1
武帝下
Emperor Wu, Part Two.
2
建德四年春正月戊辰，以柱國枹罕公辛威為寧州總管，太原公王康為襄州總管。 初置營軍器監。 壬申，詔曰：「今陽和布氣，品物資始，敬授民時，義兼敦勸。 《詩》不云乎：『弗躬弗親，庶民弗信。』 刺史守令，宜親勸農，百司分番，躬自率導。 事非機要，並停至秋。 鰥寡孤獨不能自存者，所在量加賑恤。 逋租懸調，兵役殘功，並宜蠲免。」 癸酉，行幸同州。
First month of spring in the fourth year of Jiande (575), on wuchen day, Pillar-of-State Xin Wei, Duke of Baohan, was made governor-general of Ning Province, and Wang Kang, Duke of Taiyuan, was made governor-general of Xiang Province. The Directorate of Military Equipment was established for the first time. On renshen day an edict declared: "Now warm harmony spreads abroad and all things begin anew. Granting the seasons to the people is also a call to earnest encouragement. Does the Book of Poetry not say: 'Unless the ruler himself attends and oversees, the common people will not trust him.' Provincial inspectors and prefects should personally encourage farming; the hundred offices, taking turns, should lead by example. Non-urgent business should all be suspended until autumn. Widowers, widows, orphans, and the solitary who cannot support themselves should receive added relief wherever needed. Overdue rent, suspended levies, and unfinished military service or corvée should all be remitted." On guiyou day he traveled to Tong Province.
3
二月丙戌朔，日有蝕之。 辛卯，改置宿衛官員。 己酉，柱國、廣德公李意有罪免。
Second month, on the first day, bingxu, there was a solar eclipse. On xinmao day the palace guard offices were reorganized. On jiyou day Pillar-of-State Li Yi, Duke of Guangde, was dismissed for crime.
4
三月丙辰，遣小司寇淮南西元 （衛） 〔偉〕、納言伊婁謙使於齊。 郡縣各省主簿一人。 丙寅，至自同州。 甲戌，以柱國、趙王招為雍州牧。
Third month, on bingchen day, Minor Director of Governance Huainan Xiyuan (Wei) [Wei] and Speaking Minister Yilou Qian were sent as envoys to Northern Qi. Each commandery and county was reduced to one chief clerk. On bingyin day he returned from Tong Province. On jiaxu day Pillar-of-State Prince of Zhao Zhao was made governor of Yong Province.
5
夏四月甲午，柱國、燕國公于寔有罪免。 丁酉，初令上書者並為表，于皇太子以下稱啟。
Summer, fourth month, on jiawu day, Pillar-of-State Yu Shi, Duke of Yan, was dismissed for crime. On dingyou day it was first ordered that all memorials be submitted as formal tables, and that below the crown prince the term "petition" be used.
6
六月，詔東南道四總管內，自去年以來新附之戶，給復三年。
Sixth month, an edict granted three years' tax and corvée exemption to newly submitted households within the four Southeast Circuit governor-generals since the previous year.
7
秋七月丙辰，行幸雲陽宮。 己未，禁五行大布錢不得出入關，布泉錢聽入而不聽出。 丁卯，至自雲陽宮。 甲戌，陳遣使來聘。 丙子，召大將軍以上于大德殿，帝曰：「太祖神武膺運，創造王基，兵威所臨，有征無戰。 唯彼偽齊，猶懷跋扈。 雖復戎車屢駕，而大勳未集。 朕以寡昧，纂承鴻緒，往以政出權宰，無所措懷。 自親覽萬機，便圖東討。 惡衣菲食，繕甲治兵，數年已來，戰備稍足。 而偽主昏虐，恣行無道，伐暴除亂，斯實其時。 今欲數道出兵，水陸兼進，北拒太行之路，東扼黎陽之險。 若攻拔河陰，兗、豫則馳檄可定。 然後養銳享士，以待其至。 但得一戰，則破之必矣。 王公以為何如？」 羣臣咸稱善。 丁丑，詔曰：
Autumn, seventh month, on bingchen day, he traveled to the Yunyang Palace. On jiwei day the Five-Element Great Cloth coin was barred from crossing the passes; Cloth-Quan coin could enter but not leave. On dingmao day he returned from the Yunyang Palace. On jiaxu day Chen sent envoys on a friendly visit. On bingzi day he summoned all generals and above to the Hall of Great Virtue. Emperor Wu said: "Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai, divinely martial, received Heaven's mandate and laid the royal foundation; wherever his armies went, he campaigned without needing battle. Only the false Northern Qi still nursed defiance. Though war-chariots were sent out again and again, the great victory was not yet won. I, being dull and ignorant, succeeded to the great mandate; formerly, with government in the hands of the power-holding minister, I had no room to act. Since I have personally taken charge of affairs, I have planned an eastern punitive campaign. Wearing plain clothes and eating sparingly, repairing armor and drilling troops—for several years now our war preparations have gradually become adequate. Yet their false ruler is benighted and cruel and acts without restraint; to punish the violent and end the chaos—now is truly the time. Now I intend to send troops on several routes by land and water together, blocking the Taihang road to the north and holding the strategic point of Liyang to the east. If we take Heyin, Yan and Yu can be secured by dispatching proclamations alone. Then, resting the troops and keeping them keen, we await the enemy's advance. One battle will surely break them. What do you lords think?" All the ministers approved. On dingchou day an edict declared:
8
高氏因時放命，據有汾、漳，擅假名器，歷年永久。 朕以亭毒為心，遵養時晦，遂敦聘好，務息黎元。 而彼懷惡不悛，尋事侵軼，背言負信，竊邑藏奸。 往者軍下宜陽，釁由彼始； 兵興汾曲，事非我先。 此獲俘囚，禮送相繼； 彼所拘執，曾無一反。 加以淫刑妄逞，毒賦繁興，齊、魯軫殄悴之哀，幽、并啟來蘇之望。 旣禍盈惡稔，衆叛親離，不有一戎，何以大定。
The Gao clan seized the moment and cast off all restraint, holding the Fen and Zhang regions and usurping titles and regalia for many years. I have taken nurturing the realm as my heart, bided my time in obscurity, and cultivated friendly embassies, striving to give the people peace. Yet they harbored malice without reform, soon launched raids and encroachments, broke their word and betrayed trust, and seized territory while hiding traitors. When our army descended on Yiyang in the past, the provocation came from them; when arms were raised at Fen Bend, the initiative was not mine. We captured prisoners and respectfully returned them one after another; those they held captive, not one was ever returned. To this were added wanton punishments and crushing levies; Qi and Lu echoed the grief of ruin and exhaustion, and You and Bing awakened hopes of deliverance. Since their evil is ripe and their doom full, the people rebel and kin turn away—without one campaign, how can the realm be settled?
9
今白藏在辰，涼風戒節，厲兵詰暴，時事惟宜。 朕當親禦六師，龔行天罰。 庶憑祖宗之靈，潛資將士之力，風馳九有，電掃八紘。 可分命衆軍，指期進發。
Now white dew marks the season and cool winds warn of its turn. To sharpen arms and punish the violent—no time is more fitting. I shall personally lead the Six Armies and execute Heaven's punishment. May we rely on the ancestral spirits and the strength of our officers and soldiers, sweeping the nine domains like the wind and scouring the eight directions like lightning. Let the various armies be assigned and ordered to advance on the appointed day.
10
以柱國陳王純為前一軍總管，滎陽公司馬消難為前二軍總管，鄭國公達奚震為前三軍總管，越王盛為後一軍總管，周昌公侯莫陳瓊為後二軍總管，趙王招為後三軍總管，齊王憲率衆二萬趣黎陽，隨國公楊堅、廣甯侯薛回舟師三萬自渭入河，柱國梁國公侯莫陳芮率衆一萬守太行道，申國公李穆帥衆三萬守河陽道，常山公于翼帥衆二萬出陳、汝。 壬午，上親率六軍，衆六萬，直指河陰。
Pillar-of-State Prince of Chen Chun was made commander of the first forward army; Sima Xiaonan, Duke of Xingyang, of the second forward army; Daxi Zhen, Duke of Zheng, of the third forward army; Prince of Yue Sheng of the first rear army; Houmochen Qiong, Duke of Zhouchang, of the second rear army; Prince of Zhao Zhao of the third rear army; Prince of Qi Xian led twenty thousand men toward Liyang; Yang Jian, Duke of Sui, and Xue Hui, Marquis of Guangning, with thirty thousand naval troops entered the Yellow River from the Wei; Pillar-of-State Houmochen Rui, Duke of Liang, led ten thousand to hold the Taihang route; Li Mu, Duke of Shen, commanded thirty thousand to hold the Heyang route; Yu Yi, Duke of Changshan, commanded twenty thousand to advance from Chen and Ru. On renwu day Emperor Wu personally led the Six Armies, sixty thousand strong, straight toward Heyin.
11
八月癸卯，入于齊境。 禁伐樹踐苗稼，犯者以軍法從事。 丁未，上親率諸軍攻河陰大城，拔之。 進攻子城，未克。 上有疾。
Eighth month, on guimao day, he entered Northern Qi territory. Cutting trees and trampling crops was forbidden; violators were punished under military law. On dingwei day Emperor Wu personally led the armies in attacking the great city of Heyin and took it. They pressed the attack on the inner city but failed to take it. Emperor Wu fell ill.
12
九月辛酉夜，班師，水軍焚舟而退。 齊王憲及于翼、李穆等所在克捷，降拔三十餘城，皆棄而不守。 唯以王藥城要害，令儀同三司韓正守之。 正尋以城降齊。 戊寅，至自東伐。 己卯，以華州刺史、畢王賢為荊州總管。
Ninth month, on xinyou night, the army withdrew; the naval force burned its boats and retreated. Prince of Qi Xian, Yu Yi, Li Mu, and others won victories wherever they went; more than thirty cities were taken or surrendered, but all were abandoned without being garrisoned. Only Wangyao city, a strategic point, was left for Han Zheng, opening-the-feudatory of third rank equal to the Three Divisions, to hold. Before long Zheng surrendered the city to Northern Qi. On wuyin day he returned from the eastern campaign. On jimao day Prince of Bi Xian, inspector of Hua Province, was made governor-general of Jing Province.
13
冬十月戊子，初置上柱國、上大將軍官，改開府儀同三司為開府儀同大將軍，儀同三司為儀同大將軍，又置上開府、上儀同官。 甲午，行幸同州。
Tenth month of winter, on wuzi day, the offices of supreme pillar-of-state and supreme grand general were established; Opening-the-Feudatory Equal-to-the-Three-Divisions was renamed Opening-the-Feudatory Equal Grand General, Third Rank Equal-to-the-Three-Divisions became Third Rank Equal Grand General, and the offices of supreme opening-the-feudatory and supreme equal rank were also created. On jiawu day he traveled to Tong Province.
14
閏月，齊將尉相貴寇大寧，延州總管王慶擊走之。 以柱國齊王憲、蜀國公尉遲迥為上柱國，柱國代王達為益州總管，大司寇滎陽公司馬消難為梁州總管。 詔諸畿郡各舉賢良。
Intercalary month, Northern Qi general Wei Xianggui raided Daning; Yan Province governor-general Wang Qing drove him off. Pillar-of-State Prince of Qi Xian and Yuchi Jiong, Duke of Shu, were made supreme pillars-of-state; Pillar-of-State Prince of Dai Da was made governor-general of Yi Province; Sima Xiaonan, Duke of Xingyang and grand director of governance, was made governor-general of Liang Province. An edict ordered each metropolitan commandery to recommend worthy men.
15
十一月己亥，改置司內官員。
Eleventh month, on jihai day, the offices of the Directorate of the Inner Court were reorganized.
16
十二月辛亥朔，日有食之。 庚午，至自同州。 丙子，陳遣使來聘。
Twelfth month, on the first day, xinhai, there was a solar eclipse. On gengwu day he returned from Tong Province. On bingzi day Chen sent envoys on a friendly visit.
17
是歲，岐、寧二州民饑，開倉賑給。
That year the people of Qi and Ning provinces suffered famine; granaries were opened for relief.
18
五年春正月癸未，行幸同州。 辛卯，行幸河東涑川，集關中、河東諸軍校獵。 甲午，還同州。 丁酉，詔曰：「朕克己思治，而風化未弘。 永言前古，載懷夕惕。 可分遣大使，周省四方，察訟聽謠，問民恤隱。 其獄犴無章，侵漁黎庶，隨事究驗，條錄以聞。 若政績有施，治綱克舉； 及行宣圭蓽，道著丘園：並須撿審，依名騰奏。 其鰥寡孤獨，寔可哀矜，亦宜賑給，務使周贍。」 廢布泉錢。 戊申，初令鑄錢者絞，其從者遠配為民。
First month of spring in the fifth year, on guiwei day, he traveled to Tong Province. On xinmao day he traveled to Hedong and the Su River and gathered the officers of Guanzhong and Hedong for a hunt. On jiawu day he returned to Tong Province. On dingyou day an edict declared: "I restrain myself and strive for good governance, yet customs and teaching are not yet widespread. Reflecting always on antiquity, I keep vigilance in my heart. Let grand envoys be dispatched in all directions to tour the realm, examine lawsuits, listen to popular songs, and inquire into the people's hidden distress. Where prisons are lawless and officials plunder the people, let each case be investigated on the spot and reported. Where achievements in governance have been shown and the governing framework well maintained; and where one has practiced the way in humble thatch and made virtue known from seclusion: all should be examined and reported by name. Widowers, widows, orphans, and the solitary who truly deserve pity should also receive relief so that they are fully provided for." Cloth-Quan coin was abolished. On wushen day it was first ordered that coin counterfeiters be strangled and their accomplices banished far away as commoners.
19
二月辛酉，遣皇太子贇巡撫西土，仍討吐谷渾，戎事節度，並宜隨機專決。
Second month, on xinyou day, Crown Prince Yun was sent to tour and pacify the western lands and also to campaign against Tuyuhun; he was authorized to decide military dispositions on the spot as circumstances required.
20
三月庚子，月犯東井第一星。 壬寅，至自同州。 文宣皇后服再期，戊申，祥。
Third month, on gengzi day, the moon encroached upon the first star of the Well. On renyin day he returned from Tong Province. When the second mourning period for Empress Wenxuan ended, on wushen day the end-of-mourning rites were performed.
21
夏四月乙卯，行幸同州。 開府、清河公宇文神舉攻拔齊陸渾等五城。
Summer, fourth month, on yimao day, he traveled to Tong Province. Yuwen Shenju, Duke of Qinghe and opening-the-feudatory, captured five Northern Qi cities including Luhun.
22
五月壬辰，至自同州。
Fifth month, on renchen day, he returned from Tong Province.
23
六月戊申朔，日有食之。 辛亥，祠太廟。 丙辰，利州總管、紀王康有罪，賜死。 丁巳，行幸雲陽宮。 月掩心後星。 庚午，熒惑入輿鬼。
Sixth month, on the first day, wushen, there was a solar eclipse. On xinhai day he sacrificed at the Imperial Ancestors' Temple. On bingchen day Prince of Ji Kang, governor-general of Li Province, was guilty of crime and was put to death by imperial order. On dingsi day he traveled to the Yunyang Palace. The moon masked the star behind the Heart. On gengwu day Mars entered Ghost Carriage.
24
秋七月乙未，京師旱。
Autumn, seventh month, on yiwei day, the capital suffered drought.
25
八月戊申，皇太子伐吐谷渾，至伏俟城而還。 乙卯，至自雲陽宮。 乙丑，陳遣使來聘。
Eighth month, on wushen day, the crown prince campaigned against Tuyuhun, reached Fuyu city, and returned. On yimao day he returned from the Yunyang Palace. On yichou day Chen sent envoys on a friendly visit.
26
九月丁丑，大醮於正武殿，以祈東伐。
Ninth month, on dingchou day, a great Daoist rite was held at the Hall of Correct Martialness to pray for success in the eastern campaign.
27
冬十月，帝謂羣臣曰：「朕去歲屬有疹疾，遂不得克平逋寇。 前入賊境，備見敵情，觀彼行師，殆同兒戲。 又聞其朝政昏亂，政由羣小，百姓嗷然，朝不謀夕。 天與不取，恐貽後悔。 若復同往年，出軍河外，直為撫背，未扼其喉。 然晉州本高歡所起之地，鎮攝要重，今往攻之，彼必來援，吾嚴軍以待，擊之必克。 然後乘破竹之勢，鼓行而東，足以窮其窟穴，混同文軌。」 諸將多不願行。 帝曰：「幾者事之微，不可失矣。 若有沮吾軍者，朕當以軍法裁之。」
Tenth month of winter, Emperor Wu said to the assembled ministers: "Last year I happened to fall ill and so could not completely subdue the lingering enemy. On my previous entry into enemy territory I saw their situation at first hand; watching them take the field, it was nearly child's play. I also hear that their court is benighted and chaotic, policy rests with petty men, the people cry out in distress, and they do not plan beyond the morning for the evening. If Heaven's gift is not taken, I fear we shall regret it afterward. If we again do as in former years and send the army beyond the river, we would merely pat their back and not seize their throat. Yet Jin Province is the very land from which Gao Huan rose and holds a vital position. If we attack it now, they will surely come to its aid; we shall hold our army ready and await them, and in striking them we are certain to prevail. Then, riding the momentum of splitting bamboo, we can advance east with drums beating, enough to overrun their lair and unite the realm under one rule. Most of the generals were unwilling to go. Emperor Wu said: "The subtle point of affairs must not be lost. Whoever discourages my army, I shall punish by military law."
28
己酉，帝總戎東伐。 以越王盛為右一軍總管，杞國公亮為右二軍總管，隨國公楊堅為右三軍總管，譙王儉為左一軍總管，大將軍竇 （泰） 〔恭〕為左二軍總管，廣化公丘崇為左三軍總管，齊王憲、陳王純為前軍。 庚戌，熒惑犯太微上將。 戊午，歲星犯太陵。 癸亥，帝至晉州，遣齊王憲率精騎二萬守雀鼠谷，陳王純步騎二萬守千里徑，鄭國公達奚震步騎一萬守統軍川，大將軍韓明步騎五千守齊子嶺， （焉） 〔烏〕氏公尹昇步騎五千守 （鐘） 鼓〔鐘〕鎮，涼城公辛韶步騎五千守蒲津關，柱國、趙王招步騎一萬自華谷攻齊汾州諸城，柱國宇文盛步騎一萬守汾水關。 遣內史王誼監六軍，攻晉州城。 帝屯于汾曲。 齊王憲攻洪洞、永安二城，並拔之。 是夜，虹見於晉州城上，首向南，尾入紫微宮，長十餘丈。 帝每日自汾曲赴城下，親督戰，城中惶窘。 庚午，齊行臺左丞侯子欽出降。 壬申，齊晉州刺史崔景嵩守城北面，夜密遣使送款，上開府王軌率衆應之。 未明，登城鼓噪，齊衆潰，遂克晉州，擒其城主特進、開府、海昌王尉相貴，俘甲士八千人，送關中。 甲戌，以上開府梁士彥為晉州刺史，加授大將軍，留精兵一萬以鎮之。 又遣諸軍徇齊諸城鎮，並相次降款。
On jiyou day Emperor Wu took overall command of the eastern campaign. Prince of Yue Sheng was made commander of the first right army; Liang, Duke of Qi, of the second right army; Yang Jian, Duke of Sui, of the third right army; Prince of Qiao Jian of the first left army; Grand General Dou (Tai) [Gong] was made commander of the second left army; Qiu Chong, Duke of Guanghua, of the third left army; Prince of Qi Xian and Prince of Chen Chun led the forward army. On gengxu day Mars encroached upon the supreme general of the Supreme Palace. On wuwu day Jupiter encroached upon the Great Mound. On guihai day Emperor Wu reached Jin Province and dispatched Prince of Qi Xian with twenty thousand elite cavalry to hold Sparrow-Rat Pass, Prince of Chen Chun with twenty thousand infantry and cavalry to hold Thousand-Li Path, Daxi Zhen, Duke of Zheng, with ten thousand infantry and cavalry to hold Commanding-Generals River, Grand General Han Ming with five thousand infantry and cavalry to hold Qizi Ridge, (Yan) [Wu] Clan Duke Yin Sheng with five thousand infantry and cavalry held (Zhong) Drum [Zhong] Fort; Xin Shao, Duke of Liangcheng, with five thousand infantry and cavalry held Pujin Pass; Pillar-of-State Prince of Zhao Zhao with ten thousand infantry and cavalry attacked Northern Qi's Fen Province cities from Huagu; Pillar-of-State Yuwen Sheng with ten thousand infantry and cavalry held Fen River Pass. Director of the Palace Secretariat Wang Yi was sent to supervise the Six Armies in attacking Jin Province city. Emperor Wu encamped at Fen Bend. Prince of Qi Xian attacked Hongdong and Yongan and captured both. That night a rainbow appeared above Jin Province city, its head pointing south and its tail entering the Purple Palace, more than ten zhang long. Each day Emperor Wu came from Fen Bend to below the walls and personally directed the fighting; inside the city panic mounted. On gengwu day Hou Ziqin, left aide of Northern Qi's mobile headquarters, came out and surrendered. On renshen day Cui Jingsong, Northern Qi inspector of Jin Province, held the city's north face; by night he secretly sent envoys to offer submission, and Wang Gui, opening-the-feudatory, led troops to respond. Before dawn they mounted the walls and raised a clamor; the Northern Qi forces collapsed and Jin Province was taken. Its commander Wei Xianggui, special grandee, opening-the-feudatory, and Prince of Haichang, was captured; eight thousand armored soldiers were taken prisoner and sent to Guanzhong. On jiaxu day Liang Shiyan, opening-the-feudatory, was made inspector of Jin Province and additionally appointed grand general; ten thousand elite troops were left to garrison it. Other armies were also sent to overrun Northern Qi cities and fortresses; all in succession offered submission.
29
十一月己卯，齊主自幷州率衆來援。 帝以其兵新集，且避之，乃詔諸軍班師，遣齊王憲為後拒。 是日，齊主至晉州，憲不與戰，引軍度汾。 齊主遂圍晉州，晝夜攻之。 齊王憲屯諸軍于涑水，為晉州聲援。 河東地震。 癸巳，至自東伐。 獻俘於太廟。 甲午，詔曰：「偽齊違信背約，惡稔禍盈，是以親總六師，問罪汾、晉。 兵威所及，莫不摧殄，賊衆危惶，烏棲自固。 暨元戎反旆，方來聚結，遊魂境首，尚敢趑趄。 朕今更率諸軍，應機除剪。」 丙申，放齊諸城鎮降人還。 丁酉，帝發京師。 壬寅，度河，與諸軍合。
Eleventh month, on jimao day, the Northern Qi ruler personally led troops from Bing Province to relieve the city. Emperor Wu, considering that the enemy army was newly gathered, wished to avoid battle and ordered the armies to withdraw; Prince of Qi Xian was dispatched as rear guard. That day the Northern Qi ruler reached Jin Province; Xian did not give battle and led his army across the Fen. The Northern Qi ruler then besieged Jin Province, attacking day and night. Prince of Qi Xian encamped the armies at the Su River to support Jin Province. Hedong suffered an earthquake. On guisi day he returned from the eastern campaign. Captives were presented at the Imperial Ancestors' Temple. On jiawu day an edict declared: "The false Northern Qi violated faith and broke treaty; their evil is ripe and their doom full. Therefore I personally led the Six Armies to demand account at Fen and Jin. Wherever our armies reached, none escaped destruction; the enemy masses were fearful and alarmed, clinging to their nests like roosting crows. When the main army turned its banners and withdrew, they had just begun to gather again; these wandering souls at the border still dared to hesitate and falter. I now lead the armies again to cut them down as circumstances require." On bingshen day Northern Qi captives from the surrendered cities and fortresses were released and sent home. On dingyou day Emperor Wu departed the capital. On renyin day he crossed the river and joined the armies.
30
十二月戊申，次於晉州。 初，齊攻晉州，恐王師卒至，于城南穿塹，自喬山屬於汾水。 庚戌，帝帥諸軍八萬人，置陣東西二十餘里。 帝乘常御馬，從數人巡陣處分，所至輒呼主帥姓名以慰勉之。 將士感見知之恩，各思自厲。 將戰，有司請換馬。 帝曰：「朕獨乘良馬何所之？」 齊主亦於塹北列陣。 申後，齊人填塹南引。 帝大喜，勒諸軍擊之，齊人便退。 齊主與其麾下數十騎走還幷州。 齊衆大潰，軍資甲仗，數百里間，委棄山積。
Twelfth month, on wushen day, he halted at Jin Province. Earlier, when Northern Qi attacked Jin Province, fearing a sudden arrival of the imperial army, they dug a moat south of the city from Qiao Mountain to the Fen River. On gengxu day Emperor Wu led eighty thousand men and drew up battle lines more than twenty li from east to west. Emperor Wu rode his usual horse with only a few men, touring the lines and giving orders; wherever he went he called out commanders by name to comfort and encourage them. Officers and soldiers, moved by being personally recognized, each resolved to exert himself. As battle was about to begin, the relevant offices requested that he change horses. Emperor Wu said: "If I alone ride a fine horse, where would I go?" The Northern Qi ruler also drew up battle lines north of the moat. After the shen hour the Northern Qi forces filled the moat and advanced south. Emperor Wu was greatly pleased and ordered the armies to strike; the Northern Qi forces at once withdrew. The Northern Qi ruler fled back to Bing Province with several dozen horsemen of his retinue. The Northern Qi masses collapsed in great rout; military stores, armor, and weapons lay abandoned in heaps for hundreds of li.
31
辛亥，帝幸晉州，仍率諸軍追齊主。 諸將固請還師，帝曰：「縱敵患生。 卿等若疑，朕將獨往。」 諸將不敢言。 甲寅，齊主遣其丞相高阿那肱守高壁。 帝麾軍直進，那肱望風退散。 丙辰，師次介休，齊將韓建業舉城降，以為上柱國，封郇國公。 丁巳，大軍次幷州，齊主留其從兄安德王延宗守幷州，自將輕騎走鄴。 是日，詔〔齊王公以下〕曰：
On xinhai day Emperor Wu visited Jin Province and still led the armies in pursuit of the Northern Qi ruler. The generals firmly requested withdrawal; Emperor Wu said: "To let the enemy go breeds disaster. If you are doubtful, I shall go alone." The generals did not dare speak further. On jiayin day the Northern Qi ruler sent his chief minister Gao Anagou to hold Gaobi. Emperor Wu drove his army straight forward; Anagou fled at the first sight of it. On bingchen day the great army halted at Jiexiu; Northern Qi general Han Jianye surrendered the city and was made supreme pillar-of-state and enfeoffed as Duke of Xun. On dingsi day the great army halted at Bing Province; the Northern Qi ruler left his cousin Prince of Ande Yan Zong to hold Bing Province and himself fled to Ye with light cavalry. That day an edict [to Northern Qi's kings, dukes, and below] declared:
32
〔夫樹之以君，司牧黔首，蓋以除其苛慝，恤其患害。 朕君臨萬國，志清四海，思濟一世之人，寘之仁壽之域。 嗟彼齊趙，獨為匪民，乃睠東顧，載深長想。 偽主涼德早聞，醜聲夙著，酒色是耽，盤遊是悅。 閹豎居阿衡之任，胡〕人寄喉唇之重。 棟樑骨鯁，翦為仇讐； 狐、趙緒餘，降成皁隸。 民不見德，唯虐是聞。 朕懷茲漏網，置之度外，正欲各靜封疆，共紓民瘼故也。
[To install rulers to govern the people is to remove their harsh oppression and relieve their distress. I rule the myriad states, my aim to pacify the four seas, thinking to succor the people of this age and place them in the domain of benevolence and long life. Alas for Qi and Zhao—they alone are lawless people; therefore I turn my gaze eastward with deep and long concern. Their false ruler's cold virtue has long been known; his ugly reputation was noted early. He indulges in wine and women and delights in roaming and play. Eunuchs hold the office of prime counselor; non-Han people hold positions of vital trust. Pillars and beams, the hard bones of state, are cut down into enemies; the remnant threads of the Hu and Zhao clans are reduced to menial slaves. The people see no virtue—only cruelty is heard of. I harbored these escaped from the net and set them outside my reckoning, wishing only that each should keep his own borders quiet and together relieve the people's afflictions.
33
爾之主相，曾不是思，欲構厲階，反貽其梗。 我之率土，咸求倳刃，帷幄獻兼弱之謀，爪牙奮干戈之勇，贏糧坐甲，若赴私讐。 是以一鼓而定晉州，再舉而摧逋醜。 偽丞相高阿那肱驅逼餘燼，竊據高壁； 偽定南王韓建業作守介休，規相抗擬。 聊示兵威，應時崩潰，那肱則單馬宵遁，建業則面縛軍和，爾之逃卒，所知見也。
Yet your ruler and chief minister never thought on this; they wished to build a ladder of trouble and instead brought calamity upon themselves. Throughout my realm all seek to bare their blades; within the tent counsels of attacking the weak are offered, and among my warriors the brave flourish with weapons—gathering provisions and sitting in armor as if rushing to private vengeance. Therefore one drumbeat settled Jin Province; a second blow shattered the lingering foe. The false chief minister Gao Anagou drove the remaining embers and secretly held Gaobi; the false Prince of Dingnan Han Jianye held Jiexiu and plotted mutual resistance. We showed military might only briefly and they collapsed at once: Anagou fled alone by night on a single horse, and Jianye bound himself and surrendered at the army's approach—as your fugitive soldiers have themselves seen.
34
若其懷遠以德，則爾難以德綏； 處鄰以義，則爾難以義服。 且天與不取，道家所忌，攻昧侮亡，兵之上術。 朕今親馭羣雄，長驅宇內，六軍舒旆，萬隊啟行。 勢與雷電爭威，氣逐風雲齊舉。 王師所次，已達近郊，望歲之民，室家相慶，來蘇之後，思副厥誠。 偽主若妙盡人謀，深達天命，牽羊道左，銜璧轅門，當惠以焚櫬之恩，待以列侯之禮。 偽將相王公已下，衣冠士民之族，如有深識事宜，建功立效，官榮爵賞，各有加隆。 若下愚不移，守迷莫改，則委之執憲，以正刑書。 嗟爾庶士，胡寧自棄。 或我之將卒，逃彼逆朝，無問貴賤，皆從蕩滌。 善求多福，無貽後悔。 璽書所至，咸使聞知。
If one treats distant peoples with virtue, you would be hard to pacify by virtue; if one treats neighbors with righteousness, you would be hard to subdue by righteousness. Moreover, not taking Heaven's gift is what the Daoists warn against; attacking the benighted and despising the perishing is the highest art of war. I now personally lead the assembled heroes, driving far within the realm; the Six Armies unfurl their banners and ten thousand columns set out. Our momentum vies with thunder and lightning in might; our spirit rises with wind and cloud together. Where the royal army halts has already reached the near suburbs; the people who await deliverance celebrate in their homes, and after returning to life they wish to match this sincerity. If their false ruler exhausts human counsel and deeply comprehends Heaven's mandate, leading a sheep by the road's left and holding a jade disc at the chariot yoke, he shall be treated with the grace of burning the bales and received with the courtesy due a marquis. False generals, ministers, kings, and dukes and below, and the families of gentry and common people—if any deeply understand affairs and establish achievement and merit, office, glory, rank, and reward shall each be increased and elevated. If the lower stupid do not change and cling to error without reform, then they shall be handed to the law officers to be judged by the penal code. Alas, you common people—how can you abandon yourselves? Or if my officers and soldiers have fled to that rebellious court, regardless of noble or base, all shall be swept away. Seek good fortune diligently and do not leave regret behind. Wherever the imperial edicts reached, all were notified.
35
自是齊之將帥，降者相繼。 封其特進、開府賀拔伏恩為郜國公，其餘官爵各有差。
From then on Northern Qi generals surrendered one after another. Helba Fu'en, specially advanced and opening-the-feudatory, was enfeoffed as Duke of Gao; the others received offices and ranks as appropriate.
36
戊午，高延宗僭卽偽位，改年德昌。 己未，軍次幷州。 庚申，延宗擁兵四萬出城抗拒，帝率諸軍合戰，齊人退，帝乘勝逐北，率千餘騎入東門，詔諸軍繞城置陣。 至夜，延宗率其衆排陣而前，城中軍卻，人相蹂踐，大為延宗所敗，死傷略盡。 齊人欲閉門，以閽下積尸，扉不得闔。 帝從數騎，崎嶇危險，僅得出門。 至明，率諸軍更戰，大破之，擒延宗，幷州平。 壬戌，詔曰：
On wuwu day Gao Yanzong usurped the throne and changed the era name to Dechang. On jiwei day the army encamped at Bing Province. On gengshen day Yanzong led forty thousand men out to resist. Emperor Wu led the combined armies into battle; the Qi forces fell back, and he pressed the pursuit with more than a thousand horsemen through the eastern gate, then ordered the armies to encircle the city. That night Yanzong advanced in battle order. The troops inside the city gave way in confusion and trampled one another; Yanzong routed them utterly, and casualties were nearly total. The Qi tried to shut the gates, but corpses heaped beneath them and the doors would not close. Emperor Wu escaped with only a few riders over broken ground and barely got out the gate. At dawn he led the armies back into battle, routed them completely, captured Yanzong, and pacified Bing Province. On renxu day an edict declared:
37
昔天厭水運，龍戰於野，兩京圮隔，四紀于茲。 朕垂拱巖廊，君臨宇縣，相邠民於海內，混楚弓於天下，一物失所，有若推溝。 方欲德綏未服，義征不譓。 偽主高緯，放命燕齊，怠慢典刑，俶擾天紀，加以背惠怒鄰，棄信忘義。 朕應天從物，伐罪弔民，一鼓而蕩平陽，再舉而摧勍敵。 偽署王公，相繼道左。 高緯智窮數屈，逃竄草間。 偽安德王高延宗擾攘之間，遂竊名號，與偽齊昌王莫多婁敬顯等，收合餘燼，背城抗敵。 王威旣振，魚潰鳥離，破竹更難，建瓴非易，延宗衆散，解甲軍門。 根本旣傾，枝葉自霣，幽青海岱，折簡而來，冀北河南，傳檄可定。 八紘共貫，六合同風，方當偃伯靈台，休牛桃塞，無疆之慶，非獨在余。
Long ago heaven wearied of the water dynasty; dragons battled in the fields; the two capitals stood divided, and four reigns have passed since. I have ruled from the court, governing the realm, uniting the people within the seas and bringing all under heaven into one fold—when one person suffers loss, it is as if I had cast him into a ditch. I mean to win over the unsubmissive by virtue and punish the recalcitrant by righteous force. The usurper Gao Wei ran wild in Yan and Qi, neglected law and punishment, and disturbed the order of heaven; he repaid kindness with enmity, broke faith, and forgot righteousness. Answering heaven and following the people, I marched to punish crime and succor the people: one blow cleared Pingyang; a second shattered the enemy. The usurpers' kings and dukes surrendered one after another along the road. Gao Wei, his wits spent and his luck gone, fled and hid in the wild. Gao Yanzong, the usurping Prince of Ande, seized a title amid the chaos; with Mo Duolou Jingxian, the usurping Prince of Qichang, and others he rallied the remnants and resisted from behind the walls. Once royal authority was raised, the enemy broke like fish in a net and birds from a tree; victory came as easily as splitting bamboo or tipping a jar from a high eave—Yanzong's forces scattered and he surrendered at the camp gate. When the root was gone, the branches fell of themselves; from You and Qing to the eastern sea, men submitted at a summons; north of Ji and south of the Yellow River, a proclamation could settle all. The realm is united and all share one custom; now we should rest the armies and lay aside the weapons—the boundless rejoicing belongs not to me alone.
38
漢皇約法，除其苛政，姬王輕典，刑彼新邦。 思覃惠澤，被之率土，新舊臣民，皆從蕩滌。 可大赦天下。 高緯及王公以下，若釋然歸順，咸許自新。 諸亡入偽朝，亦從寬宥。 官榮次序，依例無失。 其齊偽制令，卽宜削除。 鄒魯縉紳，幽幷騎士，一介可稱，並宜銓錄。 百年去殺，雖或難希，期月有成，庶幾可勉。
The Han emperor made covenant law and abolished harsh rule; the Zhou king applied mild statutes to the newly won lands. I mean to extend grace across the land; new and old subjects alike shall be cleansed of past guilt. Let a general amnesty be proclaimed throughout the realm. Gao Wei and all kings and officials below him, if they submit peacefully, shall be allowed to start anew. Those who had fled into the usurpers' court shall also receive lenient pardon. Official rank and precedence shall be preserved according to precedent. The usurpers' laws and orders shall be abolished at once. Scholars of Zou and Lu, horsemen of You and Bing—any man of merit shall be examined and enrolled. A century without executions may be hard to attain, but results within a month are something we can strive for.
39
丙寅，出齊宮中金銀寶器珠翠麗服及宮女二千人，班賜將士。 以柱國趙王招、陳王純、越王盛、杞國公亮、梁國公侯莫陳芮、庸國公王謙、北平公寇紹、鄭國公達奚震並為上柱國。 封齊王憲子安城郡公質為河間王，大將軍廣化公丘崇為潞國公，神水公姬願為原國公，廣業公尉遲運為盧國公。 諸有功者，封授各有差。 癸酉，帝率六軍趣鄴。 以上柱國、陳王純為幷州總管。
On bingyin day gold, silver, jewels, pearls, fine robes from the Qi palace, and two thousand palace women were distributed among the troops. Pillars-of-state Yuwen Zhao, Prince of Zhao; Yuwen Chun, Prince of Chen; Yuwen Sheng, Prince of Yue; Liang, Duke of Qi; Houmochen Rui, Duke of Liang; Wang Qian, Duke of Yong; Kou Shao, Duke of Pingbei; and Daxi Zhen, Duke of Zheng were all made superior pillars-of-state. Zhi, Duke of Ancheng and son of Yuwen Xian, Prince of Qi, was enfeoffed as Prince of Hejian; Grand General Qiu Chong, Duke of Guanghua, as Duke of Lu; Ji Yuan, Duke of Shenshui, as Duke of Yuan; and Yuchi Yun, Duke of Guangye, as Duke of Lu. Those with merit received enfeoffments and appointments according to their deeds. On guiyou day Emperor Wu led the Six Armies toward Ye. Superior Pillar-of-State Yuwen Chun, Prince of Chen, was made inspector-general of Bing Province.
40
六年春正月乙亥，齊主傳位於其太子恆，改年承光，自號為太上皇。 壬辰，帝至鄴。 齊主先於城外掘塹豎柵。 癸巳，帝率諸軍圍之，齊人拒守，諸軍奮擊，大破之，遂平鄴。 齊主先送其母幷妻子於青州，及城陷，乃率數十騎走青州。 遣大將軍尉遲勤率二千騎追之。 是戰也，於陣獲其齊昌王莫多婁敬顯。 帝責之曰：「汝有死罪者三：前從幷走鄴，攜妾棄母，是不孝； 外為偽主戮力，內實通啟於朕，是不忠； 送款之後，猶持兩端，是不信。 如此用懷，不死何待。」 遂斬之。 是日，西方有聲如雷者一。
Sixth year, first month of spring, on yihai day, the Qi ruler abdicated to his crown prince Heng, changed the era name to Chengguang, and styled himself Retired Emperor. On renchen day Emperor Wu reached Ye. The Qi ruler had already dug trenches and raised palisades outside the city. On guisi day Emperor Wu besieged the city. The Qi defended stubbornly, but the armies attacked fiercely, routed them, and took Ye. The Qi ruler had already sent his mother, wife, and children to Qing Province; when the city fell he fled there with several dozen horsemen. Grand General Yuchi Qin was sent in pursuit with two thousand cavalry. In this battle Mo Duolou Jingxian, Prince of Qichang, was captured on the field. Emperor Wu rebuked him: "You deserve death three times over: first, when you fled from Bing to Ye you took concubines and abandoned your mother—that is unfilial; outwardly you fought for the usurper, yet inwardly you secretly communicated with me—that is disloyal; after submitting you still played both sides—that is faithless. With such a heart, if you are not put to death, what are you waiting for?" He was then beheaded. That day a thunderclap was heard in the west.
41
甲午，帝入鄴城。 齊任城王湝先在冀州，齊主至河，遣其侍中斛律孝卿送傳國璽禪位於湝。 孝卿未達，被執送鄴。 詔去年大赦班宣未及之處，皆從赦例。 封齊開府、洛州刺史獨孤永業為應國公。 丙申，以上柱國、越王盛為相州總管。 己亥，詔曰：「自晉州大陣至于平鄴，身殞戰場者，其子卽授父本官。」 尉遲勤擒齊主及其太子恆於青州。
On jiawu day Emperor Wu entered Ye. Gao Hui, Prince of Rencheng, was then in Ji Province; when the Qi ruler reached the Yellow River he sent Attendant-in-Ordinary Hulu Xiaqing to deliver the imperial seal and abdicate to Hui. Xiaqing did not arrive in time and was captured and sent to Ye. An edict ordered that places where last year's general amnesty had not yet been proclaimed should follow the amnesty precedent. Dugu Yongye, Northern Qi opening-the-feudatory and governor of Luo, was enfeoffed as Duke of Ying. On bingshen day Superior Pillar-of-State Yuwen Sheng, Prince of Yue, was made inspector-general of Xiang Province. On jihai day an edict declared: "From the great battle at Jin Province to the pacification of Ye, the sons of those who fell on the battlefield shall at once receive their fathers' former offices." Yuchi Qin captured the Qi ruler and Crown Prince Heng at Qing Province.
42
庚子，詔曰：「偽齊之末，姦佞擅權，濫罰淫刑，動掛羅網，偽右丞相、咸陽王故斛律明月，偽侍中、特進、開府故崔季舒等七人，或功高獲罪，或直言見誅。 朕兵以義動，翦除兇暴，表閭封墓，事切下車。 宜追贈諡，幷窆措。 其見存子孫，各隨蔭敘錄。 家口田宅沒官者，並還之。」
On gengzi day an edict declared: "In the last days of the usurpers' Qi, wicked flatterers held power, punishments were arbitrary, and traps were set at every turn. The late Prince of Xianyang and false right chancellor Hulu Mingyue; the late Attendant-in-Ordinary, specially advanced, and opening-the-feudatory Cui Jishu; and five others—some were punished despite great merit, some were executed for speaking plainly. My armies marched in the name of righteousness, cut down the violent, and now mark their lanes and seal their tombs—the matter presses as on the day I first entered their land. Posthumous titles should be conferred and proper burials arranged. Their surviving sons and grandsons shall receive inherited appointments according to privilege. Households, fields, and dwellings confiscated by the state shall all be restored."
43
辛丑，詔曰：「偽齊叛渙，竊有漳濱，世縱淫風，事窮雕飾。 或穿池運石，為山學海； 或層台累構，概日淩雲。 以暴亂之心，極奢侈之事，有一於此，未或弗亡。 朕菲食薄衣，以弘風教，追念生民之費，尚想力役之勞。 方當易茲弊俗，率歸節儉。 其東山、南園及三臺可並毀撤。 瓦木諸物，凡入用者，盡賜下民。 山園之田，各還本主。」
On xinchou day an edict declared: "The usurpers' Qi rebelled and seized the Zhang River lands; generation after generation they indulged debauchery until their extravagance knew no limit. Some dug pools and piled stones into mountains to imitate the sea; some built terrace upon terrace, blocking out the sun and piercing the clouds. With violent and disorderly hearts they pursued the utmost luxury—where this existed, ruin followed. I eat plainly and dress simply to set an example, mindful of the cost to the people and the burden of forced labor. Now we must change these corrupt customs and lead all back to thrift. The Eastern Hill, Southern Garden, and Three Terraces shall all be demolished. Tiles, timber, and all usable materials shall be given to the common people. Garden and hill lands shall be returned to their original owners."
44
二月丙午，論定諸軍功勳，置酒於齊太極殿，會軍士以上，班賜有差。 丁未，齊主至，帝降自阼階，以賓主之禮相見。 高湝在冀州擁兵未下，遣上柱國、齊王憲與柱國、隨公楊堅率軍討平之。 齊定州刺史、范陽王高紹義叛入突厥。 齊諸行臺州鎮悉降，關東平。 合州五十五，郡一百六十二，縣三百八十五，戶三百三十萬二千五百二十八，口二千萬六千 （六） 百八十六。 乃於河陽、幽、青、南兗、豫、徐、北朔、定並置總管府，相、幷二總管各置宮及六府官。
Second month, on bingwu day, the armies' merit was assessed; a feast was held in the Qi Grand Harmony Hall for officers and soldiers of rank and above, and rewards were distributed according to merit. On dingwei day the Qi ruler arrived; Emperor Wu descended the throne steps and received him with the rites due a guest. Gao Hui still held Ji Province with an army; Superior Pillar-of-State Yuwen Xian, Prince of Qi, and Pillar-of-State Yang Jian, Duke of Sui, were sent to subdue him. Gao Shaoyi, Qi governor of Ding Province and Prince of Fanyang, rebelled and fled to the Turks. All Qi provincial and garrison commands submitted, and the east was pacified. In all there were fifty-five provinces, one hundred sixty-two commanderies, three hundred eighty-five counties, 3,302,528 households, and a population of 20,006, (six) 186. Inspector-general headquarters were established at Heyang, You, Qing, Southern Yan, Yu, Xu, Northern Shuo, and Ding; the Xiang and Bing commands each received a palace and six-office staff.
45
癸丑，詔曰：「無侮煢獨，事顯前書； 哀彼矜人，惠流往訓。 偽齊末政，昏虐寔繁，災甚滔天，毒流比屋。 無罪無辜，系虜三軍之手； 不飲不食，僵僕九逵之門。 朕為民父母，職養黎人，念甚泣辜，誠深罪己。 除其苛政，事屬改張，宜加寬宥，兼行賑恤。 自偽武平三年以來，河南諸州之民，偽齊被掠為奴婢者，不問官私，並宜放免。 其住在淮南者，亦卽聽還，願 （往） 〔住〕淮北者，可隨便安置。 其有癃殘孤老，饑餒絕食，不能自存者，仰刺史守令及親民長司，躬自檢校。 無親屬者，所在給其衣食，務使存濟。」
On guichou day an edict declared: "Do not wrong the orphaned and alone—the ancients made this plain; pity those who deserve pity—mercy flows from past instruction. The usurpers' Qi in its last days was truly benighted and cruel; disaster exceeded the heavens, and poison reached every household. The innocent were bound in the hands of the armies; without food or drink they collapsed at the city gates. I am father and mother to the people and charged with their nurture; thinking of the innocent who weep, my remorse is deep and my self-reproach sincere. Abolishing harsh rule belongs to reform; lenient pardon and relief should go together. From the third year of Wuping onward, among the people of the Henan provinces, all who were seized by the usurpers' Qi and made slaves or maidservants—whether held by officials or private persons—shall be freed. Those living in Huainan may also return at once; those who wish (to go) [to remain] north of the Huai may be settled as they choose. The crippled, aged, orphaned, and starving who cannot support themselves shall be inspected in person by governors, magistrates, and local overseers. Those without kin shall be given food and clothing where they are, and every effort made to keep them alive."
46
乙卯，帝自鄴還京。 丙辰，以柱國、隨公楊堅為定州總管。
On yimao day Emperor Wu returned from Ye to the capital. On bingchen day Pillar-of-State Yang Jian, Duke of Sui, was made inspector-general of Ding Province.
47
三月壬午，詔山東諸州，各舉明經幹治者二人。 若奇才異術，卓爾不羣者，弗拘多少。
Third month, on renwu day, an edict ordered each Shandong province to recommend two men versed in the classics and capable in administration. Men of unusual talent or special skill, however many, were not to be limited in number.
48
夏四月乙巳，至自東伐。 列齊主於前，其王公等並從，車轝旗幟及器物以次陳於其後。 大駕布六軍，備凱樂，獻俘於太廟。 京邑觀者皆稱萬歲。 戊申，封齊主為溫國公。 庚戌，大會羣臣及諸蕃客於露寢。 乙卯，廢蒲、陝、涇、甯四州總管。 己巳，祠太廟。 詔曰：「東夏旣平，王道初被，齊氏弊政，餘風未殄。 朕劬勞萬機，念存康濟。 恐清淨之志，未形四海，下民疾苦，不能上達，寢興軫慮，用切於懷。 宜分遣使人，巡方撫慰，觀風省俗，宣揚治道。 有司明立條科，務在弘益。」
Fourth month of summer, on yisi day, he returned from the eastern campaign. The Qi ruler was displayed in front, followed by his kings and dukes; chariots, banners, and captured goods were arrayed behind in order. The imperial procession deployed the Six Armies with triumphal music and presented the captives at the Imperial Ancestors' Temple. Spectators in the capital all shouted "Long live the emperor!" On wushen day the Qi ruler was enfeoffed as Duke of Wen. On gengxu day a great assembly of ministers and foreign envoys was held at the Hall of Open Rest. On yimao day the inspector-general posts of Pu, Shan, Jing, and Ning provinces were abolished. On jisi day he sacrificed at the Imperial Ancestors' Temple. An edict declared: "The east is pacified and the royal way is newly extended, yet the corrupt customs of Qi have not wholly died out. I toil at a myriad affairs, ever mindful of the people's welfare. I fear my wish for clean and simple rule has not yet reached the four seas, and the people's suffering cannot reach me; waking and sleeping, my concern cuts to the heart. Envoys should be sent out to tour the regions, comfort the people, observe local customs, and proclaim the way of governance. The responsible offices should set clear regulations aimed at broad public benefit."
49
五月丁丑，以柱國、譙王儉為大冢宰。 庚辰，以上柱國杞國公亮為大司徒，鄭國公達奚震為大宗伯，梁國公侯莫陳芮為大司馬，柱國應國公獨孤永業為大司寇，鄖國公韋孝寬為大司空。 辛巳，大醮於正武殿，以報功也。 己丑，祠方丘。 詔曰：「朕欽承丕緒，寢興寅畏，惡衣菲食，貴昭儉約。 上棟下宇，土階茅屋，猶恐居之者逸，作之者勞，詎可廣廈高堂，肆其嗜欲。 往者，冢臣專任，制度有違，正殿別寢，事窮壯麗。 非直雕牆峻宇，深戒前王，而締構弘敞，有踰清廟。 不軌不物，何以示後。 兼東夏初平，民未見德，率先海內，宜自朕始。 其露寢、會義、崇信、含仁、雲和、思齊諸殿等，農隙之時，悉可毀撤。 雕斲之物，並賜貧民。 繕造之宜，務從卑樸。」 癸巳，行幸雲陽宮。 戊戌，詔曰：「京師宮殿，已從撤毀。 並、鄴二所，華侈過度，誠復作之非我，豈容因而弗革。 諸堂殿壯麗，並宜除蕩，甍宇雜物，分賜窮民。 三農之隙，別漸營構，止蔽風雨，務在卑狹。」 庚子，陳遣使來聘。 是月，青城門無故自崩。
Fifth month, on dingchou day, Pillar-of-State Yuwen Jian, Prince of Qiao, was made grand minister of education. On gengchen day Superior Pillar-of-State Liang, Duke of Qi, was made grand minister of the masses; Daxi Zhen, Duke of Zheng, grand director of ceremonies; Houmochen Rui, Duke of Liang, grand marshal; Dugu Yongye, Duke of Ying and pillar-of-state, grand minister of justice; and Wei Xiaokuan, Duke of Yun, grand minister of works. On xinsi day a great jiao rite was held at the Hall of Correct Martiality to report the victory. On jichou day he sacrificed at the Square Mound. An edict declared: "I reverently hold the great inheritance; waking and sleeping I feel awe; I wear plain clothes and eat simple food, honoring thrift. Even earthen steps and thatched roofs make me fear that dwellers grow idle and builders grow weary—how then can one raise broad halls and high chambers to indulge desire? Formerly the chief minister held sole power and the regulations went astray; separate main halls and sleeping quarters were built to the utmost splendor. It is not only carved walls and towering roofs that warn former kings—these structures were vast and grand, exceeding even the Clear Temple. What is out of measure and out of keeping—how can it be shown to posterity? Moreover the east is newly pacified and the people have not yet seen virtue; to lead the realm, I must begin with myself. The Halls of Open Rest, Meeting Righteousness, Honoring Faith, Embracing Benevolence, Cloud Harmony, and Shared Thought, among others, shall all be demolished in the farming season. Carved furnishings shall all be given to the poor. Any rebuilding shall be plain and modest." On guisi day he traveled to Yunyang Palace. On wuxu day an edict declared: "The capital's palaces have already been torn down. At Bing and Ye the palaces were excessively lavish; rebuilding them is not my wish, and I cannot leave them as they are. All magnificent halls and chambers shall be cleared away; timbers, buildings, and furnishings shall be distributed to the poor. In the farming seasons rebuilding may proceed gradually, no more than shelter from wind and rain, and always plain and modest." On gengzi day Chen sent envoys on a friendly visit. That month the Qingyang Gate collapsed without cause.
50
六月丁未，至自雲陽宮。 辛亥，御正武殿錄囚徒。 癸亥，於河州雞鳴防置旭州，甘松防置芳州，廣州防置弘州。 甲子，帝東巡。 丁卯，詔曰：「同姓百世，婚姻不通，蓋惟重別，周道然也。 而娶妻買妾，有納母氏之族，雖曰異宗，猶為混雜。 自今以後，悉不得娶母同姓，以為〔妻〕妾。 其已定未成者，卽令改聘。」
Sixth month, on dingwei day, he returned from Yunyang Palace. On xinhai day he reviewed prisoners at the Hall of Correct Martiality. On guihai day Xu Province was established at the Jiming garrison in He Province; Fang Province at the Gansong garrison; and Hong Province at the Guangzhou garrison. On jiazi day Emperor Wu toured east. On dingmao day an edict declared: "Men of the same surname do not intermarry for a hundred generations—this honors proper separation; such was the Zhou way. Yet in taking wives and buying concubines some admitted women of the maternal clan; though called a different line, it was still improper mixing. Henceforth it is forbidden to take as wife or concubine any woman of the same surname as one's mother. Betrothals already made but not yet completed shall be broken at once."
51
秋七月己卯，封齊王憲第四子廣都公負為莒國公，紹莒莊公洛生後。 癸未，應州獻芝草。 丙戌，行幸洛州。 己丑，詔山東諸州舉有才者，上縣六人，中縣五人，下縣四人，赴行在所，共論治政得失。 戊戌，以上柱國、庸公王謙為益州總管。
Seventh month of autumn, on jimao day, Fu, Duke of Guangdu and fourth son of Yuwen Xian, Prince of Qi, was enfeoffed as Duke of Ju to continue the line of Luosheng, Duke Zhuang of Ju. On guiwei day Ying Province presented lingzhi fungus. On bingxu day he traveled to Luo Province. On jichou day an edict ordered Shandong provinces to recommend talented men—six from upper counties, five from middle, four from lower—to come to the imperial camp and discuss the merits and failings of government. On wuxu day Superior Pillar-of-State Wang Qian, Duke of Yong, was made inspector-general of Yi Province.
52
八月壬寅，議定權衡度量，頒於天下。 其不依新式者，悉追停。 詔曰：「以刑止刑，世輕世重。 罪不及嗣，皆有定科。 雜役之徒，獨異常憲，一從罪配，百世不免。 罰旣無窮，刑何以措。 道有沿革，宜從寬典。 凡諸雜戶，悉放為民。 配雜之科，因之永削。」 甲子，鄭州獻九尾狐，皮肉銷盡，骨體猶具。 帝曰：「瑞應之來，必昭有德。 若使五品時敘，四海和平，家識孝慈，人知禮讓，乃能致此。 今無其時，恐非實錄。」 乃命焚之。
Eighth month, on renyin day, weights and measures were standardized and promulgated throughout the realm. Those not using the new standard were ordered to stop. An edict declared: "Punishment varies in severity from age to age. Guilt does not extend to heirs—there are fixed statutes for this. Miscellaneous corvée households alone stood outside the regular law; once assigned by crime they were never free for generations. When punishment has no end, how can punishments be abolished? The Way changes with the times; lenient statutes should be followed. All miscellaneous households shall be freed and made common people. The law assigning men to miscellaneous status is abolished forever." On jiazi day Zheng Province presented a nine-tailed fox; its flesh and skin had rotted away, but the skeleton remained intact. Emperor Wu said: "When auspicious omens appear, they must proclaim virtue. Only when ranks are properly ordered, the realm is at peace, families know filial piety, and people know courtesy can such things appear. That time is not yet here; I fear this is no true omen." He ordered it burned.
53
九月壬申，以柱國鄧國公竇熾、申國公李穆並為上柱國。 戊寅，初令民庶已上，唯聽衣綢、綿綢、絲布、圓綾、紗、絹、綃、葛、布等九種，餘悉停斷。 朝祭之服，不拘此例。 甲申，絳州獻白雀。 壬辰，詔東土諸州儒生，明一經已上，並舉送，州郡以禮發遣。 癸卯，封上大將軍、上黃公王軌為郯國公。 吐谷渾遣使獻方物。
Ninth month, on renshen day, Pillar-of-State Dou Chi, Duke of Deng, and Pillar-of-State Li Mu, Duke of Shen, were both made superior pillars-of-state. On wuyin day it was first ordered that commoners and above might wear only nine kinds of cloth—silk, cotton silk, silk cloth, round gauze, gauze, thin silk, fine silk, hemp, and common cloth; all others were forbidden. Court and sacrificial dress was exempt from this rule. On jiashen day Jiang Province presented a white sparrow. On renchen day an edict ordered eastern provinces to recommend and send Confucian scholars versed in at least one classic; provinces and commanderies were to dispatch them with proper ceremony. On guimao day Grand General Wang Gui, Duke of Shanghuang, was enfeoffed as Duke of Tan. Tuyuhun sent envoys with tribute.
54
冬十月戊申，行幸鄴宮，戊午，改葬德皇帝於冀州。 帝服緦，哭於太極殿，百官素服哭。 是月，誅溫國公高緯。
Tenth month of winter, on wushen day, he traveled to Ye Palace; on wuwu day the Virtuous Emperor was reburied in Ji Province. Emperor Wu wore one-year mourning and wept in the Grand Harmony Hall; the officials wept in plain dress. That month Gao Wei, Duke of Wen, was executed.
55
十一月庚午，百濟遣使獻方物。 壬申，封皇子充為道王，兌為蔡王。 癸酉，陳將吳明徹侵呂梁，徐州總管梁士彥出軍與戰，不利，退守徐州。 遣上大將軍、郯國公王軌率師討之。 是月，稽胡反，遣齊王憲率軍討平之。
Eleventh month, on gengwu day, Baekje sent envoys with tribute. On renshen day the imperial son Chong was enfeoffed as Prince of Dao and Dui as Prince of Cai. On guiyou day the Chen general Wu Mingche invaded Lüliang; Liang Shiyan, inspector-general of Xu Province, gave battle, was defeated, and withdrew to defend Xu. Grand General Wang Gui, Duke of Tan, was sent to attack him. That month the Ji-hu rebelled; Yuwen Xian, Prince of Qi, was sent to suppress them.
56
詔自永熙三年七月已來，去年十月已前，東土之民，被抄略在化內為奴婢者； 及平江陵之後，良人沒為奴婢者：並宜放免。 所在附籍，一同民伍。 若舊主人猶須共居，聽留為部曲及客女。
An edict ordered that from the seventh month of Yongxi year three through the tenth month of last year, all eastern people seized and enslaved within the realm; and all common people enslaved after the pacification of Jiangling—should be freed. They should be registered where they were and enrolled as commoners. If former masters still wished them to remain, they might stay on as retainers or serving women.
57
詔曰：「正位於中，有聖通典。 質文相革，損益不同。 五帝則四星之象，三王制六宮之數。 劉、曹已降，等列彌繁，選擇遍於生民，命秩方於庶職。 椒房丹地，有衆如雲。 本由嗜欲之情，非關風化之義。 朕運當澆季，思復古始，無容廣集子女，屯聚宮掖。 弘贊後庭，事從約簡。 可置妃二人，世婦三人，御妻三人，自茲以外，悉宜減省。」
An edict declared: "Standing in the correct position at the center is the sage's established canon. Form and ornament change with the times; rules are adjusted accordingly. The Five Emperors took the image of the four stars; the Three Kings fixed the number of the six palaces. From the Liu and Cao dynasties onward ranks multiplied; selection spread among the people and palace appointments rivaled ordinary offices. Within the inner palace the women were countless as clouds. This arose from appetite and desire, not from the purpose of moral transformation. My age is a decadent one; I mean to restore the ways of antiquity; I cannot gather hosts of women into the palace. The rear court shall be kept simple. There may be two consorts, three world-wives, and three chief wives; beyond this all ranks shall be reduced."
58
己亥晦，日有蝕之。
On jihai day, the last day of the month, the sun was eclipsed.
59
初行《刑書要制》。 持杖羣強盜一匹以上，不持杖羣強盜五匹以上，監臨主掌自盜二十匹以上，小盜及詐偽請官物三十匹以上，正長隱五戶及十丁以上、隱地三頃以上者，至死。 《刑書》所不載者，自依律科。
The Essentials of Punishment in Writing was first promulgated. Armed bandits stealing one horse or more; unarmed bandits in groups stealing five horses or more; supervising officials stealing twenty horses or more; petty theft or fraudulently claiming thirty horses or more of official goods; headmen concealing five households and ten adult males or more, or three qing of land or more—all punishable by death. Matters not covered by the Punishment Writing shall follow the regular code.
60
十二月戊午，吐谷渾遣使獻方物。 己未，東壽陽土人反，率衆五千襲幷州城，刺史東平公宇文神舉破平之。 庚申，行幸幷州宮。 移幷州軍人四萬戶於關中。 丙寅，以柱國、滕王逌為河陽總管。 丁卯，以柱國、隨國公楊堅為南兗州總管，上柱國、申國公李穆為幷州總管。 戊辰，廢幷州宮及六府。 是月，北營州刺史高寶甯據州反。
Twelfth month, on wuwu day, Tuyuhun sent envoys with tribute. On jiwei day the people of Dongshouyang rebelled with five thousand men and attacked Bing; Yuwen Shenju, Duke of Dongping and provincial governor, defeated and pacified them. On gengshen day he traveled to the Bing Palace. Forty thousand households of Bing Province troops were relocated to Guanzhong. On bingyin day Pillar-of-State Yuwen You, Prince of Teng, was made inspector-general of Heyang. On dingmao day Pillar-of-State Yang Jian, Duke of Sui, was made inspector-general of Southern Yan; Superior Pillar-of-State Li Mu, Duke of Shen, was made inspector-general of Bing. On wuchen day the Bing Palace and six offices were abolished. That month Gao Baoning, governor of Northern Ying Province, seized the province and rebelled.
61
三月戊辰，於蒲州置宮。 廢同州及長春二宮。 壬申，突厥遣使獻方物。 甲戌，初服常冠。 以皁紗為之，加簪而不施纓導，其制若今之折角巾也。 上大將軍、郯國公王軌破陳師于呂梁，擒其將吳明徹等，俘斬三萬餘人。 丁亥，詔：「柱國故豆盧寧征江南武陵、南平等郡，所有民庶為人奴婢者，悉依江陵放免。」 壬辰，改元。
Third month, on wuchen day, a palace was established at Pu Province. Tong Province and the two Changchun palaces were abolished. On renshen day Turkish envoys presented tribute goods. On jiaxu day he first wore the regular cap. It was made of black gauze, pinned but without tassel or cord, and resembled the folded-corner kerchief of the day. Grand General Wang Gui, Duke of Tan, routed Chen forces at Lüliang, captured Wu Mingche and other commanders, and killed or took more than thirty thousand men. On dinghai day an edict declared: "The late Pillar-of-State Dou Lu Ning, on his Jiangnan campaign against Wuling and Nanping, had taken common people as slaves; all such persons are to be freed according to the Jiangling precedent." On renchen day the era name was changed.
62
夏四月壬子，初令遭父母喪者，聽終制。 庚申，突厥入寇幽州，殺掠吏民。 議將討之。
Summer, fourth month, on renzi day, it was first ordered that those mourning parents might complete the full mourning period. On gengshen day the Turks raided You Province, killing and plundering officials and commoners. Plans were made to campaign against them.
63
五月己丑，帝總戎北伐。 遣柱國原公姬願、東平公宇文神舉等率軍，五道俱入。 發關中公私驢馬，悉從軍。 癸巳，帝不豫，止于雲陽宮。 丙申，詔停諸軍事。
Fifth month, on jichou day, the emperor personally led a northern campaign. Pillar-of-State Ji Yuan, Duke of Yuan, Eastern Peace Duke Yuwen Shenju, and others were sent with armies on five routes at once. Every public and private donkey and horse in Guanzhong was requisitioned for the campaign. On guisi day the emperor fell ill and halted at Yunyang Palace. On bingshen day an edict halted all military operations.
64
六月丁酉，帝疾甚，還京。 其夜，崩於乘輿。 時年三十六。 遺詔曰：
Sixth month, on dingyou day, the emperor grew gravely ill and returned to the capital. That night he died in his carriage. He was thirty-six years old. His final testament said:
65
人肖形天地，稟質五常，修短之期，莫非命也。 朕君臨宇縣，十有九年，未能使百姓安樂，刑措罔用，所以昧旦求衣，分宵忘寢。 昔魏室將季，海內分崩，太祖扶危翼傾，肇開王業。 燕趙榛蕪，久竊名號。 朕上述先志，下順民心，遂與王公將帥，共平東夏。 雖復妖氛蕩定，而民勞未康。 每一念此，如臨冰谷。 將欲包舉六合，混同文軌。 今遘疾大漸，氣力稍微，有志不申，以此歎息。
Human beings take shape from heaven and earth and receive their nature from the five constants; whether life is long or short is all a matter of fate. I have ruled the realm for nineteen years, yet have not made the people secure and content or brought punishments to disuse; therefore I rise before dawn and divide the night without sleep. In former days, as the Wei house neared its end and the realm split apart, the Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai steadied the tottering and opened the royal enterprise. Yan and Zhao lay waste and overgrown; for long they usurped titles and regalia. Above I carried forward the former resolve; below I followed the people's hearts; and with kings, dukes, and generals together I pacified the Eastern Xia. Though the evil tide was swept away, the people's labor was not yet eased. Every time I think of this, it is as though standing on the edge of an icy chasm. I meant to take in all under heaven and unify culture and the imperial roads. Now my illness has grown grave and my strength has waned; my resolve cannot be fulfilled—and so I sigh.
66
天下事重，萬機不易。 王公以下，爰及庶僚，宜輔導太子，副朕遺意。 令上不負太祖，下無失為臣。 朕雖瞑目九泉，無所復恨。
The affairs of the realm are weighty; the myriad duties of state are not easily managed. From kings and dukes down to common officials, you should assist and guide the crown prince according to my testament's intent. See to it that above you do not fail the Grand Progenitor and below you do not fail as ministers. Though my eyes close in the grave, I shall have nothing left to regret.
67
朕平生居處，每存菲薄，非直以訓子孫，亦乃本心所好。 喪事資用，須使儉而合禮，墓而不墳，自古通典。 隨吉卽葬，葬訖公除。 四方士庶，各三日哭。 妃嬪以下無子者，悉放還家。
In life I have always kept my dwelling frugal—not only to instruct my sons and grandsons, but because my heart itself loves it. Funeral expenses must be economical yet conform to ritual; burial without a mound is the ancient common rule. Follow the auspicious day and bury at once; when burial is complete, public mourning ends. Gentry and commoners everywhere shall mourn for three days each. Consorts and concubines without sons shall all be sent home.
68
諡曰武皇帝，廟稱高祖。 己未，葬於孝陵。
His posthumous title was Emperor Wu; his temple name was High Ancestor. On jiwei day he was buried at Xiaoling.
69
帝沉毅有智謀。 初以晉公護專權，常自晦跡，人莫測其深淺。 及誅護之後，始親萬機。 克己勵精，聽覽不怠。 用法嚴整，多所罪殺。 號令懇惻，唯屬意於政。 羣下畏服，莫不肅然。 性旣明察，少於恩惠。 凡布懷立行，皆欲踰越古人。 身衣布袍，寢布被，無金寶之飾，諸宮殿華綺者，皆撤毀之，改為土階數尺，不施櫨栱。 其雕文刻鏤，錦繡纂組，一皆禁斷。 後宮嬪禦，不過十餘人。 勞謙接下，自強不息。 以海內未康，銳情教習。 至於校兵閱武，步行山谷，履涉勤苦，皆人所不堪。 平齊之役，見軍士有跣行者，帝親脫靴以賜之。 每宴會將士，必自執杯勸酒，或手付賜物。 至於征伐之處，躬在行陣。 性又果決，能斷大事。 故能得士卒死力，以弱制強。 破齊之後，遂欲窮兵極武，平突厥，定江南，一二年間，必使天下一統，此其志也。
The emperor was deep, resolute, and possessed of wisdom and design. At first, because Duke of Jin Yuwen Hu monopolized power, he often kept himself concealed and no one could fathom his depth. Only after Hu was executed did he personally attend to the myriad affairs of state. He restrained himself and strove diligently, hearing and reviewing affairs without slackening. He applied the law strictly and many were condemned to death. His orders were earnest and tender, and he set his mind solely on government. His subordinates stood in awe of him; none failed to be reverent. By nature he was perceptive and discerning, and showed little favor and grace. In every broad intent and established conduct, he wished to surpass the men of old. He wore hemp robes and slept under hemp quilts, with no gold or gem adornment; flowery palace halls he had dismantled and replaced with earthen platforms several feet high, without bracket sets. Carved ornament, brocade, embroidery, and fine weaving—all were forbidden. Consorts and concubines in the rear palace numbered no more than a dozen or so. He toiled humbly in receiving subordinates and strove without ceasing. Because the realm was not yet at peace, he sharpened his resolve to teach and train. When drilling soldiers and reviewing martial affairs, walking mountain valleys and enduring hardship—all were what others could not bear. During the campaign to pacify Qi, seeing a soldier walking barefoot, the emperor took off his own boots and gave them to him. Whenever he feasted with commanders and soldiers, he himself held the cup to urge them to drink, or personally handed out gifts. On campaign he was personally in the battle line. By nature he was also resolute and decisive, able to decide great matters. Therefore he could win the soldiers' utmost effort and use weakness to overcome strength. After breaking Qi, he wished to press war to the limit, pacify the Turks, and settle Jiangnan; within a year or two he would unify the realm—this was his resolve.
70
史臣曰：自東西否隔，二國爭強，戎馬生郊，干戈日用，兵連禍結，力敵勢均，疆埸之事，一彼一此。 高祖纘業，未親萬機，慮遠謀深，以蒙養正。 及英威電發，朝政惟新，內難旣除，外略方始。 乃苦心焦思，克己勵精，勞役為士卒之先，居處同匹夫之儉。 脩富民之政，務強兵之術，乘讐人之有釁，順大道而推亡。 五年之間，大勳斯集。 攄祖宗之宿憤，拯東夏之阽危，盛矣哉，其有成功者也。 若使翌日之瘳無爽，經營之志獲申，黷武窮兵，雖見譏於良史，雄圖遠略，足方駕於前王者歟。
The historian writes: With east and west sundered and two states contending, war-horses foaled in the suburbs and weapons saw daily use; armies linked and calamities compounded; strength and momentum were evenly matched, and border affairs shifted back and forth. High Ancestor Yuwen Yong continued the enterprise before yet attending to the myriad duties; he planned far and thought deeply, concealing himself to cultivate the right way. When his heroic might flashed like lightning, court governance was renewed; internal troubles were removed and external strategy began. Thereupon he wore his heart thin and burned his thoughts, restrained himself and strove diligently, taking hardship before his soldiers and dwelling as frugally as a common man. He cultivated policies to enrich the people and devoted himself to strengthening the army; seizing the enemy's opening, he followed the Great Way to overthrow the doomed. Within five years, great merit was gathered together. He unleashed the imperial ancestors' longstanding wrath and rescued the Eastern Xia from imminent peril—splendid indeed! Here was success. Had his recovery on the morrow been assured and his governing plans fulfilled, exhausting martial force and pressing armies to the limit—though reproached by worthy historians—his heroic design and far-reaching strategy would suffice to stand level with former kings, would they not?
71
全文以中華書局、一九七一年十一月版《周書》為本校。
The entire text has been collated against the Zhonghua Shuju edition of the Book of Zhou, November 1971.