1
起昭陽太淵獻，盡玄黓涒灘，凡十年。
From Zhaoyang Taiyuanxian through Xuanqi Tunshan—ten years in all.
2
1春，二月，以鳳皇、甘露降集京師，赦天下。 ----2穎川太守黃霸在郡前後八年，政事愈治； 是時鳳皇、神爵數集郡國，穎川尤多。 夏，四月，詔曰：「穎川太守霸，宣佈詔令，百姓嚮化，孝子、弟弟、貞婦、順孫日以眾多，田者讓畔，道不拾遺，養視鰥寡，贍助貧窮，獄或八年亡重罪囚，其賜爵關內侯、黃金百斤、秩中二千石。」 而穎川孝、弟、有行義民、三老、力田皆以差賜爵及帛。 後數月，征霸為太子太傅。 ----3五月，匈奴單于遣弟呼留若王勝之來朝。 ----4冬，十月，鳳皇十一集杜陵。 ----5河南太守東海嚴延年為治陰鷙酷烈，眾人所謂當死者一朝出之，所謂當生者詭殺之，吏民莫能測其意深淺，戰慄不敢犯禁。 冬月，傳屬縣囚會論府上，流血數里，河南號曰「屠伯」。 延年素輕黃霸為人，及比郡為守，褒賞反在己前，心內不服。 河南界中又有蝗蟲，府丞義出行蝗，還，見延年。 延年曰：「此蝗豈鳳皇食邪？」 義年老，頗悖，素畏延年，恐見中傷。 延年本嘗與義俱為丞相史，實親厚之，饋遺之甚厚。 義愈益恐，自筮，得死卦，忽忽不樂，取告至長安，上書言延年罪名十事； 已拜奏，因飲藥自殺，以明不欺。 事下御史丞按驗，得其語言怨望、誹謗政治數事。 十一月，延年坐不道，棄市。
1. In spring, the second month, because phoenixes and sweet dew descended upon the capital, the empire was pardoned. ----2 Huang Ba, governor of Yingchuan, had governed the commandery eight years in all; administration grew ever sounder; at that time phoenixes and divine finches repeatedly gathered across the realm, and Yingchuan had especially many. In summer, the fourth month, an edict said: "Huang Ba, governor of Yingchuan, has proclaimed and spread imperial edicts; the people have turned toward virtue. Filial sons, respectful younger brothers, chaste wives, and obedient grandsons grow more numerous day by day; plowmen yield field boundaries, none pick up lost things on the road, orphans and widows are cared for, the poor are supported, and in the prisons for eight years there have been no prisoners of serious crimes. Grant him the rank of Marquis within the Passes, a hundred jin of gold, and salary of zhong erqian shi." Moreover, filial sons, younger brothers, men of righteous conduct, village elders, and champion farmers of Yingchuan were all granted ranks and silks by gradation. Several months later, Ba was summoned to serve as Grand Tutor to the Heir Apparent. ----3 In the fifth month, the Xiongnu chanyu sent his younger brother Huluruo Wang Shengzhi to attend court. ----4 In winter, the tenth month, eleven phoenixes gathered at Duling. ----5 Yan Yannian of Donghai, governor of Henan, governed with hidden severity and fierce cruelty: those the multitude said should die he released in a morning; those they said should live he killed by trickery. Officials and people alike could not gauge his intent; trembling, they dared not violate his prohibitions. In winter he summoned county prisoners to be tried together at the prefectural seat; blood flowed for several li. Henan called him the "Butcher Lord." Yannian had long looked down on Huang Ba; when a neighboring commandery had him as governor, praise and rewards came before his own, and inwardly he would not submit. Within Henan's borders locusts appeared; Assistant Prefect Yi went out to drive them off, returned, and saw Yannian. Yannian said: "Are these locusts perhaps food for phoenixes?" Yi was old and rather contrary; he had long feared Yannian and dreaded being struck at and harmed. Yannian had once served with Yi as clerks to the chancellor and had truly been close to him, sending him very generous gifts. Yi grew ever more fearful, divined for himself, and obtained the death hexagram; restless and unhappy, he took leave to Chang'an and submitted a memorial listing ten charges against Yannian; after the memorial had been presented he drank poison and killed himself, to show he did not deceive. The matter was sent down to the Vice Censor-in-Chief for investigation; they obtained several matters of his words showing resentment and slandering the government. In the eleventh month, Yannian was convicted of impiety and executed in the marketplace.
3
初，延年母從東海來，欲從延年臘。 到洛陽，適見報囚，母大驚，便止都亭，不肯入府。 延年出至都亭謁母，母閉閣不見。 延年免冠頓首閣下，良久，母乃見之，因數責延年：「幸得備郡守，專治千里，不聞仁愛教化，有以全安愚民。 顧乘刑罰，多刑殺人，欲以立威，豈為民父母意哉！」 延年服罪，重頓首謝，因自為母御歸府舍。 母畢正臘，謂延年曰：「天道神明，人不可獨殺。 我不意當老見壯子被刑戮也！ 行矣，去汝東歸，掃除墓地耳！」 遂去，歸郡，見昆弟、宗人，復為言之。 後歲餘，果敗，東海莫不賢智其母。 ----6匈奴握衍朐鞮單于暴虐，好殺伐，國中不附。 及太子、左賢王數讒左地貴人，左地貴人皆怨。 會烏桓擊匈奴東邊姑夕王，頗得人民，單于怒。 姑夕王恐，即與烏禪幕及左地貴人共立稽侯狦為呼韓邪單于，發左地兵四五萬人，西擊握衍朐鞮單于，至姑且水北。 未戰，握衍朐鞮單于兵敗走，使人報其弟右賢王曰：「匈奴共攻我，若肯發兵助我乎？」 右賢王曰：「若不愛人，殺昆弟、諸貴人。 各自死若處，無來污我！」 握衍朐鞮單于恚，自殺。 左大且渠都隆奇亡之右賢王所，其民眾盡降呼韓邪單于。 呼韓邪單于歸庭； 數月，罷兵，使各歸故地，乃收其兄呼屠吾斯在民間者，立為左谷蠡王，使人告右賢貴人，欲令殺右賢王，其冬，都隆奇與右賢王共立日逐王薄胥堂為屠耆單于，發兵數萬人東襲呼韓邪單于，呼韓邪單于兵敗走。 屠耆單于還，以其長子都塗吾西為左谷蠡王，少子姑瞀樓頭為右谷蠡王，留居單于庭。----
Earlier, Yannian's mother came from Donghai, wishing to keep the year-end sacrifice with Yannian. Reaching Luoyang, she happened to see the report of prisoners; the mother was greatly alarmed, stopped at the capital post station, and would not enter the prefectural offices. Yannian went out to the post station to pay respects to his mother; the mother shut the door and would not see him. Yannian removed his cap and kowtowed at the door for a long time before the mother at last saw him, and thereupon repeatedly reproached Yannian: "You were fortunate enough to serve as commandery governor, with sole charge of a thousand li, yet I hear nothing of benevolent love and transforming instruction by which to preserve and secure foolish commoners. Instead you rely on punishments, putting many to death, wishing thereby to establish awe—how is this the intent of parents to the people!" Yannian acknowledged guilt, kowtowed again in thanks, and thereupon himself drove the carriage for his mother back to the official residence. When the mother had finished the proper year-end sacrifice, she said to Yannian: "Heaven's Way is divine and bright; a man must not kill alone. I never thought I would grow old only to see my strong son subjected to punishment and execution! Go! Leave you and return east—I have only to sweep the graveyard!" She thereupon left, returned to the commandery, saw brothers and clansmen, and spoke of it again. More than a year later he indeed fell; in Donghai none failed to regard his mother as worthy and wise. ----6 The Xiongnu chanyu Woyu Jodi was violent and cruel, fond of killing and campaigning; within the state none adhered to him. The Heir Apparent and the Left Worthy King repeatedly slandered the nobles of the left territory; the nobles of the left territory all bore resentment. It happened that the Wuhuan struck the Xiongnu eastern-side Guxi King and took quite a number of people; the chanyu was enraged. The Guxi King was afraid and at once joined Wuchanmu and the nobles of the left territory in installing Ji Houyu as Chanyu Huhanye, raising forty or fifty thousand troops of the left territory and striking west against Chanyu Woyu Jodi, reaching north of the Guxi River. Before battle was joined, Chanyu Woyu Jodi's army was defeated and fled; he sent a man to report to his younger brother the Right Worthy King, saying: "The Xiongnu are all attacking me—will you be willing to raise troops and aid me?" The Right Worthy King said: "You do not love men—you have killed brothers and the various nobles. Each die in your own place—do not come to defile me!" Chanyu Woyu Jodi, enraged, killed himself. The Left Grand Commandant Dulongqi fled to the Right Worthy King's place; his people all surrendered to Chanyu Huhanye. Chanyu Huhanye returned to the court; several months later he dismissed the armies and sent each back to his former territory; he then gathered his elder brother Hutuwusi, who was among the people, and installed him as Left Guli King, and sent a man to tell the Right Worthy nobles, wishing to have the Right Worthy King killed. That winter, Dulongqi and the Right Worthy King jointly installed the Rizhu King Boxutang as Chanyu Tujue, raised an army of several tens of thousands, and struck east against Chanyu Huhanye; Chanyu Huhanye's army was defeated and fled. Chanyu Tujue returned, made his eldest son Dutuwuxi Left Guli King and his younger son Gumoloutou Right Guli King, and remained dwelling at the chanyu court.
4
1春，正月，上幸甘泉，郊泰畤。 ----2皇太子冠。 ----3秋，匈奴屠耆單于使先賢撣兄右奧鞬王與烏藉都尉各二萬騎屯東方，以備呼韓邪單于。 是時西方呼揭王來與唯犁當戶謀，共讒右賢王。 言欲自立為單于。 屠耆單于殺右賢王父子，後知其冤，復殺唯犁當戶。 於是呼揭王恐，遂畔去，自立為呼揭單于。 右奧鞬王聞之，即自立為車犁單于。 烏藉都尉亦自立為烏藉單于。 凡五單于。 屠耆單于自將兵東擊車犁單于，使都隆奇擊烏藉。 烏藉、車犁皆敗，西北走，與呼揭單于兵合為四萬人。 烏藉、呼揭皆去單于號，共並力尊輔車犁單于。 屠耆單于聞之，使左大將、都尉將四萬騎分屯東方，以備呼韓邪單于，自將四萬騎西擊車犁單于。 車犁單于敗，西北走。 屠耆單于即引兵西南留闟敦地。
1. In spring, the first month, the emperor traveled to Sweet Springs and sacrificed at the Great Altar. ----2 The Imperial Heir Apparent received the capping. ----3 In autumn, the Xiongnu chanyu Tujue sent the Right Aojian King, elder brother of the Xianxian chanyu, and the Wujie Commandant, each with twenty thousand horse, to garrison in the east against Chanyu Huhanye. At that time the Western Hujie King came and plotted with Weili Danghu, jointly slandering the Right Worthy King, saying he wished to install himself as chanyu. Chanyu Tujue killed the Right Worthy King and his son; later learning it was unjust, he killed Weili Danghu as well. Thereupon the Hujie King was afraid, rebelled and left, and installed himself as Chanyu Hujie. The Right Aojian King heard of it and at once installed himself as Chanyu Chelí. The Wujie Commandant also installed himself as Chanyu Wujie. In all there were five chanyus. Chanyu Tujue himself led troops east to strike Chanyu Chelí and sent Dulongqi to strike Wujie. Wujie and Chelí were both defeated and fled northwest; their troops joined with Chanyu Hujie's forces to make forty thousand men. Wujie and Hujie both cast off the title of chanyu and jointly honored and supported Chanyu Chelí. Chanyu Tujue heard of it and sent the Left Grand General and Commandant with forty thousand horse to garrison separately in the east against Chanyu Huhanye; he himself led forty thousand horse west to strike Chanyu Chelí. Chanyu Chelí was defeated and fled northwest. Chanyu Tujue thereupon led his troops southwest and halted at Tadun.
5
漢議者多曰：「匈奴為害日久，可因其壞亂，舉兵滅之。」 詔問御史大夫蕭望之，對曰：「《春秋》，晉士匄帥師侵齊，聞齊侯卒，引師而還，君子大其不伐喪，以為恩足以服孝子，誼足以動諸侯。 前單于慕化嚮善，稱弟，遣使請求和親，海內欣然，夷狄莫不聞。 未終奉約，不幸為賊臣所殺； 今而伐之，是乘亂而幸災也，彼必奔走遠遁。 不以義動兵，恐勞而無功。 宜遣使者弔問，輔其微弱，救其災患。 四夷聞之，咸貴中國之仁義。 如遂蒙恩得復其位，必稱臣服從，此德之盛之。」 上從其議。 ----4冬，十有二月，乙酉朔，日有食之。 ----5韓延壽代蕭望之為左馮翊。 望之聞延壽在東郡時放散官錢千餘萬，使御史案之。 延壽聞知，即部吏案校望之在馮翊時廩犧官錢放散百餘萬。 望之自奏：「職在總領天下，聞事不敢不問，而為延壽所拘持。」 上由是不直延壽，各令窮竟所考。 望之卒無事實。 而望之遣御史案東郡者，得其試騎士日奢僭逾制； 又取官銅物，候月食鑄刀劍，效尚方事； 及取官錢帛私假徭使吏； 及治飾車甲三百萬以上。 延壽竟坐狡猾不道，棄市。 吏民數千人送至渭城，老小扶持車轂，爭奏酒炙。 延壽不忍距逆，人人為飲，計飲酒石餘。 使掾、史分謝送者：「遠苦吏民，延壽死無所恨！」 百姓莫不流涕。----
Many among the Han deliberators said: "The Xiongnu have been a harm for long; we may take advantage of their breakdown and disorder and raise troops to destroy them." The emperor ordered inquiry of Censor-in-Chief Xiao Wangzhi, who answered: "In the Spring and Autumn Annals, Shi Gai of Jin led troops to invade Qi; hearing that the Marquis of Qi had died, he led his army back. The noble man greatly praised his not attacking during mourning, holding that grace suffices to win filial sons and righteousness suffices to move the feudal lords. The former chanyu admired transformation and turned toward goodness, called himself younger brother, and sent envoys requesting peace through marriage; within the seas all rejoiced, and none among the barbarians failed to hear. Before he had finished fulfilling the covenant, he was unfortunately killed by treacherous ministers; to attack them now is to ride disorder and rejoice in disaster; they will surely flee to distant places. To move troops without righteousness—I fear toil without achievement. It is fitting to dispatch envoys to offer condolences, assist their weakness, and relieve their disasters. When the four barbarians hear of it, all will esteem the Middle Kingdom's benevolence and righteousness. If he then receives grace and regains his position, he will surely declare submission and obedience—this is the fullness of virtue." The emperor followed his counsel. ----4 In winter, the twelfth month, on the first day of the month yiyou, there was a solar eclipse. ----5 Han Yannian replaced Xiao Wangzhi as Left Governor of Feng. Wangzhi heard that while Yannian was in Dong commandery he had dispersed more than ten million in official funds and had the censor investigate. Yannian heard of it and at once had his clerks investigate and verify that while Wangzhi was in Feng more than a million in granary and sacrificial official funds had been dispersed. Wangzhi himself memorialized: "My duty is to oversee all under Heaven; hearing of matters I dare not fail to inquire—yet I am seized and held by Yannian." The emperor thereupon did not side with Yannian and ordered each to pursue to the end what was investigated. Wangzhi in the end had no substantiated matter. But the censor Wangzhi had sent to investigate Dong commandery found that on days of cavalry trials he was extravagant and transgressed regulations; moreover he took official copper goods and, watching for lunar eclipses, cast swords and blades, imitating the Imperial Workshop; and took official money and silks to lend privately for corvée labor and employ clerks; and in repairing and adorning chariots and armor spent more than three million. Yannian in the end was convicted of cunning impiety and executed in the marketplace. Several thousand officials and commoners escorted him to Weicheng; old and young supported his carriage hubs and vied to present wine and roasted meat. Yannian could not bear to refuse them; each man he made drink, and the wine consumed amounted to more than a shi. He had his clerks and secretaries thank the escorts in turn: "You have come far and troubled officials and people—Yannian dies without regret!" The common people none failed to shed tears.
6
1春，正月，上幸甘泉，郊泰畤。 ----2車騎將軍韓增薨。 五月，將軍許延壽為大司馬、車騎大將軍。 ----3丞相丙吉年老，上重之。 蕭望之意常輕吉，上由是不悅。 丞相司直奏望之遇丞相禮節倨慢，又使吏買賣，私所附益凡十萬三千，請逮捕系治。 秋，八月，壬午，詔左遷望之為太子太傅； 以太子太傅黃霸為御史大夫。 ----4匈奴呼韓邪單于遣其弟右谷蠡王等西襲屠耆單于屯兵，殺略萬餘人。 屠耆單于聞之，即自將六萬騎擊呼韓邪單于。 屠耆單于兵敗，自殺。 都隆奇乃與屠耆少子右谷蠡王姑瞀樓頭亡歸漢。 車犁單于東降呼韓邪單于。 冬，十一月，呼韓邪單于左大將烏厲屈與父呼遫累烏厲溫敦皆見匈奴亂，率其眾數萬人降漢； 封烏厲屈為新城侯，烏厲溫敦為義陽侯。 是時李陵子復立烏藉都尉為單于，呼韓邪單于捕斬之； 遂復都單于庭，然眾裁數萬人。 屠耆單于從弟休旬王自立為閏振單于，在西邊； 呼韓邪單于兄左賢王呼屠吾斯亦自立為郅支骨都侯單于，在東邊。 ----5光祿勳平通侯楊惲，廉潔無私； 然伐其行能，又性刻害，好發人陰伏，由是多怨於朝廷。 與太僕戴長樂相失。 人有上書告長樂罪，長樂疑惲教人告之，亦上書告惲罪曰：「惲上書訟韓延壽，郎中丘常謂惲曰：『聞君侯訟韓馮翊，當得活乎？』 惲曰：『事何容易，脛脛者未必全也！ 我不能自保，真人所謂「鼠不容穴，銜窶數」者也。』 又語長樂曰：『正月以來，天陰不雨，此《春秋》所記，夏侯君所言。』」 事下廷尉。 廷尉定國奏惲怨望，為妖惡言，大逆不道。 上不忍加誅，有詔皆免惲、長樂為庶人。----
1. In spring, the first month, the emperor traveled to Sweet Springs and sacrificed at the Great Altar. ----2 General of Chariots and Cavalry Han Zeng died. In the fifth month, General Xu Yannian became Grand Marshal and Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry. ----3 Chancellor Bing Ji was old in years; the emperor greatly esteemed him. Xiao Wangzhi often looked lightly on Ji; the emperor was thereby displeased. The Chancellor's Direct Investigator memorialized that in meeting the chancellor Wangzhi's ritual and deportment were arrogant and slow, and that he also had clerks buy and sell, with private additions totaling one hundred three thousand, requesting arrest and imprisonment for trial. In autumn, the eighth month, on the day renwu, an edict demoted Wangzhi to Grand Tutor to the Heir Apparent; Grand Tutor to the Heir Apparent Huang Ba was made Censor-in-Chief. ----4 The Xiongnu chanyu Huhanye sent his younger brother the Right Guli King and others west to strike the garrison troops of Chanyu Tujue, killing and carrying off more than ten thousand. Chanyu Tujue heard of it and at once himself led sixty thousand horse to strike Chanyu Huhanye. Chanyu Tujue's army was defeated and he killed himself. Dulongqi thereupon fled with Tujue's younger son the Right Guli King Gumoloutou and returned to Han. Chanyu Chelí submitted in the east to Chanyu Huhanye. In winter, the eleventh month, Chanyu Huhanye's Left Grand General Wuliju and his father Huzhilei Wuliwendun, both seeing the Xiongnu in disorder, led their multitudes of several tens of thousands to surrender to Han; Wuliju was enfeoffed as Marquis of Xincheng and Wuliwendun as Marquis of Yiyang. At this time Li Ling's son again installed the Wuji Colonel as Chanyu; Chanyu Huhanye captured and beheaded him; He thereupon restored the Chanyu's court as capital, yet his followers numbered only several tens of thousands. Chanyu Tuji's younger brother by the female line, King Xiuxun, established himself as Chanyu Runzhen in the west; Chanyu Huhanye's elder brother, the Left Wise King Hutuwusi, also established himself as Chanyu Zhizhi Gudu-hou in the east. ----5 Director of the Gentlemen of the Palace, Marquis of Pingtong Yang Yun, was incorrupt and selfless; yet he vaunted his conduct and ability, was by nature harsh and injurious, and delighted in exposing people's hidden faults—thereby incurring much resentment at court. He fell out with Grand Coachman Dai Changle. Someone memorialized accusing Changle of crime; Changle suspected Yun had instigated it and also memorialized accusing Yun, saying, "Yun submitted a memorial suing Han Yanshou. Gentleman Qiu Chang said to Yun, 'I hear you sued Governor of Han, Fengyi—will he live? Yun said, 'How easy is that! A man with skinny shins may not come through whole! I cannot save myself—what the sage called 'a mouse cannot tolerate a hole, holding poverty in its mouth.' He also told Changle, 'Since the first month the sky has been overcast without rain—this is what the Spring and Autumn records, what Lord Xiahou said.' The matter was sent to the Minister of Justice.' Minister of Justice Dingguo reported that Yun harbored resentment, uttered evil and perverse words, and committed great impiety. The emperor could not bear to execute them and decreed that both Yun and Changle be dismissed as commoners.
7
1春，正月，癸卯，博陽定侯丙吉薨。
1. In spring, the first month, on day guimao, Marquis Ding of Boyang Bing Ji died.
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:班固贊曰：古之制名，必由象類，遠取諸物，近取諸身。 故《經》謂君為元首，臣為股肱，明其一體，相待而成也。 是故君臣相配，古今常道，自然之勢也。 近觀漢相，高祖開基，蕭、曹為冠； 孝宣中興，丙、魏有聲。 是時黜陟有序，眾職修理，公卿多稱其位，海內興於禮讓。 覽其行事，豈虛虖哉！ ----2二月，壬辰，黃霸為丞相。 霸材長於治民，及為丞相，功名損於治郡。 時京兆尹張敞捨鶡雀飛集丞相府，霸以為神雀，議欲以聞。 敞奏霸曰：「竊見丞相請與中二千石、博士雜問郡、國上計長史、守丞為民興利除害，成大化，條其對。 有耕者讓畔，男女異路，道不拾遺。 及舉孝子、貞婦者為一輩，先上殿； 舉而不知其人數者，次之； 不為條教者在後。 叩頭謝丞相，雖口不言，而心欲其為之也。 長史、守丞對時，臣敞舍有鶡雀飛止丞相府屋上，丞相以下見者數百人。 邊吏多知鶡雀者，問之，皆陽不知。 丞相圖議上奏曰：『臣問上計長史、守丞以興化條，皇天報下神爵。』 後知從臣敞舍來，乃止。 郡國吏竊笑丞相仁厚有知略，微信奇怪也。 臣敞非敢毀丞相也，誠恐群臣莫白，而長史、守丞畏丞相指，歸捨法令，各為私教，務相增加，澆淳散樸，並行偽貌，有名亡實，傾搖解怠，甚者為妖。 假令京師先行讓畔、異路、道不拾遺，其實亡益廉貪、貞淫之行，而以偽先天下，固未可也。 即諸侯先行之，偽聲軼於京師，非細事也。 漢家承敝通變，造起律令，所以勸善禁奸，條貫詳備，不可復加。 宜令貴臣明飭長史、守丞，歸告二千石，舉三老、孝弟、力田、孝廉、廉吏，務得其人，郡事皆以法令為檢式，毋得擅為條教； 敢挾詐偽以干名譽者，必先受戮，以正明好惡。」 天子嘉納敞言，召上計吏，使侍中臨飭，如敞指意。 霸甚慚。
: Ban Gu writes in praise: In antiquity names were fashioned from images and categories—drawing from distant things and from the body itself. Therefore the Classic calls the ruler the head and limbs and ministers the thighs and arms—making clear they are one body that rely on each other to be whole. Therefore ruler and ministers match each other—the constant way of past and present and the natural order. Observing Han chancellors at hand: Gaozu laid the foundation, and Xiao and Cao were foremost; In Emperor Xuan's restoration, Bing and Wei won renown. At that time promotion and demotion were orderly, offices well maintained, ministers and grandees mostly filled their posts, and courtesy and yielding flourished throughout the realm. Review their conduct—was it empty indeed! ----2 In the second month, on day renchen, Huang Ba became chancellor. Ba excelled at governing the people; as chancellor his fame and achievement fell short of his record as commandery governor. At that time Metropolitan Governor Zhang Chang had a magpie from his lodging fly to the chancellor's residence; Ba took it for a divine bird and considered reporting it. Chang memorialized to Ba, "Your servant has seen the chancellor request to join ranked officials at two thousand shi and academicians in questioning the commandery and state annual-report chief clerks and administrators on benefiting the people and removing harm, accomplishing great transformation, and itemizing their replies. There were farmers yielding field boundaries, men and women on separate roads, and no picking up lost things on the road. Those who presented filial sons and chaste wives formed one class and entered the hall first; those who presented them without knowing the persons' names came next; those who did not make regulations and teachings came last. They kowtowed and thanked the chancellor; though they did not speak aloud, they wished in their hearts to do it. When the chief clerks and administrators replied, a magpie from your servant Chang's lodging flew and perched on the chancellor's roof; from the chancellor down, several hundred people saw it. Many frontier officials knew magpies; when asked, all pretended ignorance. The chancellor drafted a memorial saying, 'Your servant questioned the annual-report chief clerks and administrators on items for promoting transformation—August Heaven responded by sending down the divine bird.' Learning later it came from your servant Chang's lodging, he stopped. Commandery and state officials privately laughed that the chancellor, though benevolent and wise, still slightly believed in the strange. Your servant Chang does not dare slander the chancellor—he truly fears the ministers will not speak plainly, while chief clerks and administrators, fearing the chancellor's intent, set aside laws and ordinances, each making private teachings and striving to outdo one another, watering down purity and scattering simplicity, all practicing false appearances with name but no substance, growing lax and negligent, and in extreme cases becoming demonic. Suppose the capital region first practiced yielding boundaries, separate roads, and not picking up lost things—in truth it would not improve honest or greedy conduct or chaste or licentious behavior, yet with falsity leading the empire, that truly could not be approved. If the feudal lords practiced it first, false reputation would outrun the capital—not a small matter. The House of Han inherited decline and adapted through change, creating laws and ordinances to encourage good and forbid wickedness—provisions thorough and complete, not to be added to again. Noble ministers ought clearly to instruct chief clerks and administrators to tell the two-thousand-shi officials to present the three elders, filial and brotherly men, strength-in-farming men, filial and incorrupt candidates, and honest officials, striving to obtain the right men; commandery affairs should all take laws and ordinances as the standard, and none may on their own authority make regulations and teachings; whoever dares to rely on fraud and falsity to seek fame and reputation should first be punished, to rectify likes and dislikes." The emperor praised and accepted Chang's words, summoned the annual-report clerks, and had a palace attendant oversee and instruct them according to Chang's intent. Ba was deeply ashamed.
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又，樂陵侯史高以外屬民侍中，貴重，霸薦高可太尉。 天子使尚書召問霸：「太尉官罷久矣。 夫宣明教化，通達幽隱，使獄無冤刑，邑無盜賊，君之職也。 將相之官，朕之任焉。 侍中、樂陵侯高，帷幄近臣，朕之所自親，君何越職而舉之？」 尚書令受丞相對，霸免冠謝罪，數日，乃決。 自是後不敢復有所請。 然自漢興，言治民吏，以霸為首。 ----3三月，上幸河東，祠-{后土}-。 減天下口錢； 赦天下殊死以下。 ----4六月，辛酉，以西河太守杜延年為御史大夫。 ----5置西河、北地屬國以處匈奴降者。 ----6廣陵厲王胥使巫李女須祝詛上，求為天子。 事覺，藥殺巫及宮人二十餘人以絕口。 公卿請誅胥。----
Also, Marquis of Leling Shi Gao, a maternal relative serving as palace attendant, was honored and influential; Ba recommended Gao for Grand Marshal. The emperor had the Master of Documents summon and question Ba: "The office of Grand Marshal has long been abolished. To proclaim and clarify teaching, reach the hidden and obscure, keep prisons free of wrongful punishment, and towns free of bandits and thieves—that is your duty. The offices of general and minister are Our charge. Palace Attendant, Marquis of Leling Gao, a close minister within the curtains whom We personally favor—why did you overstep your office and recommend him?" The Master of Documents received the chancellor's reply; Ba removed his cap and apologized; after several days the matter was settled. From then on he did not dare make any further request. Yet since Han arose, in speaking of officials who govern the people, Ba ranks first. ----3 In the third month the emperor traveled to Hedong and sacrificed to -{the cited text}-. He reduced the head-tax money throughout the empire; he pardoned throughout the empire those below capital punishment. ----4 In the sixth month, on day xinyou, he appointed Governor of Xihe Du Yannian Censor-in-Chief. ----5 He established dependent states in Xihe and Beidi to settle surrendered Xiongnu. ----6 Prince Li Xu of Guangling had the witch Li Nüxu curse the emperor, seeking to become Son of Heaven. When the matter was discovered, he poisoned the witch and more than twenty palace women to silence witnesses. Ministers and grandees requested executing Xu.
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1春，胥自殺。 ----2匈奴單于稱臣，遣弟右谷蠡王入侍。 以邊塞亡寇，減戍卒什二。 ----3大司農中丞耿壽昌奏言：「歲數豐穰，谷賤，農人少利。 故事：歲漕關東谷四百萬斛以給京師，用卒六萬人。 宜糴三輔、弘農、河東、上黨、太原郡谷，足供京師，可以省關東漕卒過半。」 上從其計。 壽昌又白：「令邊郡皆築倉，以谷賤增其賈而糴，以利農，谷貴時減賈而糶，名曰常平倉。」 民便之。 上乃下詔賜壽昌爵關內侯。 ----4夏，四月，辛丑朔，日有食之。 ----5楊惲既失爵位，家居治產業，以財自娛。 其友人安定太守西河孫會宗與惲書，諫戒之，為言「大臣廢退，當闔門惶懼，為可憐之意； 不當治產業，通賓客，有稱譽。」 惲，宰相子，有材能，少顯朝廷，一朝以晻昧語言見廢，內懷不服，報會宗書曰：「竊自思念，過已大矣，行已虧矣，常為農夫以沒世矣，是故身率妻子，戮力耕桑，不意當復用此為譏議也！ 夫人情所不能止者，聖人弗禁，故君、父至尊、親，送其終也，有時而既。 臣之得罪，已三年矣，田家作苦，歲時伏臘，烹羊，炰羔，-{斗}-酒自勞，酒後耳熱，仰天拊缶呼烏烏，其詩曰：『田彼南山，蕪穢不治； 種一頃豆，落而為萁。 人生行樂耳，須富貴何時？』 誠淫荒無度，不知其不可也。」 又惲兄子安平侯譚謂惲曰：「侯罪薄，又有功，且復用！」 惲曰：「有功何益！ 縣官不足為盡力。」 譚曰：「縣官實然。 蓋司隸、韓馮翊皆盡力吏也，俱坐事誅。」 會有日食之變，騶馬猥佐成上書告「惲驕奢，不悔過。 日食之咎，此人所致。」 章下廷尉，按驗，得所予會宗書，帝見而惡之。 廷尉當惲大逆無道，要斬； 妻子徙酒泉郡； 譚坐免為庶人，諸在位與惲厚善者，未央衛尉韋玄成及孫會宗等，皆免官。
1. In spring Xu killed himself. ----2 The Xiongnu Chanyu declared himself a subject and sent his younger brother, the Right Guli King, to attend court. Because the border had no raiders, he reduced garrison soldiers by two-tenths. ----3 Supervisor of the Grand Minister of Agriculture Geng Shouchang memorialized, "Years have been repeatedly abundant; grain is cheap and farmers gain little profit. By precedent each year four million hu of grain from east of the Pass were transported to supply the capital, using sixty thousand soldiers. Grain should be bought from the Three Adjuncts, Hongnong, Hedong, Shangdang, and Taiyuan commanderies sufficient to supply the capital, saving more than half the transport soldiers from east of the Pass." The emperor followed his plan. Shouchang further reported, "Order all frontier commanderies to build granaries; when grain is cheap, raise the price and buy in to benefit farmers; when grain is dear, lower the price and sell out—called Ever-Normal Granaries." The people found it convenient. The emperor thereupon decreed Shouchang the rank of Marquis within the Passes. ----4 In summer, the fourth month, on the first day xinchou, there was a solar eclipse. ----5 Yang Yun, having lost his noble rank, lived at home managing property and amused himself with wealth. His friend Sun Huizong, Governor of Anding of Xihe, wrote Yun a letter admonishing him, saying, "When a great minister is dismissed and retired, he ought to shut his gates in fear and dread and show a pitiable attitude; he ought not manage property, receive guests widely, and win praise and reputation." Yun, a chancellor's son with talent and ability, had early distinguished himself at court; in one morning he was dismissed on obscure words and inwardly resented it. He replied to Huizong, "Your servant reflects privately: my fault is already great and my conduct already impaired—I should be a farmer to the end of my days; therefore I personally lead wife and children and work at farming and sericulture, not expecting this would again be grounds for ridicule! What human feeling cannot be stopped, even sages do not forbid; therefore for ruler and father, most honored and most kin, when sending them to their end, there is a time and then it is done. Your servant's offense is already three years old; farm work is bitter; at the seasonal festivals of Fuxi and Laji I boil sheep, roast lamb, and with a -{the cited text}- of wine comfort myself; after wine my ears grow hot, I look up to heaven, strike the jar, and call out oowoo-its poem says, 'I farm that southern mountain, overgrown and uncultivated; I plant a qing of beans—they fall and become beanstalks. Human life is just doing pleasure—when must one wait for wealth and honor?' Truly licentious, wasteful, and without measure—he does not know it cannot be done." Also Yun's elder brother's son, Marquis of Anping Tan, said to Yun, "Your crime is slight and you also have merit—you will yet be employed again!" Yun said, "What good is merit! The court is not worth exerting full effort for." Tan said, "The court indeed is so. Former Director of the Metropolitan Area and Governor of Han, Fengyi, were both officials who exerted full effort—both were executed for their cases." There happened to be the omen of a solar eclipse; Groom Wang Cheng submitted a memorial reporting, "Yun is arrogant and extravagant and does not repent. The blame for the solar eclipse—this man caused it." The memorial was sent to the Minister of Justice; on investigation they obtained the letter he had given Huizong; the emperor saw it and hated it. The Minister of Justice judged Yun guilty of great impiety and sentenced him to execution at the waist; his wife and children were banished to Jiuquan commandery; Tan was dismissed as a commoner; all in office who were close friends of Yun—Weixuan, Guard of the Palace for Weiyang, Sun Huizong, and others—were all dismissed from office.
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:臣光曰：以孝宣之明，魏相、丙吉為丞相，-{于定國}-為廷尉，而趙、蓋、韓、楊之死皆不厭眾心，惜哉，其為善政之累大矣！ 《周官》司寇之法，有議賢、議能。 若廣漢、延壽之治民，可不謂能乎！ 寬饒、惲之剛直，可不謂賢乎！ 然則雖有死罪，猶將宥之，況罪不足以死乎！ 揚子以韓馮翊之愬蕭為臣之自失。 夫所以使延壽犯上者，望之激之也。 上不之察，而延壽獨蒙其辜，不亦甚哉！ ----6匈奴閏振單于率其眾東擊郅支單于。 郅支與戰，殺之，併其兵； 遂進攻呼韓邪。 呼韓邪兵敗走，郅支都單于庭。----
: Your servant Guang says: With Emperor Xuan's clarity, Wei Xiang and Bing Ji as chancellors, and -{the cited text}- as Minister of Justice, yet the deaths of Zhao, Gai, Han, and Yang all failed to satisfy popular sentiment-alas, how great the burden on good government! In the Zhou Offices, the Minister of Crime's law provides deliberation for the worthy and deliberation for the capable. If Guanghan and Yanshou's governing of the people—can they not be called capable! Kuanrao and Yun's firm uprightness—can they not be called worthy! If so, though there were a death offense, one would still pardon them—how much more when the offense did not warrant death! Master Yang held that Governor of Han, Fengyi's suing Xiao was a minister losing himself. What made Yanshou offend his superior was Wang Zhi provoking him. The emperor did not examine it, yet Yanshou alone bore the guilt—is it not extreme! ----6 Chanyu Runzhen of the Xiongnu led his forces east to attack Chanyu Zhizhi. Zhizhi fought him, killed him, and absorbed his troops; then he advanced to attack Huhanye. Huhanye was defeated and fled; Zhizhi occupied the Chanyu's court.
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1春，正月，行幸甘泉，郊泰畤。 ----2楊惲之誅也，公卿奏京兆尹張敞，惲之黨友，不宜處位。 上惜敞材，獨寢其奏，不下。 敞使掾絮舜有所案驗，舜私歸其家曰：「五日京兆耳，安能復案事！」 敞聞舜語，即部吏收舜繫獄，晝夜驗治，竟致其死事。 舜當出死，敞使主簿持教告舜曰：「五日京兆竟何如？ 冬月已盡，延命乎？」 乃棄舜市。 會立春，行冤獄使者出，舜家載屍並編敞教，自言使者。 使者奏敞賊殺不辜。 上欲令敞得自便，即先下敞前坐楊惲奏，免為庶人。 敞詣闕上印綬，便從闕下亡命。 數月，京師吏民解馳，枹鼓數起，而翼州部中有大賊，天子思敞功效，使使者即家在所召敞。 敞身被重劾，及使者至，妻子家室皆泣，惶懼，而敞獨笑曰：「吾身亡命為民，郡吏當就捕。 今使者來，此天子欲用我也。」 裝隨使者，詣公車上書曰：「臣前幸得備位列卿，待罪京兆，坐殺掾絮舜。 舜本臣敞素所厚吏，數蒙恩貸。 以臣有章劾當免，受記考事，便歸臥家，謂臣『五日京兆』。 背恩忘義，傷薄欲化。 臣竊以舜無狀，枉法以誅之。 臣敞賊殺不辜，鞠獄故不直，雖伏明法，死無所恨！」 天子引見敞，拜為冀州刺史。 敞到部，盜賊屏跡。 ----3皇太子柔仁好儒，見上所用多文法吏，以刑繩下，嘗侍燕從容言：「陛下持刑太深，宜用儒生。」 帝作色曰：「漢家自有制度，本以霸王道雜之。 奈何純任德教，用周政乎！ 且俗儒不達時宜，好是古非今，使人眩於名實，不知所守，何足委任！」 乃歎曰：「亂我家者，太子也！」
1 In spring, the first month, the emperor traveled to Sweet Springs and sacrificed at the Great Altar. ----2 At Yang Yun's execution, the excellencies and ministers memorialized Metropolitan Governor Zhang Chang, Yun's partisan friend, as unfit to hold office. The emperor valued Chang's talent and alone shelved their memorial without acting on it. Chang sent his clerk Xushun to investigate a case; Xushun went home privately and said, "A five-day Metropolitan Governor—how can he handle cases again!" Hearing this, Chang immediately had officials seize Xushun and imprison him; day and night he prosecuted the case until Xushun died in custody. When Xushun was about to be executed, Chang had his chief clerk bring the order and tell him, "How about that five-day Metropolitan Governor after all? Winter is nearly over—still extending your life, is it?" Then he had Xushun executed in the marketplace. It happened to be the Establishment of Spring, when envoys reviewing wrongful imprisonment went forth; Xushun's family brought the corpse together with a copy of Chang's order and appealed to the envoy. The envoy memorialized that Chang had murdered an innocent man. The emperor wished to let Chang go free and first sent down his earlier conviction in the Yang Yun case, dismissing him as a commoner. Chang went to the palace gate, returned his seal and cord, and fled for his life from below the gate. Several months later, law and order in the capital slackened and alarms repeatedly sounded; meanwhile a great bandit arose in the Jizhou region. The emperor recalled Chang's achievements and sent an envoy to summon him at his home. Chang faced serious charges; when the envoy arrived, his wife, children, and household all wept in fear, yet Chang alone laughed and said, "I fled for the people's sake; the commandery officials ought to come and arrest me. Now the envoy has come—this means the emperor wishes to employ me." He packed and followed the envoy, went to the Imperial Carriages Office and submitted a memorial: "Your subject was once fortunate to rank among the ministers and served as Metropolitan Governor, where I was convicted of killing clerk Xushun. Xushun was an official I had long favored and repeatedly spared. When I faced impeachment and ought to be dismissed, he received orders to investigate a case, went straight home, and called me 'a five-day Metropolitan Governor.' He turned his back on grace and forgot righteousness, undermining my efforts at reform. Your subject held that Xushun was insolent and executed him by bending the law. Your subject Chang murdered an innocent man and conducted the trial unjustly—though I submit to the clear law, I die without regret!" The emperor received Chang in audience and appointed him Inspector of Jizhou. When Chang reached his post, bandits vanished. ----3 The heir apparent was gentle, benevolent, and fond of Confucianism; seeing that the emperor employed mostly legalist officials who governed by punishments, he once at a banquet said at ease, "Your Majesty applies punishments too harshly; you ought to employ Confucian scholars." The emperor's expression changed and he said, "The House of Han has its own institutions, fundamentally mixing the ways of hegemon and king. How can one rely purely on moral teaching and employ Zhou government! Moreover vulgar Confucians do not grasp the times, delight in praising antiquity and condemning the present, and dazzle people between name and reality so they do not know what to uphold—how can they be entrusted!" He then sighed and said, "He who will disorder my house is the heir apparent!"
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:臣光曰：王霸無異道。 昔三代之隆，禮樂、征伐自天子出，則謂之王。 天子微弱不能治諸侯，諸侯有能率其與國同討不庭以尊王室者，則謂之霸。 其所以行之也，皆本仁祖義，任賢使能，賞善罰惡，禁暴誅亂。 顧名位有尊卑，德澤有深淺，功業有鉅細，政令有廣狹耳，非若白黑、甘苦之相反也。 漢之所以不能復三代之治者，由人主之不為，非先王之道不可復行於後世也。 夫儒有君子，有小人。 彼俗儒者，誠不足與為治也，獨不可求真儒而用之乎？ 稷、契、皋陶、伯益、伊尹、周公、孔子，皆大儒也，使漢得而用之，功烈豈若是而止邪！ 孝宣謂太子懦而不立，闇於治體，必亂我家，則可矣； 乃曰王道不可行，儒者不可用，豈不過甚矣哉！ 殆非所以訓示子孫，垂法將來者也。 ----4淮陽憲王好法律，聰達有材； 王母張婕妤尤幸。 上由是疏太子而愛淮陽憲王，數嗟歎憲王曰：「真我子也！」 常有意欲立憲王，然用太子起於微細，上少依倚許氏，及即位而許后以殺死，故弗忍也。 久之，上拜韋玄成為淮陽中尉，以玄成嘗讓爵于兄，欲以感諭憲王。 由是太子遂安。 ----5匈奴呼韓邪單于之敗也，左伊秩訾王為呼韓邪計，勸令稱臣入朝事漢，從漢求助，如此，匈奴乃定。 呼韓邪問諸大臣，皆曰：「不可。 匈奴之俗，本上氣力而下服役，以馬上戰鬥為國，故有威名於百蠻。 戰死，壯士所有也。 今兄弟爭國，不在兄則在弟，雖死猶有威名，子孫常長諸國。 漢雖強，猶不能兼併匈奴。 奈何亂先古之制，臣事於漢，卑辱先單于，為諸國所笑！ 雖如是而安，何以復長百蠻！」 左伊秩訾曰：「不然，強弱有時。 今漢方盛，烏孫城郭諸國皆為臣妾。 自且鞮侯單于以來，匈奴日削，不能取復，雖屈強於此，未嘗一日安也。 今事漢則安存，不事則危亡，計何以過此！」 諸大人相難久之，呼韓邪從其計，引眾南近塞，遣子右賢王銖婁渠堂入侍。 郅支單于亦遣子右大將駒于利受入侍。 ----6二月，丁巳，樂成敬侯許延壽薨。 ----7夏，四月，黃龍見新豐。 ----8丙申，太上皇廟火； 甲辰，孝文廟火； 上素服五日。 ----9烏孫狂王復尚楚主解憂，生一男鴟靡，不與主和，又暴惡失眾。 漢使衛司馬魏和意、副侯任昌至烏孫。 公主言：「狂王為烏孫所患苦，易誅也。」 遂謀置酒，使士拔劍擊之。 劍旁下，狂王傷，上馬馳去。 其子細沈瘦會兵圍和意、昌及公主於赤谷城。 數月，都護鄭吉發諸國兵救之，乃解去。 漢遣中郎將張遵持醫藥治狂王，賜金帛。 因收和意、昌系瑣，從尉犁檻車至長安，斬之。
: Minister Guang said: The ways of king and hegemon are not different paths. In antiquity at the height of the Three Dynasties, when rites, music, and campaigns issued from the Son of Heaven, it was called kingship. When the Son of Heaven was weak and could not govern the feudal lords, and a lord was able to lead allied states to punish the disobedient and honor the royal house, it was called hegemony. The means by which both were carried out all took benevolence as root and righteousness as model, employed the worthy, rewarded good and punished evil, and forbade violence. Only that rank had high and low, favor had depth, achievements had scale, and orders had scope—that is all; it is not like black and white or sweet and bitter in opposition. The reason Han could not restore Three Dynasties governance was that rulers did not do it—not that the former kings' Way could not be practiced again. Among Confucians there are gentlemen and petty men. Those vulgar Confucians truly are not fit to govern with—but cannot one seek true Confucians and employ them? Ji, Qi, Gao Yao, Bo Yi, Yi Yin, Duke of Zhou, and Confucius were all great Confucians; had Han obtained and employed them, would achievements have stopped at this! Emperor Xuan's saying the heir apparent was weak, unfit to stand, ignorant of governance, and would disorder his house—that could pass; yet to say the kingly Way could not be practiced and Confucians could not be employed—was that not going too far! It was hardly the way to instruct posterity or hand down law for the future. ----4 Prince Xian of Huaiyang was fond of law, clever and talented; his queen mother, Lady Zhang the Beautiful Companion, was especially favored. The emperor thereby grew distant from the heir apparent and loved Prince Xian of Huaiyang, repeatedly sighing and saying, "Truly my son!" He constantly intended to establish Prince Xian, yet because the heir apparent had risen from humble origins, the emperor in youth had relied on the Xu clan, and after accession Empress Xu died by execution, he could not bear to do it. After a long time, the emperor appointed Wei Xuancheng Commandant of Huaiyang, because Xuancheng had once yielded his noble rank to his elder brother, wishing thereby to instruct Prince Xian by example. Thereby the heir apparent was at last secure. ----5 When Chanyu Huhanye of the Xiongnu was defeated, the Left Yizhi Zhi King advised him to declare himself a subject, attend court, and serve Han, seeking Han's aid—thus the Xiongnu would be settled. Huhanye asked the great ministers; all said, "It cannot be done. Xiongnu custom esteems strength above and servitude below; taking battle on horseback as the foundation of state, they have prestige among the hundred barbarians. To die in battle is a stalwart man's portion. Now brothers contend for the state—if not the elder then the younger; though one dies he still wins prestige, and sons and grandsons will long lead the various states. Though Han is strong, it still cannot annex the Xiongnu. How can we overturn ancient institutions, serve Han as subjects, humiliate the former Chanyu, and become a laughingstock to the various states! Even if we were secure thus, how could we again lead the hundred barbarians!" The Left Yizhi Zhi said, "It is not so—strength and weakness have their seasons. Now Han is flourishing; the walled states of Wusun and all the rest have become Han subjects. Since Chanyu Qiedihou, the Xiongnu have daily dwindled and could not recover; though they bent their strength here, they never had a day of peace. Now to serve Han is security; not to serve is extinction—what plan surpasses this!" The great men disputed for a long time; Huhanye followed his plan, led his people south near the border, and sent his son the Right Wise King Zhu Louqu Tang to attend court. Chanyu Zhizhi also sent his son the Right Grand General Juyu Lishou to attend court. ----6 In the second month, on day dingsi, Marquis Jing of Lecheng Xu Yanshou died. ----7 In summer, the fourth month, a yellow dragon appeared at Xinfeng. ----8 On day bingshen, the Grand Supreme Emperor's temple caught fire; on day jiachen, Emperor Wen's temple caught fire; the emperor wore plain mourning garments for five days. ----9 The Mad King of Wusun again married the Chu princess Jieyou and begot a son, Nimi; he was not harmonious with her and was violent and wicked, losing popular support. Han sent Guard Major Wei Heyi and Deputy Marquis Ren Chang to Wusun. The princess said, "The Mad King is what Wusun suffers from; he is easy to kill." They plotted a banquet and had soldiers draw swords and strike him. The sword struck beside him; the Mad King was wounded, mounted his horse, and fled. His son Xishen Sou gathered troops and besieged Heyi, Chang, and the princess at Red Valley City. Several months later, Protector-General Zheng Ji mobilized troops from the various states to rescue them, and the siege was lifted. Han sent Palace Gentleman Zhang Zun with medicine to treat the Mad King and bestowed gold and silks. Thereupon Heyi and Chang were seized in fetters, sent in a caged cart from Weili to Chang'an, and beheaded.
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初，肥王翁歸靡胡婦子烏就屠，狂王傷時，驚，與諸翎侯俱去，居北山中，揚言母家匈奴兵來，故眾歸之。 後遂襲殺狂王，自立為昆彌。 是歲，漢遣破羌將軍辛武賢將兵萬五千人至敦煌，通渠積穀，欲以討之。
Earlier, the Fat King Wengguimi's son by a Hu woman was Wujiutu; when the Mad King was wounded, startled, he went off with the various commandery lords and dwelt in the northern mountains, proclaiming that Xiongnu troops from his mother's family were coming—therefore the people turned to him. Later he raided and killed the Mad King and established himself as Kunmi. That year, Han sent Break-Qiang General Xin Wuxian with fifteen thousand troops to Dunhuang to open canals and store grain, intending to campaign against him.
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初，楚主侍者馮嫽，能史書，習事，嘗持漢節為公主使，城郭諸國敬信之，號曰馮夫人，為烏孫右大將妻。 右大將與烏就屠相愛，都護鄭吉使馮夫人說烏就屠，以漢兵方出，必見滅，不如降。 烏就屠恐，曰：「願得小號以自處！」 帝征馮夫人，自問狀。 遣謁者竺次、期門甘延壽為副，送馮夫人。 馮夫人錦車持節，詔烏就屠詣長羅侯赤谷城，立元貴靡為大昆彌，烏就屠為小昆彌，皆賜印綬。 破羌將軍不出塞，還。 後烏就屠不盡歸諸翎侯民眾，漢復遣長羅侯將三校屯赤谷，因為分別其人民地界，大昆彌戶六萬餘，小昆彌戶四萬餘。 然眾心皆附小昆彌。----
Earlier, the Chu princess's attendant Feng Liao could write and was skilled in affairs; she had held Han credentials as the princess's envoy; the walled states respected and trusted her and called her Lady Feng; she was wife to Wusun's Right Grand General. The Right Grand General and Wujiutu were close; Protector-General Zheng Ji had Lady Feng persuade Wujiutu that Han troops were marching and he would surely be destroyed—better to surrender. Wujiutu was afraid and said, "I wish to obtain a lesser title to maintain myself!" The emperor summoned Lady Feng and questioned her himself. He dispatched Usher Zhu Ci and Palace Gate Guard Gan Yanshou as deputies to escort Lady Feng. Lady Feng in a brocade carriage held credentials and ordered Wujiutu to Red Valley City; Yuan Guimi was established as Great Kunmi, Wujiutu as Lesser Kunmi—both received seals and cords. The Break-Qiang General did not cross the border and returned. Later Wujiutu did not fully return the people's masses; Han again sent the Chief Luo Marquis with three garrisons to encamp at Red Valley and divide their territories—Great Kunmi had more than sixty thousand households, Lesser Kunmi more than forty thousand. Yet popular support all attached to the Lesser Kunmi.
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1春，正月，立皇子囂為定陶王。 ----2詔赦天下，減民算三十。 ----3珠崖郡反。 夏，四月，遣護軍都尉張祿將兵擊之。 ----4杜延年以老病免。 五月，己丑，廷尉-{于定國}-為御史大夫。 ----5秋，九月，立皇子宇為東平王。 ----6冬，十二月，上行幸萯陽宮、屬玉觀。 ----7是歲，營平壯武侯趙充國薨。 先是，充國以老乞骸骨，賜安車、駟馬、黃金，罷就第。 朝廷每有四夷大議，常與參兵謀、問籌策焉。 ----8匈奴呼韓邪單于款五原塞，原奉國珍，朝三年正月。 詔有司議其儀。 丞相、御史曰：「聖王之制，先京師而後諸夏，先諸夏而後夷狄。 匈奴單于朝賀，其禮儀宜如諸侯王，位次在下。」 太子太傅蕭望之以為：「單于非正朔所加，故稱敵國，宜待以不臣之禮，位在諸侯王上。 外夷稽首稱籓，中國讓而不臣，此則羈縻之誼，謙亨之福也。 《書》曰：『戎狄荒服，』言其來服荒忽亡常。 如使匈奴後嗣卒有鳥竄鼠伏，闕於朝享，不為畔臣，萬世之長策也。」 天子采之，下詔曰：「匈奴單于稱北蕃，朝正朔。 朕之不德，不能弘覆。 其以客禮待之，令單于位在諸侯王上，贊謁稱臣而不名。」
1 In spring, the first month, the emperor's son Biao was established as Prince of Dingtao. ----2 An edict amnestied all under Heaven and reduced the poll tax by thirty. ----3 Zhuya Commandery rebelled. In summer, the fourth month, Colonel of the Guard Zhang Lu was dispatched with troops to attack them. ----4 Du Yannian was dismissed because of old age and illness. In the fifth month, on day jichou, Director of Justice Yu Dingguo became Censor-in-Chief. ----5 In autumn, the ninth month, the emperor's son Yu was established as Prince of Dongping. ----6 In winter, the twelfth month, the emperor traveled to Fuyang Palace and Jade-Quail View. ----7 That year, Marquis Zhuangwu of Yingping Zhao Chongguo died. Earlier, Chongguo because of age requested retirement and was granted a secure carriage, four-horse team, and gold, then dismissed to his estate. Whenever the court had major deliberations on the four barbarians, it constantly consulted him on military planning and strategy. ----8 The Xiongnu chanyu Huhanye came in good faith to Wuyuan Pass, wishing to present national treasures and attend court in the first month of the third year. An edict ordered the relevant offices to deliberate on the ceremonial arrangements. The chancellor and censor-in-chief said, "The sage king's system puts the capital first, then the various Xia; the various Xia first, then the Yi and Di. When the Xiongnu chanyu comes to court for congratulations, his ceremonial observances should be like those of feudal kings, with his place in rank below them." Tutor of the Heir Apparent Xiao Wangzhi argued, "The chanyu is not one upon whom the correct calendar was conferred; he is therefore called a rival state. He should be received with the ritual due one who is not a subject, with rank above the feudal kings. The outer barbarians bow and call themselves vassals; the Central States yield and do not make them subjects—this is the meaning of keeping them on loose reins, the fortune of modest forbearance. The Book of Documents says, "The Rong and Di are wild-domain tribute," meaning that they come to submit from distant lands, suddenly appearing and vanishing without constancy. If the Xiongnu's later generations in the end scurry like birds and hide like rats, fail in court attendance, yet are not treated as rebellious subjects—that is a long-range policy for ten thousand generations." The emperor adopted this and issued an edict: "The Xiongnu chanyu calls himself the northernthe cited text and attends the correct calendar. My lack of virtue cannot broadly shelter all. Let him be received with guest ritual; place the chanyu above the feudal kings; at presentation let him be called subject but not by personal name."
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:荀悅論曰：《春秋》之義，王者無外，欲一於天下也。 戎狄道理遼遠，人跡介絕，故正朔不及，禮教不加，非尊之也，其勢然也。 《詩》云：「自彼氐、羌，莫敢不來王。」 故要、荒之君必奉王貢。 若不供職，則有辭讓號令加焉，非敵國之謂也。 望之欲待以不臣之禮，加之王公之上，僭度失序，以亂天常，非禮也！ 若以權時之宜，則異論矣。 ----9詔遣車騎都尉韓昌迎單于，發所過七郡二千騎為陳道上。
: Xun Yue's discussion says: The meaning of the Spring and Autumn Annals is that the king has no outside—he wishes oneness in All-under-Heaven. The Rong and Di lie on roads distant and far, human traces cut off; therefore the correct calendar does not reach them and ritual teaching is not applied—not because they are honored, but because the situation is so. The Odes says, "From those Di and Qiang, none dares fail to come to court." Therefore lords of the outer and wild domains must present royal tribute. If they do not perform their duties, reproof and orders are applied to them—they are not called rival states. Wangzhi's wish to receive him with the ritual of one not a subject and place him above kings and dukes transgresses proper rank, destroys order, and disorders the heavenly constancy—it is not ritual! If judged by the expedient fit of the time, then it is a different matter. ----9 An edict sent Commandant of Cavalry Han Chang to welcome the chanyu and dispatched two thousand cavalry from the seven commanderies along the route to escort him on the road.
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1春，正月，上行幸甘泉，郊泰畤。 ----2匈奴呼韓邪單于來朝，贊謁稱籓臣而不名。 賜以冠帶、衣裳，黃金璽、盭綬，玉具劍、佩刀，弓一張，矢四發，棨戟十，安車一乘，鞍勒一具，馬十五匹，黃金二十斤，錢二十萬，衣被七十七襲，錦繡、綺縠、雜帛八千匹，絮六千斤。 禮畢，使使者道單于先行宿長平。 上自甘泉宿池陽宮。 上登長平阪，詔單于毋謁，其左右當戶群臣皆得列觀，及諸蠻夷君長、王、侯數萬，咸迎於渭橋下，夾道陳。 上登渭橋，咸稱萬歲。 單于就邸長安。 置酒建章宮，饗賜單于，觀以珍寶。 二月，遣單于歸國。 單于自請「願留居幕南光祿塞下； 有急，保漢受降城。」 漢遣長樂衛尉、高昌侯董忠、車騎都尉韓昌將騎萬六千，又發邊郡士馬以千數，送單于出朔方雞鹿塞。 詔忠等留衛單于，助誅不服，又轉邊谷米糒，前後三萬四千斛，給贍其食。 先是，自烏孫以西至安息諸國近匈奴者，皆畏匈奴而輕漢，及呼韓邪單于朝漢後，咸尊漢矣。
1 In spring, the first month, the emperor travelled to Ganquan and performed suburban sacrifice at Taithe cited text. ----2 The Xiongnu chanyu Huhanye came to court; at presentation he was called a vassal subject but not by personal name. He was granted cap and belt, robes, a golden seal andthe cited text ribbon, a jade-fitted sword and girdle knife, one bow, four arrows in a quiver, ten halberds with tassels, one cushioned carriage, one set of saddle and bridle, fifteen horses, twenty jin of gold, two hundred thousand cash, seventy-seven suits of clothing and coverlets, eight thousand bolts of brocade, damask, fine silk, and miscellaneous silks, and six thousand jin of wadding. When the rites were finished, the emperor sent an envoy to escort the chanyu ahead to lodge at Changping. The emperor himself, coming from Ganquan, lodged at Chiyang Palace. The emperor ascended Changping Slope and ordered that the chanyu need not pay audience; his attendants and the Household ministers at the gate all could stand in ranks to observe, and several tens of thousands of various barbarian chieftains, kings, and marquises all welcomed him below Wei Bridge, arrayed along both sides of the road. The emperor mounted Wei Bridge; all cried "Long live the emperor!" The chanyu arrived at his lodge in Chang'an. Wine was set out at Jianzhang Palace; the chanyu was feasted and gifted, and shown precious treasures. In the second month, the chanyu was sent home to his state. The chanyu himself requested, "I wish to remain dwelling south of the curtain below Guanglu Pass; if there is an emergency, I may take refuge at the Han Surrender-Accepting Fortress." The Han sent Chief Commandant of Changle Wei Dong Zhong, Marquis of Gaochang, and Commandant of Cavalry Han Chang leading sixteen thousand cavalry, and also raised border commandery troops and horses by the thousands, to escort the chanyu out through Shuofang's Jilu Pass. An edict ordered Dong and the others to remain and guard the chanyu, help punish those who would not submit, and also forwarded border-grain rice and dried grain—thirty-four thousand hu in all—to supply his food. Earlier, from Wusun west to Parthia, all states near the Xiongnu feared the Xiongnu and slighted the Han; after Chanyu Huhanye attended the Han court, all honored the Han.
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上以戎狄賓服，思股肱之美，乃圖畫其人於麒麟閣，法其容貌，署其官爵、姓名。 唯霍光不名，曰「大司馬、大將軍、博陸候，姓霍氏」。 其次張安世、韓增、趙充國、魏相、丙吉、杜延年、劉德、梁丘賀、蕭望之、蘇武。 凡十一人，皆有功德，知名當世，是以表而揚之，明著中興輔佐，列於方叔、召虎、仲山甫焉。 ----3鳳皇集新蔡。 ----4三月，己巳、建成安侯黃霸薨。 五月，甲午，-{于定國}-為丞相，封西平侯。 太僕沛郡陳萬年為御史大夫。 ----5詔諸儒講五經同異，蕭望之等平奏其議，上帝稱制臨決焉。 乃立梁丘《易》、大、小夏侯《尚書》、《穀梁春秋》博士。 ----6烏孫大昆彌元貴靡及鴟靡皆病死。 公主上書言：「年老土思，願得歸骸骨，葬漢地！」 天子閔而迎之。 冬，至京師，待之一如公主之制。 後二歲卒。 ----7元貴靡子星靡代為大昆彌，弱。 馮夫人上書：「願使烏孫，鎮撫星靡。」 漢遣之。 都護韓宣奏烏孫大吏大祿、大監皆可賜以金印紫綬，以尊輔大昆彌。 漢許之。 其後段會宗為都護，乃招還亡叛，安定之。 星靡死，子雌栗靡代立。 ----8皇太子所幸司馬良娣病，且死，謂太子曰：「妾死非天命，乃諸娣妾、良人更祝詛殺我。」 太子以為然。 及死，太子悲恚發病，忽忽不樂。 帝乃令皇后擇後宮家人子可以娛侍太子者，得元城王政君，送太子宮。 政君，故繡衣御史賀之孫女也，見於丙殿。 壹幸，有身。 是歲，生成帝於甲館畫堂，為世縕皇孫。 帝愛之，自名曰驁，字大孫，常置左右。----
Because the Rong and Di had come as guests and submitted, the emperor thought of the worth of his chief ministers and had their likenesses painted in Qilin Pavilion, modeled on their appearances, with their offices, ranks, and names inscribed. Only Huo Guang was not named by personal name; the inscription read "Grand Marshal, Grand General, Marquis of Bolu, surname Huo." Next came Zhang Anshi, Han Zeng, Zhao Chongguo, Wei Xiang, Bing Ji, Du Yannian, Liu De, Liangqiu He, Xiao Wangzhi, and Su Wu. Eleven in all had merit and achievement and were renowned in their age; therefore they were displayed and exalted, clearly showing the restoration-era assistants, ranked with Fang Shu, Duke of Shao, and Zhong Shanfu. ----3 A phoenix gathered at Xincai. ----4 In the third month, on jisi, Marquis An of Jiancheng Huang Ba died. In the fifth month, on jiawu, -{Yu Dingguo}- became chancellor and was enfeoffed as Marquis of Xiping. Director of the Imperial Stud Chen Wannian of Pei Commandery became censor-in-chief. ----5 An edict ordered the various Confucians to discuss the agreements and differences of the Five Classics; Xiao Wangzhi and others fairly reported their deliberations, and the emperor personally decided by imperial pronouncement. Thereupon erudites were established for Liangqiu's Changes, the Great and Little Xiahou Documents, and the Guliang Spring and Autumn. ----6 Wusun Great Kunmi Yuan Guimie and Chimi both died of illness. The princess submitted a memorial saying, "I am old and homesick for my native soil; I wish to have my bones returned and buried in Han territory!" The emperor pitied her and welcomed her back. In winter she reached the capital and was treated entirely according to princess rites. Two years later she died. ----7 Yuan Guimie's son Xingmie succeeded as Great Kunmi; he was weak. Lady Feng submitted a memorial: "I wish to be sent to Wusun to pacify and comfort Xingmie." The Han sent her. Protector General Han Xuan memorialized that Wusun's great administrator Dalu and great supervisor could both be granted gold seals and purple ribbons to honor and assist the Great Kunmi. The Han granted this. Afterward Duan Huizong became protector general; he then summoned back deserters and rebels and pacified the state. Xingmie died; his son Ciliqimie succeeded to the throne. ----8 The crown prince's favored Lady of the Chief of Cavalry Liang was ill and near death; she told the crown prince, "My death is not Heaven's decree—it is the various secondary consorts and ladies who by turns prayed and cursed me to death." The crown prince believed it. When she died, the crown prince grieved and fell ill, restless and joyless. The emperor then ordered the empress to choose from the palace women of good family one who could divert and attend the crown prince; Wang Zhengjun of Yuancheng was obtained and sent to the crown prince's palace. Zhengjun was the granddaughter of the former Embroidered-Robe Censor He and had been seen in the Bing Hall. Once favored, she became pregnant. That year she gave birth to Emperor Cheng in the Painted Hall of the Jia Lodge; he was made heir-apparent great-grandson in the womb belt. The emperor loved him, personally named him Ao, styled Dasun, and often kept him at his side.
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1夏，廣川王海陽坐禽獸行、賊殺不辜，廢，徙房陵。 ----2冬，十月，丁卯，未央宮宣室閣火。 ----3是歲，徙定陶王囂為楚王。 ----4匈奴呼韓邪、郅支兩單于俱遣使朝獻，漢待呼韓邪使有加焉。----
1 In summer, King Haiyang of Guangchuan was charged with beastlike conduct and murdering the innocent; he was deposed and moved to Fangling. ----2 In winter, the tenth month, on dingmao, the Xuanshi Pavilion of Weiyang Palace caught fire. ----3 That year, King Xiao of Dingtao was moved to become King of Chu. ----4 Both the Xiongnu chanyus Huhanye and Zhizhi sent envoys with tribute to court; the Han treated Huhanye's envoy with special favor.
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1春，正月，上行幸甘泉，郊泰畤。 ----2匈奴呼韓邪單于來朝； 二月，歸國。 始，郅支單于以為呼韓邪兵弱，降漢，不能復自還，即引其眾西，欲攻定右地。 又屠耆單于小弟本侍呼韓邪，亦亡之右地，收兩兄餘兵，得數千人，自立為伊利目單于； 道逢郅支，合戰，郅支殺之，併其兵五萬餘人。 郅支聞漢出兵谷助呼韓邪，即遂留居右地； 自度力不能定匈奴，乃益西，近烏孫，欲與並力，遣使見小昆彌烏就屠。 烏就屠殺其使，發八千騎迎郅支。 郅支覺其謀，勒兵逢擊烏孫，破之； 因北擊烏揭、堅昆、丁令、並三國。 數遣兵擊烏孫，常勝之。 堅昆東去單于庭七千里，南去車師五千里，郅支留都之。 ----3三月，有星孛於王良、閣道，入紫微宮。 ----4帝寢疾，選大臣可屬者，引外屬侍中樂陵侯史高、太子太傅蕭望之、少傅周堪至禁中，拜高為大司馬、車騎將軍，望之為前將軍、光祿勳，堪為光祿大夫，皆受遺詔輔政，領尚書事。 冬，十二月，甲戌，帝崩於未央宮。
1 In spring, the first month, the emperor travelled to Ganquan and performed suburban sacrifice at Taithe cited text. ----2 The Xiongnu chanyu Huhanye came to court; in the second month he returned to his state. At the beginning, Chanyu Zhizhi thought Huhanye's troops were weak and that, having submitted to the Han, he could not return on his own; he therefore led his followers west, intending to attack and secure the right territory. Also the younger brother of Chanyu Rizhi, who had originally served Huhanye, also fled to the right territory, gathered the remnant troops of his two elder brothers, obtained several thousand men, and established himself as Chanyu Yilimu; on the road he met Zhizhi; they joined battle, Zhizhi killed him, and merged his troops to more than fifty thousand men. Zhizhi heard the Han had sent troops through the valley to help Huhanye and thereupon remained dwelling in the right territory; judging for himself that his strength could not settle the Xiongnu, he went further west, drew near Wusun, wished to combine forces, and sent an envoy to see the Little Kunmi Wujiutu. Wujiutu killed his envoy and sent eight thousand cavalry to welcome Zhizhi. Zhizhi perceived the plot, led his troops to meet and strike Wusun, and defeated them; thereupon he struck north against the Wujie, Jiankun, and Dingling and annexed the three states. He repeatedly sent troops to attack Wusun and was often victorious. Jiankun lay seven thousand li east of the chanyu court and five thousand li south of Cheshi; Zhizhi remained and made it his capital. ----3 In the third month, a comet appeared at Wangliang and Jiandao and entered the Purple Forbidden Palace. ----4 The emperor lay gravely ill and chose ministers to whom he could entrust affairs; he summoned the related-by-marriage Attendant-in-Ordinary Marquis of Leling Shi Gao, Tutor of the Heir Apparent Xiao Wangzhi, and Junior Tutor Zhou Kan to the inner palace, appointed Gao grand marshal and general of chariots and cavalry, Wangzhi forward general and director of the imperial secretariat, and Kan director of the masters of writing—all received the testamentary edict to assist in government and headed Secretariat affairs. In winter, the twelfth month, on jiaxu, the emperor died at Weiyang Palace.
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:班固贊曰：孝宣之治，信賞必罰，綜核名實。 政事、文學、法理之士，鹹精其能。 至於技巧、工匠、器械，自元、成間鮮能及之。 亦足以知吏稱其職，民安其業也。 遭值匈奴乖亂，推亡固存，信威北夷，單于慕義，稽首稱籓。 功光祖宗，業垂後嗣，可謂中興，侔德殷宗、周宣矣！ ----5癸巳，太子即皇帝位，謁高廟，尊皇太后曰太皇太后，皇后曰皇太后。
: Ban Gu's praise says: The governance of Emperor Xiaoxuan—rewards and punishments were sure, names and realities were comprehensively verified. Men of government affairs, letters, and legal principle all refined their abilities. As for skill, craftsmen, and instruments—from the Yuan and Cheng reigns few could match it. This too is enough to know that officials claimed their posts and the people were secure in their livelihoods. He encountered the Xiongnu in disorder, pushed the perishing and secured what remained, his trust and might reached the northern Yi; the chanyu admired his righteousness and bowed, calling himself vassal. His merit illumined the ancestors and his enterprise hangs for posterity; it can be called a restoration, equal in virtue to the Yin Ancestor and King Xuan of Zhou! ----5 On guisi, the crown prince assumed the imperial throne, visited Gaozu's temple, and honored the empress dowager as Grand Empress Dowager and the empress as Empress Dowager.