebel strength grow daily and his isolated city without aid, Jia gathered his colleagues to discuss defense; all were at a loss until he said, "My mind is made up." He gave all his family's clothing and goods to reward the militia and stir their courage, saying, "My ancestors have served the throne with merit; to be loyal now is simply my duty. As the one charged to hold this land, I owe it my life; nothing else matters." Soon the rebels came and encircled the city for miles. Someone shouted, "Liaoyang is mine—why don't you surrender!" Jia drew his bow and shot the shouter through the left cheek; the man fell dead from his horse and the rebels drew back slightly. Jia opened the west gate in pursuit, but when the main rebel force arrived he fought to the death. When the affair was reported, the court posthumously granted him the title of meritorious subject who promoted transformation and displayed loyal service, made him Zishan Grand Master and left chancellor of the Henan-Jiangbei Branch Secretariat and upper guardian general, enfeoffed him as Duke of Taiyuan, and gave him the posthumous title Loyal and Fierce.

喜同，周姓，河西人。初為后宮衛士，眾稱其才，選充承徽寺經歷，再調南陽縣達魯花赤。居二歲，妖賊起，陷鄧州，人情洶洶。俄而賊鋒抵南陽，南陽無城無兵，賊入之若虛邑。喜同以計獲數賊，詰之，雲賊將大至。悉斬之，以安眾心，晝夜督丁壯巡邏守備。時大司農錢木爾，以兵駐於諸葛庵，為賊所襲，死之。賊遂乘銳取南陽。喜同守西門，望見賊勢盛，即以死自許，與家人訣曰：「吾與汝等不能相顧矣，但各逃生，吾分死此，以報國也。」已而城中皆哭，喜同策厲義兵，奮力與賊搏，賊退去。明日復至，與戰甚力，殺賊凡數百。賊知無後援，戰愈急，南陽遂陷。喜同突圍將自拔，賊橫刺其馬，馬蹶，喜同鞭馬躍而起，手斬刺馬者。俄而為他賊所追，身被數創，不能鬥，遂見執，為所殺。妻邢氏，聞喜同力戰死，帥家僮數人出走，遇賊，奪賊刀斫之，且罵且前，亦見殺。一家死者二十餘人。贈南陽路判官。

Xitong, of the Zhou clan, came from Hexi. He first served as a guard in the inner palace, where his ability won praise; he was made administrator of the Chenghui Temple, then transferred to be darughachi of Nanyang County. After two years rebel bands rose and took Dengzhou, and panic spread through the region. Soon the rebel vanguard reached Nanyang, which had neither walls nor troops; the rebels entered as if it were an empty town. Xitong captured several rebels by stratagem and questioned them; they said a large force was on its way. He executed them all to steady the people's nerves and day and night pressed the able-bodied men into patrol and defense. Grand Minister of Agriculture Qian Mu'er was then encamped with troops at Zhuge Hermitage; the rebels attacked and killed him. The rebels then pressed their advantage and took Nanyang. Xitong held the west gate; seeing the rebel force was overwhelming, he resolved to die and bade his family farewell: "We cannot look after one another—each of you escape as you can. My part is to die here and repay the state." Soon the whole city was weeping. Xitong rallied the militia and fought the rebels with all his strength, and they withdrew. They returned the next day; he fought fiercely again and killed several hundred rebels. Knowing he had no reinforcements, the rebels pressed harder and Nanyang fell. Xitong broke through the encirclement and was about to escape when a rebel stabbed his horse; as the horse fell Xitong lashed it, leaped up, and cut down the man who had stabbed it. Other rebels soon overtook him; wounded many times, he could fight no longer, was captured, and killed. His wife Lady Xing, hearing he had died fighting, fled with several servants; meeting rebels she seized one's knife, hacked at them, cursing as she advanced, and was killed as well. More than twenty members of the household died. He was posthumously appointed judge of Nanyang Circuit.

韓因，字可宗，汴梁人。少習舉子業，負氣不群。盜據汝寧，官軍討之，久不下。會朝廷詔赦叛逆，募可持詔入賊者，即藉以官。因應命，乃借因以唐州判官，使焉。賊渠恐其黨心搖，導因止於外，納詔不讀，詰問再三，因答以「恩宥寬大，禍福所繫」，甚切。不聽，乃縱因歸報。因出，乘馬周賊屯，大言曰：「汝輩好百姓，何不出降歸田裡，而甘從逆賊驅使耶！」眾愕眙相顧。或以告賊渠，渠追因，責其所言。因極口肆詈，賊怒，寸割因。

Han Yin, courtesy name Kezong, was from Bianliang. In youth he studied for the civil examinations and was proud and solitary by nature. Rebels held Runing, and government troops besieged it for a long time without success. The court then issued an edict pardoning rebels and sought someone who could carry it into the rebel camp, promising an official post in return. Yin volunteered; they lent him the title of assistant prefect of Tangzhou and sent him on the mission. The rebel chief, fearing his men might waver, kept Yin outside, took the edict but would not read it, and questioned him repeatedly. Yin urged that "the pardon is generous and your fate hangs upon this" with great urgency. They would not listen and let Yin return to report. On leaving, Yin rode around the rebel camps shouting, "You are honest folk—why not surrender and return to your fields instead of serving rebels!" The men stared at one another in astonishment. Someone reported this to the rebel chief, who pursued Yin and rebuked him for his words. Yin cursed them with all his might; the rebels in rage cut him to pieces.

卞琛，大名人。世為農夫，早遊學京師，得補國子生，既而丁母憂，治農於家。至正十二年，鄰郡盜起。未幾，來剽掠，琛與從子小十、府史李仲亨等協謀，統丁壯數百人擊賊。丁壯皆民兵，無弓矢之備，直以鉤鋤白鋌當賊。賊矢雨集，琛眾潰散，被擒。仲亨、小十皆死。賊素知琛，諭之曰：「汝從我，解汝縛；不從，殺汝。」琛唾罵曰：「我國子生也。視汝逆賊，真狗彘也。吾寧義死，不從賊生！」罵不止。賊屢脅不聽，殺之。

Bian Chen was from Daming. His family had been farmers for generations; he studied in the capital in his youth and entered the Imperial Academy, then after his mother's death returned home to farm. In the twelfth year of Zhizheng rebels broke out in a neighboring prefecture. Before long they came raiding; Chen with his nephew Xiaoshi, prefectural clerk Li Zhongheng, and others joined in a plan and led several hundred able men against the rebels. The militia had no bows or arrows and faced the rebels with nothing but hooks, hoes, and spears. Rebel arrows fell like rain; Chen's force broke and he was captured. Zhongheng and Xiaoshi both died. The rebels, who knew Chen well, urged him: "Join us and we will free you; refuse and we will kill you." Chen spat and cursed: "I am an Imperial Academy student. You rebels are nothing but dogs and swine. I would rather die honorably than live as a rebel!" He would not stop cursing. The rebels threatened him again and again, but he would not yield, and they killed him.

喬彝，字仲常，晉寧人。性高介有守，一時名稱籍甚。至正十八年，賊由絳州垣曲縣襲晉寧。城陷，城中死者十二三。彝整冠衣，聚妻子，家有大井，彝坐井上，令妻子婢輩循次投井中，而己隨赴之。彝既死，賊首王士誠使人即彝家邀致之，至則彝已死矣。賊平，朝廷贈彝臨汾縣尹，賜諡純潔。

Qiao Yi, courtesy name Zhongchang, was from Jinning. He was proud and principled by nature, and his reputation at the time was very great. In the eighteenth year of Zhizheng rebels from Yuanqu County in Jiang Prefecture raided Jinning. The city fell, and ten or twenty percent of its people were killed. Yi put on his cap and robes, gathered his wife and children; the family had a great well. Yi sat on its rim and ordered his wife, children, and servants to throw themselves in one by one, then followed them in. After Yi died, the rebel chief Zhang Shicheng sent men to fetch him to his home, but when they arrived Yi was already dead. After the rebels were suppressed, the court posthumously appointed Yi magistrate of Linfen County and gave him the posthumous title Pure and Upright.

有張岩起、王佐者，皆士人也，並以不屈賊而死。岩起字傅霖，汾州人。累舉不中，嘗用薦者徵為國子助教。居一歲，免歸。盜既去晉寧，复陷汾州，岩起與妻赴井死。王佐字元輔，晉寧人。從父居上都，教授里巷，不與時俯仰。會賊至，倉卒不能避，為所獲，欲降之。佐傲岸自如，詬賊不輟，因見害。又有吳德新者，字止善，建昌人。工醫，留京師，久之，嘗往寧夏。會盜至，德新見執，脅使降，德新厲聲曰：「我生為皇元人，死作皇元鬼，誓不從爾賊！」賊乃縛其兩手，加白刃頸上，迫其畏屈，德新罵不已。乃曳之井上，陽欲擠之。德新偶得寬，即自投井中，仰罵賊。賊下射，矢貫其頂，罵益力。賊怒，以長槍刺之。然亦壯其志，憐其死，曰：「此真丈夫也！」以土埋井而去。

Zhang Yanqi and Wang Zuo were also scholars who died rather than submit to the rebels. Yanqi, courtesy name Fulin, was from Fen Prefecture. He failed the examinations repeatedly, but was once summoned through recommendation as assistant instructor at the Imperial Academy. After a year he was dismissed and returned home. After the rebels left Jinning they took Fen Prefecture; Yanqi and his wife threw themselves into a well and died. Wang Zuo, courtesy name Yuanfu, was from Jinning. He had followed his father to Shangdu, where he taught in the neighborhoods and would not bend with the times. When rebels came he could not escape in time; they captured him and tried to make him surrender. Zuo remained proud and unbowed, cursing the rebels without cease, and was killed. There was also Wu Dexin, courtesy name Zhishan, from Jianchang. A skilled physician, he had long stayed in the capital and once traveled to Ningxia. When bandits came he was seized and ordered to surrender. Dexin cried in a fierce voice, "Born a subject of the Great Yuan, I shall die a ghost of the Great Yuan—I will never follow you rebels!" The rebels bound his hands and laid a blade to his neck to frighten him into submission, but Dexin would not stop cursing. They dragged him to a well and pretended they would push him in. Finding a moment's slack, Dexin at once threw himself into the well and cursed the rebels from below. The rebels shot down at him; an arrow pierced his crown, yet he cursed all the more fiercely. Enraged, the rebels stabbed him with a long spear. Yet they admired his spirit and pitied his death, saying, "This was a true man!" They filled the well with earth and departed.

顏瑜，字德潤，兗州曲阜人，兗國复聖公五十七代孫也。以行誼用舉者，為鄒及陽曲兩縣教諭。至正十八年，田豐起山東，瑜攜家走鄆城，道遇賊，以刃來脅瑜曰：「爾何人？」瑜曰：「我東魯書生也。」賊執瑜曰：「爾書生，吾不爾殺，可從我見主帥。」瑜罵曰：「爾賊，何主帥邪！」賊怒，欲殺瑜，瑜無懼色。復使之寫旗，瑜大詬曰：「爾大元百姓，天下亂，募爾為兵，而反為叛逆。我腕可斷，豈能為爾寫旗從逆乎！」賊以槍刺瑜，至死罵不絕口。其妻子皆為所害。

Yan Yu, courtesy name Derun, was from Qufu in Yan Prefecture, the fifty-seventh-generation descendant of the Duke of Fusheng. Recommended for his character and conduct, he served as instructor in both Zou and Yangqu counties. In the eighteenth year of Zhizheng, Tian Feng rebelled in Shandong. Yu fled with his family toward Yuncheng and met rebels on the road who threatened him with blades, demanding, "Who are you?" Yu replied, "I am a scholar from eastern Lu." The rebels seized him and said, "You are a scholar—we will not kill you. Come with us to see our commander." Yu cursed them: "You rebels—what commander!" The rebels in anger meant to kill him, but Yu showed no fear. They again ordered him to write a rebel banner. Yu cursed loudly: "You are subjects of the Great Yuan. The realm is in chaos and you were recruited as soldiers—yet you rebel! You may cut off my wrist—I will never write your banners and join your rebellion!" The rebels stabbed him with a spear; he cursed without cease until he died. His wife and children were all killed as well.

又有曹彥可者，亳州人。會妖寇起里中，多田野無賴子，目不知書者。既破亳，揭帛於竿，皆群趨彥可家劫之，使寫旗。彥可力辭，乃迫以刀斧。彥可唾之曰：「我儒者，知有君父，寧死耳，豈為汝寫旗者耶！」賊怒，遂見害，年七十矣。其家素貧，又死於亂，藁殯其屍。賊既定，有司具以事聞，中書為給貲以葬，賜諡節愍。

There was also Cao Yanke, from Bozhou. When rebel bands rose in the countryside, most were idle ruffians from the fields who could not read. After they took Bo, they raised banners on poles and swarmed to Yanke's home to seize him and make him write rebel standards. Yanke refused firmly, so they threatened him with blades and axes. Yanke spat at them: "I am a Confucian who knows ruler and father. I would rather die than write your banners!" The rebels in anger killed him. He was seventy years old. His family had always been poor; he died in the chaos, and his body was buried in a straw coffin. After the rebels were suppressed, officials reported the affair; the Central Secretariat provided funds for burial and granted the posthumous title Steadfast and Lamented.

王士元，字堯佐，恩州人。泰定四年進士，由棣州判官累遷知磁州。值軍興，饋餉需索日繁，民不堪命。士元心念其民，力為區畫，至為將士陵辱訶責，弗避也。改知浚州。州濱黃河，嘗經盜賊，城堞不完，市井空荒，士元邑邑不得志，而臨事未嘗易其素。至正十七年，賊复迫浚州，州兵悉潰散，士元坐堂上，顧其子致微使避賊，曰：「吾守臣，居此，職也。若可逃生。」子侍立，不忍去。賊前問曰：「爾為誰？」士元叱曰：「我王知州也。強賊識我否？」賊欲縛士元，士元奮拳毆賊，賊怒，併其子殺之。

Wang Shiyuan, courtesy name Yaozuo, was from En Prefecture. A jinshi of the fourth year of Taiding, he rose from assistant prefect of Di Prefecture to magistrate of Ci Prefecture. When war broke out, supply demands multiplied daily and the people could not endure the burden. Shiyuan kept his people in mind and worked hard to ease their burdens, even when officers insulted and rebuked him for it. He was transferred to magistrate of Jun Prefecture. The prefecture lay on the Yellow River, had often been ravaged by bandits, its walls were broken and its markets deserted. Shiyuan was deeply frustrated, yet he never compromised his principles in office. In the seventeenth year of Zhizheng rebels again pressed Jun Prefecture; the garrison scattered in defeat. Shiyuan sat in the hall, told his son Zhiwei to flee the rebels, and said, "I am the defending official—staying here is my duty. You should save yourself." His son stood by his side and would not leave. The rebels came forward and asked, "Who are you?" Shiyuan shouted, "I am Prefect Wang! Do you brutes know who I am?" The rebels tried to bind him; Shiyuan struck out with his fists. Enraged, they killed him and his son together.

楊朴，字文素，河南人。早以文學得推擇為吏，任至滁州全椒縣尹。滁界廬江，廬江陷於寇，滁人震動。行省參政也先總兵於滁，不理軍事，唯縱飲，至暮，城門不鑰，寇入縱火，猶張燭揮杯，急逾城出走。樸度必死，乃盡殺其妻女，朝服坐堂上。盜欲降之，樸指妻女示曰：「我已戕我屬，政欲死官守耳，尚何云雲！」乃連唾之。賊縶樸，倒懸樹上，而割其肉至盡，猶大罵弗絕。

Yang Pu, courtesy name Wensu, was from Henan. Early on his literary talent won him office, and he rose to magistrate of Quanjiao County in Chuzhou. Chuzhou bordered Lujiang, which had fallen to raiders, and the people of Chuzhou were thrown into panic. Vice Administrator Yexian of the branch secretariat commanded troops at Chuzhou but ignored military affairs and drank freely. By evening the gates were unlocked; raiders entered and set fires while he still feasted by candlelight, then fled over the wall in haste. Pu knew he must die, killed his wife and daughters, donned his court robes, and sat in the hall. The bandits tried to make him surrender. Pu pointed to his dead wife and daughters and said, "I have already killed my family—I mean only to die at my post. What more is there to say!" He spat at them again and again. The rebels bound him, hung him upside down from a tree, and cut his flesh away piece by piece; he still cursed without cease.

趙璉，字伯器，宏偉之孫也。至治元年，登進士第，授嵩州判官。再調汴梁路祥符縣尹。入為國子助教。累遷湖廣行省左右司郎中。除杭州路總管。杭於東南為劇郡，地大民夥，長吏多不稱其職。璉為人強毅開敏，精力絕人，吏莫不服其明決，而不敢欺。浙右病於徭役，民充坊里正者，皆破其家。朝廷令行省召八郡守集議便民之法，璉獻議以屬縣坊正為僱役，里正用田賦以均之，民咸以為便。有盜誘其同惡，持刃出市，斫人以索金，市民乃戶斂以予之，人無敢言者。璉曰：「此不可長也。」遣卒掩捕之，盡戮諸市。逾年，召拜吏部侍郎。杭人思之，刻其政績於碑。歷中書左司郎中，除禮部尚書。尋遷戶部，拜參議中書省事。出為山北遼東道廉訪使。是時河南兵起，湖廣、荊襄皆陷，而兩淮亦騷動。朝廷乃析河南地，立淮南江北行省於揚州，以璉參知政事。璉方病水腫，即輿疾而行。既至，分省鎮淮安，又移鎮真州。

Zhao Lian, courtesy name Boqi, was the grandson of Hongwei. In the first year of the Zhizhi reign he passed the jinshi examination and was appointed assistant prefect of Song Prefecture. He was transferred to magistrate of Xiangfu County in Bianliang Circuit. He entered the capital as assistant instructor at the Imperial Academy. He rose to director in the left and right offices of the Huguang Branch Secretariat. He was appointed prefect of Hangzhou Circuit. Hangzhou was one of the most demanding prefectures in the southeast, vast and populous, and its senior officials often failed in their duties. Lian was forceful, resolute, and quick-witted, with tireless energy; his clerks respected his clarity and decisiveness and dared not deceive him. Eastern Zhe suffered under corvée burdens; those who served as ward and village heads often ruined their families. The court ordered the branch secretariat to gather eight prefects to discuss reforms. Lian proposed hiring ward heads as paid labor and funding village heads from land tax assessments; the people welcomed the change. A thief recruited accomplices who took blades into the market and hacked people to extort money; the townspeople paid household by household, and no one dared speak out. Lian said, "This cannot be tolerated." He sent soldiers to seize them in a surprise raid and executed them all in the market. After a year he was summoned to the capital as vice minister of personnel. The people of Hangzhou missed him and carved his achievements on a stele. He served as director in the Central Secretariat's left office and was appointed minister of rites. Soon he moved to the Ministry of Revenue and was appointed councilor of Central Secretariat affairs. He was sent out as surveillance commissioner of the Shanbei-Liaodong circuit. Armies had risen in Henan; Huguang and Jingxiang had fallen, and the two Huai regions were in turmoil as well. The court then carved out territory from Henan, established the Huainan-Jiangbei Branch Secretariat at Yangzhou, and made Lian vice administrator. Lian was suffering from edema but set out at once by litter. On arrival the branch secretariat stationed at Huai'an, then moved its headquarters to Zhen Prefecture.

會張士誠為亂，突起海濱，陷泰州。興化，行省遣兵討之，不克。乃命高郵知府李齊往招諭之。士誠因請降，行省授以民職，且乞從征討以自效。遂移璉鎮泰州，璉乃趣士誠治戈船，趨濠、泗。士誠疑憚不肯發，又覘知璉無備，遂復反。夜四鼓，縱火登城。璉力疾捫佩刀上馬，與賊鬥市衢。賊圍璉，邀至其船，璉詰之曰：「汝輩罪在不赦，今既宥爾誅戮，又錫以名爵，朝廷何負于汝，乃既降復反邪！汝棄信逆天，滅不旋踵。我執政大臣，豈為汝賊輩屈乎！」即馳騎奮擊賊，賊以槊撞璉墜地，欲舁登其舟，璉真目大罵，遂死之。其僕揚兒以身蔽璉，亦俱死。及亂定，州民收其屍，歸殯於真州。事聞，賻鈔三百錠，仍官其子錡。

Zhang Shicheng rebelled, rising suddenly on the coast and taking Taizhou. He also took Xinghua, but troops sent by the branch secretariat could not defeat him. They then ordered Gaoyou Prefect Li Qi to go and negotiate his surrender. Shicheng then offered to surrender; the branch secretariat gave him a civilian post and he asked to join campaigns to prove his loyalty. Lian was moved to garrison Taizhou and urged Shicheng to ready arms and boats for an advance on Hao and Si. Shicheng hesitated and refused to march; learning that Lian was unprepared, he rebelled again. At the fourth watch of the night he set fires and stormed the walls. Despite his illness Lian seized his belt knife, mounted, and fought the rebels in the market streets. The rebels surrounded him and invited him aboard their boat. Lian rebuked them: "Your crimes deserve death. The court pardoned you and granted you titles—what wrong did it do you, that you surrender and rebel again! You abandon faith and defy Heaven—you will perish in no time. I am a chief minister of state—do you think I would bow to rebels like you!" He spurred his horse and charged at them. The rebels knocked him from his horse with a spear and tried to drag him aboard, but Lian glared and cursed them fiercely until they killed him. His servant Yang'er shielded him with his body and died with him. When order was restored the people collected his body and buried it at Zhen Prefecture. When the affair was reported, the court granted three hundred ingots of paper money as condolence and appointed his son Qi to office.

弟琬，字仲德，仕至台州路總管。至正二十七年，方國瑛以舟挾琬至黃岩。琬潛登白龍奧，舍於民家，絕粒不食。人勸之食，輒瞑目卻之，七日而死。

His younger brother Wan, courtesy name Zhongde, rose to prefect of Taizhou Circuit. In the twenty-seventh year of Zhizheng, Fang Guoying took Wan by boat to Huangyan. Wan secretly went up to Bailong Ao, lodged with a common family, and stopped eating altogether. When people urged him to eat he closed his eyes and refused; after seven days he died.

孫捴，字自謙，曹州人。至正二年進士，授濟寧路錄事。張士誠據高郵叛，或謂其有降意，朝廷擇烏馬兒為使，招諭士誠，而用捴輔行。捴家居，不知也。中書借捴集賢待制，給驛，就其家起之。捴強行抵高郵，士誠不迓詔使。捴等既入城，反覆開諭，士誠等皆竦然以聽。已而拘之他室，或日一饋食，或間日一饋食，欲以降捴，捴唯詬斥而已。乃令其黨捶捴，肆其陵辱，捴不恤也。及士誠徙平江，捴與士誠部將張茂先謀，將捴所授站馬劄子，遣壯士浦四、許誠赴鎮南王府，約日進兵復高郵。謀洩，執捴訊問，捴罵聲不絕，竟為所害。後賊中見失節者，輒自相嗤曰：「此豈孫待制耶！」事聞，贈翰林侍讀學士、中奉大夫、護軍，追封曹南郡公，諡忠烈。賜田三頃卹其家。

Sun Cuan, courtesy name Ziqian, was from Cao Prefecture. A jinshi of the second year of Zhizheng, he was appointed recorder of Jining Circuit. When Zhang Shicheng held Gaoyou in rebellion, some thought he might surrender. The court chose Wuma'er as envoy to negotiate with him and appointed Cuan as his assistant. Cuan was at home and knew nothing of this. The Central Secretariat appointed him attendant drafting official in the Academy of Gathered Talents, sent a courier, and summoned him from his home. Cuan pressed on to Gaoyou, but Shicheng did not welcome the imperial envoy. Once inside the city they exhorted him repeatedly, and Shicheng and his men listened with apparent attention. Soon they confined him elsewhere, feeding him once a day or every other day, hoping to make him submit; Cuan only cursed them. They had their men beat and humiliate him, but Cuan paid no heed. When Shicheng moved to Pingjiang, Cuan plotted with his officer Zhang Maoxian, using the courier warrant he had been given to send stalwarts Pu Si and Xu Cheng to the Prince of Zhennan's mansion to arrange a date for retaking Gaoyou. The plot was discovered; they seized Cuan for questioning, but he cursed without cease and was killed. Later, when rebels saw someone who had lost his integrity, they would mock one another: "Is this Attendant Drafting Official Sun!" When the affair was reported, the court posthumously made him Hanlin attendant reader, Zhongfeng Grand Master, and guardian general, enfeoffed him as Duke of Caonan, and gave him the posthumous title Loyal and Fierce. Three qing of land were granted to support his family.

石普，字元周，徐州人。至正五年進士，授國史院編修官，改經正監經歷。淮東、西盜起，朝廷方用兵，普以將略稱，同僉樞密院事董鑰嘗薦其材，會丞相脫脫討徐州，以普從行。徐平錄功，遷兵部主事，尋升樞密院都事，從樞密院官守淮安。時張士誠據高郵，普詣丞相，面陳破賊之策，且曰：「高郵負重湖之險，地皆沮洳，騎兵卒莫能前，與普步兵三萬，保取之。高郵既平，則濠、泗易破，普請先驅，為天下忠義倡。」丞相壯之，命權山東義兵萬戶府事，招民義萬人以行。而汝中柏者方用事，陰沮之，減其軍半。初令普便宜行事，及行，又使聽淮南行省節制。普行次範水寨，日未夕，普令軍中具食，夜漏三刻，下令銜枚趨寶應，其營中更鼓如平時。抵縣，即登城，樹幟城上，賊大驚潰，因撫安其民。由是諸將疾普功，水陸進兵，乘勝拔十餘寨，斬賊數百。將抵高郵城，分兵三隊：一趨城東，備水戰；一為奪兵，虞後；一普自將，攻北門。遇賊與戰，賊不能支，遁入城。普先士卒躡之，縱火燒關門，賊懼，謀棄城走。而援軍望之，按不進。且忌普成功，總兵者遣蒙古軍千騎，突出普軍前，欲收先入之功。而賊以死捍，蒙古軍恇怯，即馳回，普止之不可，遂為賊所蹂踐，率墜水中。普軍亂，賊乘之。普勒餘兵，血戰良久，仗劍大呼曰：「大丈夫當為國死，有不進前者，斬！」奮擊，直入賊陣中，從者僅三十人。至日西，援絕，被創墮馬，复步戰數合。賊益至，賊指曰：「此必頭目，不可使逸，須生致之。」普叱曰：「死賊奴，我即石都事，何云頭目！」左脅為賊槍所中，猶手握其槍，斫賊死。賊眾攢槍以刺普，普與從者皆力戰，俱死之。

Shi Pu, courtesy name Yuanzhou, was from Xuzhou. A jinshi of the fifth year of Zhizheng, he was appointed compiler in the National History Institute, then administrator of the Jingzheng Office. Rebels rose in eastern and western Huai while the court was at war. Pu was known for military talent; Dong Yue of the Bureau of Military Affairs had recommended him, and when Chancellor Toghto attacked Xuzhou, Pu joined the campaign. When Xuzhou was pacified his merit was recorded; he became director in the Ministry of War, then chief clerk of the Bureau of Military Affairs, and followed bureau officials to guard Huai'an. Zhang Shicheng then held Gaoyou. Pu went to the chancellor and presented a plan in person: "Gaoyou is protected by great lakes and marshland where cavalry cannot pass. Give me thirty thousand foot soldiers and I guarantee its capture. Once Gaoyou falls, Hao and Si will be easy to take. I ask to lead the vanguard and set an example of loyalty for the realm." The chancellor was impressed and appointed him acting commander of the Shandong righteous militia office, recruiting ten thousand volunteers for the campaign. But Bo Zhe of Runing was then in power and secretly obstructed him, cutting his force in half. At first Pu was authorized to act at discretion; when he marched he was again placed under the Huainan Branch Secretariat. Pu halted at Fanshui Stockade. Before sunset he ordered the army to prepare food; at the third watch he ordered silent advance on Baoying while the camp drums sounded as on an ordinary night. Reaching the county he scaled the walls at once and raised his banners; the rebels fled in panic, and he pacified the people. The other generals resented his success; advancing by land and water they followed up with more than ten stockades taken and several hundred rebels killed. As they neared Gaoyou, he divided his force into three columns: one toward the east of the city for naval combat; one as a reserve to guard the rear; and one under Pu himself to assault the north gate. They met the rebels in battle; unable to hold, the rebels fled into the city. Pu charged at the head of his men, set fire to the gate tower; the rebels in fear planned to abandon the city and flee. But the relief army looked on and would not advance. Jealous of his success, the commander-in-chief sent a thousand Mongol cavalry to rush ahead of Pu's army and claim the credit for entering first. The rebels defended to the death; the Mongol troops panicked and galloped back. Pu could not stop them; they were trampled by the rebels and most fell into the water. Pu's army fell into disorder and the rebels pressed their advantage. Pu rallied what troops remained and fought a bloody battle for a long time, sword in hand shouting, "A true man dies for his country—whoever does not advance will be cut down!" He charged straight into the rebel ranks with only thirty men following. By sunset reinforcements were cut off; wounded, he fell from his horse and fought on foot for several more rounds. More rebels arrived; they pointed and said, "This must be their leader—take him alive, do not let him escape." Pu shouted, "Damned rebel slaves—I am Director Shi—what leader do you mean!" A spear struck his left side, yet he still seized the weapon and cut down its bearer. The rebels massed spears against him; Pu and his followers fought to the last and all died.

盛昭，字克明，歸德人。由儒學官累遷淮南行省照磨。會詔使往高郵，不得達而還，謬稱賊已迎拜，但乞名爵耳。行省不虞其欺，乃遣昭入高郵，授所與士誠官。士誠拒不聽，拘諸舟中。昭語所從吏曰：「吾之止此，有死而已。」既而官軍逼高郵，士誠授昭以兵，使出拒官軍，昭叱曰：「吾奉命招諭汝，汝拘留詔使，罪不容斬，又欲吾從汝為賊耶！」大罵不絕口。賊怒，先剜其臂肉，而後磔之。

Sheng Zhao, courtesy name Keming, was from Guide. He rose from Confucian school official to registrar of the Huainan Branch Secretariat. When an imperial envoy went to Gaoyou but could not reach it, he falsely reported that the rebels had already submitted and only sought titles. The branch secretariat, unsuspecting, sent Zhao into Gaoyou with the offices to grant Shicheng. Shicheng refused and detained him aboard a boat. Zhao told the clerks with him, "I can only die here." When government troops pressed Gaoyou, Shicheng gave Zhao troops and ordered him to resist them. Zhao shouted, "I was sent to summon you to surrender—you detained the imperial envoy, a capital crime—and now you want me to join you as a rebel!" He cursed them without cease. Enraged, the rebels first gouged flesh from his arms, then dismembered him.

楊乘，字文載，濱州渤海人。至正初，為介休縣尹，民飢散為盜，乘立法招之，使自新，皆棄兵頓首，願為良民。其後累官江浙行省左右司員外郎，坐海寇掠漕糧舟免官，寓居松江。張士誠入平江，其徒郭良弼、董綬言乘於士誠，士誠遣張經招乘，乘曰：「良弼、綬皆名臣，今已失節，顧欲引我，以濟其惡邪！」且讓經平日讀書云何，經俯首不能對。乘日與客痛飲，竟日不言。客問：「盍行乎？」乘曰：「乘以一小吏致身顯官，有死而已，尚何行之有！」經促其行愈急，乘乃整衣冠，自經死，年六十四。

Yang Cheng, courtesy name Wenzai, was from Bohai in Bin Prefecture. Early in Zhizheng he was magistrate of Jiexiu County. When hunger drove people to banditry, Cheng issued laws to summon them to reform; all laid down their arms, bowed, and wished to become law-abiding subjects. He later rose to vice director in the Jiang-Zhe branch secretariat's left and right offices, but was dismissed when sea raiders plundered grain transport boats and took up residence in Songjiang. When Zhang Shicheng entered Pingjiang, his followers Guo Liangbi and Dong Shou spoke of Cheng to him, and Shicheng sent Zhang Jing to recruit him. Cheng said, "Liangbi and Shou were famed ministers who have lost their integrity—do they now want to drag me in to aid their wickedness!" He also rebuked Jing for what his years of study had amounted to; Jing bowed his head in silence. Cheng drank heavily with his guests day after day and spoke not a word. A guest asked, "Why not flee?" Cheng replied, "I rose from a minor clerk to high office—death is all that remains. What is there to flee!" As Jing pressed him ever more urgently to leave, Cheng put on his cap and robes and hanged himself. He was sixty-four.

納速剌丁，字士瞻，其父馬合木，從征襄陽，以勞擢浚州達魯花赤，因家大名。納速剌丁起身鄉貢進士，補淮東廉訪司書吏。丁母憂，服闋，補兩浙鹽運司掾，復辟掾淮東宣慰司。

Nasulading, courtesy name Shizhan, was the son of Mahemu, who had campaigned at Xiangyang, was promoted for merit to darughachi of Jun Prefecture, and settled the family in Daming. Nasulading entered office as a local tribute jinshi and became a clerk in the Huaidong surveillance commission. After his mother's death and the mourning period, he became a clerk in the Liang-Zhe salt transport office, then was recalled to the Huaidong pacification commission.

至正十年，賊發真州，納速剌丁以民兵往襲之，獲賊四十二人。已而泰州賊大起，鎮南王府宣慰司請參議軍事，納速剌丁建議築四城，立外寨，揵堤穿河，募兵與賊抗。行省檄其提戰艦六十、海舟十四，上下巡捕，以固江面。且護蒙古軍五百往江寧，道遇賊，斬擊二百餘級，生獲十八人，遂抵龍潭而還。未幾，出邏江上，賊突至，馳船來鬥，納速剌丁手射死三十賊，奪其放火小船二百，賊因遁走。俄复據龍潭口，又擊走之，追斬三百餘級。其子寶童擒首賊陳亞虎等及其號旗。捷聞，賞賚良渥，且召納速剌丁還真州。而賊犯蕪湖，南行台檄使來援，乃以兵赴。及至，賊船已薄岸，遂三分戰艦，縱擊之，賊奔潰，俘斬甚眾。賊不得渡江者，多納速剌丁之功也，因留守蕪湖江口。泰州李二起，行省移之捍高郵得勝湖。賊船七十餘柁，乘風而來，即前擊之，焚其二十餘船，賊潰去。李二失援，遂降。其黨張士誠殺李二，復為亂，戕參政趙璉，入據興化，而水陸襲高郵，屯兵東門。納速剌丁以舟師會諸軍討之。距三垛鎮，賊眾猝至，納速剌丁麾兵挫其鋒。後賊鼓譟而前，乃發火筒火鏃射之，死者蔽流而下。賊繚船於背，盡力來攻，而阿速衛軍及真、滁萬戶府等官，見賊勢熾，皆遁走。納速剌丁顧必死，謂其三子寶童、海魯丁、西山驢曰：「汝輩可脫走。」寶童等不肯去，遂皆死之。省憲為賻其家。事聞，贈納速剌丁淮西元帥府經歷。

In the tenth year of Zhizheng rebels broke out in Zhen Prefecture; Nasulading led militia in a raid and captured forty-two of them. Soon rebels rose in force in Taizhou; the Prince of Zhennan's pacification commission asked him to advise on military affairs. Nasulading proposed building four fortified towns, outer stockades, dikes and canals, and recruiting troops to resist the rebels. The branch secretariat ordered him to lead sixty war junks and fourteen sea boats on patrol to secure the river. He also escorted five hundred Mongol troops to Jiangning; on the way they met rebels, killed more than two hundred, took eighteen prisoners, reached Longtan, and returned. Soon he was patrolling the river when rebels suddenly attacked by boat; Nasulading personally shot thirty dead, seized two hundred of their fire ships, and the rebels fled. They soon reoccupied Longtan mouth; he drove them off again and pursued, killing more than three hundred. His son Baotong captured the rebel chief Chen Yahu and others along with their banners. When victory was reported he received generous rewards and was summoned back to Zhen Prefecture. When rebels invaded Wuhu the southern censorate platform ordered aid, and he marched to relieve it. When he arrived rebel boats were already at the shore; he divided his fleet into three columns and attacked; the rebels fled in defeat and many were killed or captured. That the rebels could not cross the Yangzi was largely due to Nasulading; he remained to guard the mouth of Wuhu. When Li Er rebelled in Taizhou, the branch secretariat transferred him to defend Desheng Lake at Gaoyou. More than seventy rebel boats came on the wind; he attacked at once, burned more than twenty, and the rebels fled. Li Er, cut off from support, surrendered. His follower Zhang Shicheng killed Li Er, rebelled again, killed Vice Administrator Zhao Lian, seized Xinghua, and attacked Gaoyou by land and water, encamping at the east gate. Nasulading joined the campaign with his fleet. Near Sanduo Town a large rebel force suddenly arrived; Nasulading commanded his troops to blunt their attack. When the rebels advanced again with drums and shouts, he fired fire-tubes and fire-arrows; corpses choked the current downstream. The rebels moored boats behind and attacked with all their strength; but the Asud Guard and officials of the Zhen and Chu ten-thousand-household offices, seeing the rebel force was overwhelming, all fled. Seeing he must die, Nasulading told his three sons Baotong, Hailuding, and Xishanlu, "You should escape." Baotong and his brothers would not leave, and all died with him. The provincial authorities provided condolence payments for his family. When the affair was reported, the court posthumously appointed Nasulading administrator of the Huaixi grand marshal's office.

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