Volume 70 Wei Records 2

1

=魏紀二=

Wei Records 2

2

起昭陽單閼，盡強圖協洽，凡五年。

[Wei Records 2] Spanning from the year Zhaoyang Danqian through Qiangtu Xiejia—a period of five years.

3

世祖文皇帝下

The Reign of Emperor Wen the Founder, Part Two

4

1春，正月，曹真使張郃擊破吳兵，遂奪據江陵中洲。

1. In spring, during the first month, Cao Zhen dispatched Zhang He to rout the Wu army and then captured and held the central sandbank at Jiangling.

5

2二月，諸葛亮至永安。

2. In the second month, Zhuge Liang reached Yong'an.

6

3曹仁以步騎數萬向濡須，先揚聲欲東攻羨溪，朱桓分兵赴之。既行，仁以大軍徑進。桓聞之，追還羨溪兵，兵未到而仁奄至。時桓手下及所部兵在者才五千人，諸將業業各有懼心，桓喻之曰：「凡兩軍交對，勝負在將，不在眾寡。諸君聞曹仁用兵行師，孰與桓邪？兵法所以稱『客倍而主人半』者，謂俱在平原無城隍之守，又謂士卒勇怯齊等故耳。今仁既非智勇，加其士卒甚怯，又千里步涉，人馬罷困。桓與諸君共據高城，南臨大江，北背山陵，以逸待勞，為主制客，此百戰百勝之勢，雖曹丕自來，尚不足憂，況仁等邪！」桓乃偃旗鼓，外示虛弱以誘致仁。仁遣其子泰攻濡須城，分遣將軍常雕、王雙等乘油船別襲中洲。中洲者，桓部曲妻子所在也。蔣濟曰：「賊據西岸，列船上流，而兵入洲中，是為自內地獄，危亡之道也。」仁不從，自將萬人留橐皋，為泰等後援。桓遣別將擊雕等而身自拒泰，泰燒營退。桓遂斬常雕，生虜王雙，臨陳殺溺死者千餘人。

3. Cao Ren marched several ten thousands of foot and horse toward Ruxu, first giving out that he meant to strike east at Xianxi; Zhu Huan detached troops to meet him. Once those detachments were on the road, Ren drove his main army straight ahead. Huan heard this and called back the Xianxi column, but Ren arrived in force before those troops could return. Huan then had only about five thousand men of his personal following and command still on hand; his officers were anxious and afraid. He addressed them: "When two armies meet, victory rests with the general, not with numbers. You have all heard how Cao Ren wages war—is he my equal? The manuals' line that 'the invader counts double while the defender counts for half' applies only when both fight on open plain without walled cover, and when courage and cowardice are evenly matched on both sides. Ren lacks both wisdom and dash, his men are thoroughly timid, and after a thousand li on foot both men and horses are worn out. We hold a stronghold with the great Yangzi before us and hills at our backs, fresh troops against weary foes, defender mastering invader—every advantage of a position that wins a hundred fights in a hundred. Even Cao Pi himself need not worry us, let alone men like Ren!" Huan then furled banners and silenced drums, feigning weakness to draw Ren in. Ren sent his son Tai against Ruxu fortress while detaching Generals Chang Diao, Wang Shuang, and others in fire ships for a separate assault on the central sandbank. That sandbank was where the families of Huan's retainers were quartered. Jiang Ji said: "The enemy holds the western shore with boats lined upstream; to send troops onto the islet is to march into a trap they have set for themselves—the road to defeat. Ren would not listen. He kept ten thousand men with him at Tuogao as a reserve for Tai's force. Huan sent a subordinate commander against Diao's column while he faced Tai himself; Tai burned his camps and pulled back. Huan then executed Chang Diao, took Wang Shuang alive, and more than a thousand of the enemy were slain or drowned before the lines.

7

初，呂蒙病篤，吳王問曰：「卿如不起，誰可代者？」蒙對曰：「朱然膽守有餘，愚以為可任。」朱然者，九真太守朱治姊子也；本姓施氏，治養以為子，時為昭武將軍。蒙卒，吳王假然節，鎮江陵。及曹真等圍江陵，破孫盛，吳王遣諸葛瑾等將兵往解圍，夏侯尚擊卻之。江陵中外斷絕，城中兵多腫病，堪戰者裁五千人。真等起土山，鑿地道，立樓櫓臨城，弓矢雨注，將士皆失色；然晏如無恐意，方厲吏士，伺間隙，攻破魏兩屯。魏兵圍然凡六月，江陵令姚泰領兵備城北門，見外兵盛，城中人少，穀食且盡，懼不濟，謀為內應，然覺而殺之。

Earlier, when Lü Meng lay gravely ill, Sun Quan asked: "If you cannot recover, who could take your place?" Meng answered: "Zhu Ran has more than enough nerve for defense; I believe he can bear the charge. Zhu Ran was the nephew of Zhu Zhi, prefect of Jiuzhen; born a Shi, he had been adopted by Zhi and was then General Who Establishes Martial Might. After Meng died, Sun Quan gave Ran a staff of authority and posted him at Jiangling. When Cao Zhen and his colleagues encircled Jiangling and routed Sun Sheng, Sun Quan sent Zhuge Jin and others to break the siege; Xiahou Shang attacked and repulsed them. Jiangling was cut off within and without; many defenders were bloated with illness, and barely five thousand could still fight. Zhen's men threw up earthworks, dug saps, and raised siege towers over the walls; arrows fell like rain and the garrison went pale; yet Ran remained serene and unafraid, urging his officers and men on and, seizing his chance, stormed two Wei camps. Wei invested Ran for six months altogether. Yao Tai, prefect of Jiangling, held the north gate with his troops; seeing the enemy strong, the city sparse, and grain nearly spent, he despaired of relief and plotted treason; Ran uncovered it and put him to death.

8

時江水淺狹，夏侯尚欲乘船將步騎入渚中安屯，作浮橋，南北往來，議者多以為城必可拔。董昭上疏曰：「武皇帝智勇過人，而用兵畏敵，不敢輕之若此也。夫兵好進惡退，常然之數。平地無險，猶尚艱難，就當深入，還道宜利，兵有進退，不可如意。今屯渚中，至深也；浮橋而濟，至危也；一道而行，至狹也。三者，兵家所忌，而今行之，賊頻攻橋，誤有漏失，渚中精銳非魏之有，將轉化為吳矣。臣私戚之，忘寢與食，而議者怡然不以為憂，豈不惑哉！加江水向長，一旦暴增，何以防禦！就不破賊，尚當自完，奈何乘危，不以為懼！惟陛下察之。」帝即詔尚等促出，吳人兩頭並前，魏兵一道引去，不時得泄，僅而獲濟。吳將潘璋已作荻筏，欲以燒浮橋，會尚退而止。後旬日，江水大漲，帝謂董昭曰：「君論此事，何其審也！」會天大疫，帝悉召諸軍還。

The river was then shallow and narrow; Xiahou Shang meant to ferry foot and horse into the shallows by boat, encamp there, span a floating bridge, and move forces north and south. Most advisers held that the city was sure to fall. Dong Zhao memorialized the throne: "Emperor Wu in martial wisdom outshone other men, yet he still feared the enemy and would not treat war lightly as we do now. Armies love to advance and hate to retreat; that is their constant habit. Even on open ground without hazard the going is hard; how much more when one drives deep in—and the road back should favor the defender, yet movement cannot always be as one wishes. To camp now in the mid-river shallows is to go exceedingly deep; to cross on a floating bridge is to court extreme peril; to march on a single road is to face extreme constriction. All three are what strategists forbid, yet we do them now. If the enemy keeps hammering the bridge and a breach opens, the crack troops in the shallows will not remain Wei's—they will become Wu's. I fret over this day and night, yet councils sit at ease and unmoved—is this not folly? Moreover the river is rising; should it burst in flood overnight, how could we stand against it? Even failing to defeat the enemy we must still save ourselves—why court such danger without alarm? I beg Your Majesty to weigh this carefully." The emperor at once ordered Shang and the rest to hurry out. Wu pressed from both flanks while Wei filed off single-file and could not disperse in time—they barely got across. Wu general Pan Zhang had already built reed rafts to burn the bridge, but ceased when Shang withdrew. Ten days later the river rose sharply. The emperor told Dong Zhao: "How soundly you judged this matter!" A great plague then swept the land, and the emperor summoned every army home.

9

三月，丙申，車駕還洛陽。

In the third month, on the day Bingshen, the emperor's train returned to Luoyang.

10

初，帝問賈詡曰：「吾欲伐不從命，以一天下，吳、蜀何先？」對曰：「攻取者先兵權，建本者尚德化。陛下應期受禪，撫臨率土，若綏之以文德而俟其變，則平之不難矣。吳、蜀雖蕞爾小國，依山阻水。劉備有雄才，諸葛亮善治國；孫權識虛實，陸遜見兵勢。據險守要，泛舟江湖，皆難卒謀也。用兵之道，先勝後戰，量敵論將；故舉無遺策。臣竊料群臣無備、權對，雖以天威臨之，未見萬全之勢也。昔舜舞干戚而有苗服，臣以為當今宜先文後武。」帝不納，軍竟無功。

Earlier the emperor had asked Jia Xu: "I mean to chastise the disobedient and unite the realm—which should I strike first, Wu or Shu?" Xu answered: "Conquest begins with seizing military advantage; founding a lasting order begins with civil virtue. Your Majesty took the Mandate in its season and reigns over every quarter; if you soothe them with civil teaching and wait for change, their submission need not be hard. Wu and Shu are but gourd-sized states, yet mountains and rivers shield them. Liu Bei has heroic stature; Zhuge Liang excels at governing; Sun Quan reads strength and weakness; Lu Xun reads the tide of war. They hold passes and sail the lakes and rivers—none of this yields to a hasty stroke. The art of war is to secure victory before fighting, to weigh enemy and commander; thus no plan is raised that is not already sure. I judge that no minister of ours is Sun Quan's match; even Heaven's majesty brought against him offers no sure triumph. When Shun danced with shield and axe the Miao bowed; I hold that today civil means should come first and arms after." The emperor would not listen, and the campaigns came to nothing.

11

4丁未，陳忠侯曹仁卒。

4. On the day Dingwei, Loyal and Sincere Marquis Cao Ren died.

12

5初，黃元為諸葛亮所不善，聞漢主疾病，懼有後患，故舉郡反，燒臨邛城。時亮東行省疾，成都單虛，元益無所憚。益州治中從事楊洪，啟太子遣將軍陳曶、鄭綽討元。眾議以為元若不能圍成都，當由越巂據南中。洪曰：「元素性凶暴，無他恩信，何能辦此！不過乘水東下，冀主上平安，面縛歸死；如其有異，奔吳求活耳。但敕曶、綽於南安峽口邀遮，即便得矣。」元軍敗，果順江東下，曶、綽生獲，斬之。

5. Earlier Huang Yuan had fallen foul of Zhuge Liang. Hearing that the Han ruler was gravely ill, he feared what might follow and rebelled across the district, burning Linqiong. Liang was then away east tending the emperor's illness; Chengdu lay nearly bare, and Yuan grew bolder. Yang Hong, assistant administrator of Yizhou, alerted the crown prince and sent Generals Chen Hu and Zheng Chuo against Yuan. Most advisers thought that if Yuan could not take Chengdu he would head through Yuexi into the southern tribes. Hong said: "Yuan is brutal by nature, with no other hold over men—how could he manage that? He will only flee downriver, hoping the emperor recovers so he can bind himself and await death; if not, he will flee to Wu for his life. Simply have Hu and Chuo ambush him at Nan'an Gorge and he is ours." Yuan was beaten and fled downriver as Hong had foretold; Hu and Chuo took him alive and executed him.

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6漢主病篤，命丞相亮輔太子，以尚書令李嚴為副。漢主謂亮曰：「君才十倍曹丕，必能安國，終定大事。若嗣子可輔，輔之；如其不才，君可自取。」亮涕泣曰：「臣敢不竭股肱之力，效忠貞之節，繼之以死！」漢主又為詔敕太子曰：「人五十不稱夭，吾年已六十有餘，何所復恨，但以卿兄弟為念耳。勉之，勉之！勿以惡小而為之，勿以善小而不為！惟賢惟德，可以服人。汝父德薄，不足效也。汝與丞相從事，事之如父。」夏，四月，〔壬午〕( 癸巳) 癸巳) 四月己未朔，無癸巳。據《蜀志．先主傳》云「今月二十四日奄忽升遐」，是月二十四日為壬午，據改。按此癸巳疑是上謚號之日。，漢主殂於永安，謚曰昭烈〔皇帝〕。

6. The Han emperor lay dying. He charged Chancellor Liang to assist the crown prince, with Li Yan, Director of the Secretariat, as his deputy. He told Liang: "Your gifts outdo Cao Pi's tenfold; you can surely steady the state and bring our great cause to its end. If the heir proves fit, assist him; if he lacks ability, you may take the throne for yourself." Liang wept: "I shall spare neither limb nor life but serve with flawless loyalty till death! The emperor also wrote for the crown prince: "Fifty is not early death; I am past sixty and have little left to regret save concern for you and your brothers. Strive hard, strive hard! Do not commit a small evil thinking it trivial; do not omit a small good thinking it worthless! Only worth and virtue can win men's hearts. Your father's virtue is meager—do not try to mimic me. Work with the chancellor and serve him as you would a father." In summer, the fourth month, [on the day Renwu] ( Guisi) [Editorial note:] [Renwu] ( Guisi) The first day of the fourth month was Jiji; there was no Guisi that month. The History of Shu's biography of the Former Lord records 'on the twenty-fourth of this month he passed away'; that day was Renwu, and the date is emended accordingly. This Guisi may instead mark the day the posthumous title was granted. The Han emperor died at Yong'an and received the posthumous title Zhaolie Emperor—the word Emperor is supplied from the History of Shu's biography of the Former Lord.

14

丞相亮奉喪還成都，以李嚴為中都護，留鎮永安。

Chancellor Liang brought the coffin back to Chengdu, made Li Yan Central Supervisor of the Army, and left him to hold Yong'an.

15

五月，太子禪即位，時年十七。尊皇后曰皇太后，大赦，改元建興。封丞相亮為武鄉侯，領益州牧，政事無鉅細，鹹決於亮。亮乃約官職，修法制，發教與群下曰：「夫參署者，集眾思，廣忠益也。若遠小嫌，難相違覆，曠闕損矣。違覆而得中，猶棄敝趫而獲珠玉。然人心苦不能盡，惟徐元直處茲不惑。又，董幼宰參署七年，事有不至，至於十反，來相啟告。苟能慕元直之十一，幼宰之勤渠，有忠於國，則亮可以少過矣。」又曰：「昔初交州平，屢聞得失；後交元直，勤見啟誨；前參事於幼宰，每言則盡；後從事於偉度，數有諫止。雖資性鄙暗，不能悉納，然與此四子終始好合，亦足以明其不疑於直言也。」偉度者，亮主簿義陽胡濟也。

In the fifth month Crown Prince Chan took the throne at the age of seventeen. The empress was elevated to empress dowager, a general amnesty was proclaimed, and the era name became Jianxing. Liang was enfeoffed as Marquis of Wuxiang and made governor of Yizhou; every matter of state, large or small, rested with him. Liang streamlined offices, revised the laws, and addressed his officials: "Deliberation in council gathers many minds and widens loyal counsel. If petty grudges keep men apart, frank debate fails and the state suffers for it. To argue back and forth and reach the right course is like throwing away worn shoes and finding pearls. Yet few can bring themselves to speak fully; only Xu Yuanshi never wavered on this point. Dong Youzai sat in council seven years; whenever something fell short he would come back as many as ten times to set me straight. If you will emulate even a tenth of Yuanshi's candor and Youzai's tireless honesty in serving the state, I may have fewer faults of my own." He went on: "When I first knew Zhou Ping I often heard frank judgment of right and wrong; later I knew Xu Yuanshi, who often came with frank counsel; before that Dong Youzai sat in council with me and never held back; later Hu Ji served under me and often checked my course. Though I am dull by nature and cannot take every word to heart, my lifelong goodwill with these four men shows I do not distrust honest speech." Weidu was Hu Ji of Yiyang, Liang's chief clerk.

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亮嘗自校簿書，主簿楊顒直入，諫曰：「為治有體，上下不可相侵。請為明公以作家譬之。今有人，使奴執耕稼，婢典炊爨，雞主司晨，犬主吠盜，牛負重載，馬涉遠路。私業無曠，所求皆足，雍容高枕，飲食而已。忽一旦盡欲以身親其役，不復付任，勞其體力，為此碎務，形疲神困，終無一成。豈其智之不如奴婢雞狗哉？失為家主之法也。是故古人稱『坐而論道，謂之王公；作而行之，謂之士大夫。』故丙吉不問橫道死人而憂牛喘，陳平不肯知錢穀之數，云『自有主者』，彼誠達於位分之體也。今明公為治，乃躬自校簿書，流汗終日，不亦勞乎！」亮謝之。及顒卒，亮垂泣三日。

Liang once audited the ledgers himself. Chief Clerk Yang Yi came straight in and said: "Government has its proper form; superiors and subordinates must not usurp one another's roles. Let me put it in terms of running a household. A man sets slaves to plow, maids to cook, the cock to wake the house, the dog to warn of thieves, oxen to haul burdens, and horses to travel far roads. Every task is done, every want supplied, and the master reclines at ease—eating and drinking, nothing more. Then one day he insists on doing every chore himself, trusts no one, wears body and mind on trifles, and ends by accomplishing nothing. Is he less wise than his slaves, maids, cock, and dog? That is to fail the art of being master of a house. The ancients said: 'To sit and discuss the Way is the work of kings and dukes; to act and carry it out is the work of officers.' Bing Ji ignored a corpse in the road but fretted over a panting ox; Chen Ping would not learn the grain accounts, saying 'others have that charge'—both grasped what their stations required. Yet Your Excellency governs by sweating over ledgers all day—is that not excessive toil?" Liang thanked him. When Yi died, Liang mourned him with tears for three days.

17

7六月，甲戌，任城威王彰卒。

7. In the sixth month, on the day Jiaxu, King Wei of Rencheng, Cao Zhang, died.

18

8甲申，魏壽肅侯賈詡卒。

8. On the day Jiashen, Solemn Marquis Jia Xu of Weishou died.

19

9大水。

9. Severe flooding.

20

10吳賀齊襲蘄春，虜太守晉宗以歸。

10. He Qi of Wu stormed Qichun and carried off Prefect Jin Zong.

21

11初，益州郡耆帥雍闓殺太守正昂，因士燮以求附於吳，又執太守成都張裔以與吳，吳以闓為永昌太守。永昌功曹呂凱、府丞王伉率吏士閉境拒守，闓不能進，使郡人孟獲誘扇諸夷，諸夷皆從之。牂柯太守朱褒、越巂夷王高定皆叛應闓。諸葛亮以新遭大喪，皆撫而不討，務農殖穀，閉關息民，民安食足而後用之。

11. Earlier Yong Kai, a tribal elder of Yizhou, killed Prefect Zheng Ang and, through Shi Xie, sought Wu's protection; he also seized Zhang Yi, prefect of Chengdu, and handed him to Wu, which made Kai prefect of Yongchang. Lü Kai, merit officer of Yongchang, and Assistant Wang Kang shut the borders and held out; blocked, Kai sent Meng Huo to stir the tribes, and they all rose with him. Zhu Bao, prefect of Zangge, and Gao Ding, king of the Yi in Yuexi, both rebelled in Kai's cause. Zhuge Liang, fresh from national mourning, soothed rather than struck, pushed farming and grain stores, closed the passes, and let the people rest until they were fed and settled—only then would he call on them.

22

12秋，八月，丁卯，以廷尉鐘繇為太尉，治書執法高柔代為廷尉。是時三公無事，又希與朝政，柔上疏曰：「公輔之臣，皆國之棟樑，民所具瞻，而置之三事，不使知政，遂各偃息養高，鮮有進納，誠非朝廷崇用大臣之義，大臣獻可替否之謂也。古者刑政有疑，輒議於槐、棘之下。自今之後，朝有疑議及刑獄大事，宜數以咨訪三公。三公朝朔、望之日，又可特延入講論得失，博盡事情，庶有補起天聽，光益大化。」帝嘉納焉。

12. In autumn, the eighth month, on the day Dingmao, Zhong Yao was made Grand Commandant and Gao Rou, director of documents and law, succeeded him as Court Commandant. The Three Excellencies then had little to do and seldom joined in rule. Rou memorialized: "These chief ministers are the state's pillars and the people's gaze; yet set in the Three Offices without a hand in policy, they retire to cultivate reputation and rarely advise—neither how a court should honor its great ministers nor how ministers should speak for or against policy. In old times doubtful law was debated under the locust and jujube trees. Henceforth doubtful policy and major criminal cases should often be referred to the Three Excellencies. On the new- and full-moon audiences they might also be summoned to debate policy in full, perhaps thereby sharpening the emperor's ear and advancing great reform." The emperor approved and adopted the proposal.

23

13辛未，帝校獵於滎陽，遂東巡。九月，甲辰，如許昌。

13. On the day Xinwei the emperor hunted at Xingyang and then toured east. In the ninth month, on the day Jiachen, he proceeded to Xuchang.

24

14漢尚書義陽鄧芝言於諸葛亮曰：「今主上幼弱，初即尊位，宜遣大使重申吳好。」亮曰：「吾思之久矣，未得其人耳，今日始得之。」芝問：「其人為誰？」亮曰：「即使君也。」乃遣芝以中郎將修好於吳。冬，十月，芝至吳。時吳王猶未與魏絕，狐疑，不時見芝。芝乃自表請見曰：「臣今來，亦欲為吳，非但為蜀也。」吳王見之，曰：「孤誠願與蜀和親，然恐蜀主幼弱，國小勢逼，為魏所乘，不自保全耳。」芝對曰：「吳、蜀二國，四州之地。大王命世之英，諸葛亮亦一時之傑也；蜀有重險之固，吳有三江之阻。合此二長，共為脣齒，進可並兼天下，退可鼎足而立，此理之自然也。大王今若委質於魏，魏必上望大王之入朝，下求太子之內侍，若不從命，則奉辭伐叛，蜀亦順流見可而進。如此，江南之地非復大王之有也。」吳王默然良久曰：「君言是也。」遂絕魏，專與漢連和。

14. Deng Zhi of Yiyang, director of the secretariat, told Zhuge Liang: "The throne is young and newly filled; we should send a senior envoy to renew our bond with Wu. Liang said: "I have sought the right man a long while; today I have found him. Zhi asked: "Who is he? Liang said: "You, sir. He then sent Zhi as a household general to treat with Wu. In winter, the tenth month, Zhi reached Wu. Sun Quan had not yet broken with Wei and hesitated, delaying Zhi's audience. Zhi petitioned for an audience: "I come now to serve Wu's interest as much as Shu's. Sun Quan received him and said: "I truly wish kinship with Shu, yet I fear your young ruler, your small state pressed by power, will be overrun by Wei and cannot stand alone. Zhi answered: "Wu and Shu hold four provinces between them. Your Majesty is a hero of the age; Zhuge Liang is a genius of his time; Shu has its mountain fastnesses; Wu its three rivers. Join those strengths and you are lip to teeth: advance and you may unite the realm; retreat and you still stand as one leg of a tripod. That is nature's logic. If you now submit to Wei, they will demand your court attendance and your heir as hostage; refuse, and they march south under a punitive banner while Shu follows the river wherever chance opens. Then the lands south of the Yangzi will no longer be yours." Sun Quan was silent a long while, then said: "You are right. He broke with Wei and allied solely with Han.

25

15是歲，漢主立妃張氏為皇后。

15. That year the Han emperor made Lady Zhang empress.

26

1春，二月，帝自許昌還洛陽。

The emperor returned from Xuchang to Luoyang.¹

27

2初平以來，學道廢墜。夏，四月，初立太學；置博士，依漢制設《五經》課試之法。

2. Since the Chuping era scholarship had collapsed. In summer, the fourth month, the Imperial Academy was founded; erudites were appointed and Han-style examinations on the Five Classics instituted.

28

3吳王使輔義中郎將吳郡張溫聘於漢，自是吳、〔漢〕( 蜀) 信使不絕蜀) 信使不絕此處司馬光未改「蜀」為「漢」，逕改。。時事所宜，吳主常令陸遜語諸葛亮；又刻印置遜所，王每與漢主及諸葛亮書，常過示遜，輕重、可否有所不安，每令改定，以印封之。漢復遣鄧芝聘於吳，吳主謂之曰：「若天下太平，二主分治，不亦樂乎？」芝對曰：「天無二日，土無二王。如並魏之後，大王未深識天命，君各茂其德，臣各盡其忠，將提枹鼓，則戰爭方始耳。」吳王大笑曰：「君之誠款乃當爾邪！」

3. Sun Quan sent Zhang Wen of Wu commandery, a household general assisting righteousness, on a mission to Han; thereafter Wu and Han ( Shu) Shu)² “envoys were unceasing. Here Sima Guang left Shu unaltered; the text is emended to Han. End note.” On current affairs Sun Quan often had Lu Xun confer with Zhuge Liang; and kept a seal with Xun. Letters to the Han emperor and Zhuge Liang passed through Xun first; if tone or policy seemed off, Sun had them revised and sealed. Han sent Deng Zhi again on a courtesy mission. Sun Quan said to him: "If the realm were at peace and our two thrones shared rule, would that not be pleasant? Zhi answered: "Heaven admits but one sun; earth but one king. Once Wei is gone, if you have not read Heaven's Mandate aright, and each throne and each minister plays his part to the full, then the drums of war will sound and the fighting begin anew." Sun Quan laughed aloud: "Your candor is exactly what I hoped for!"

29

4秋，七月，帝東巡，如許昌。帝欲大興軍伐吳，侍中辛毗諫曰：「方今天下新定，土廣民稀，而欲用之，臣誠未見其利也。先帝屢起銳師，臨江而旋。今六軍不增於故，而復循之，此未易也。今日之計，莫若養民屯田，十年然後用之，則役不再舉矣。」帝曰：「如卿意，更當以虜遺子孫邪？」對曰：「昔周文王以紂遺武王，惟知時也。」帝不從，留尚書僕射司馬懿鎮許昌。八月，為水軍，親御龍舟，循蔡、潁，浮淮如壽春。九月，至廣陵。

4. In autumn, the seventh month, the emperor toured east to Xuchang. The emperor meant to raise a great host against Wu. Xin Pi remonstrated: "The realm is newly settled, land vast and people thin; to spend them now—I see no gain. Your father repeatedly marched elite troops to the river and turned back. The Six Armies are no larger than before, yet you would repeat the attempt—that will not be easy. Better to nourish the people and farm garrison lands, and only after ten years call on them—then levies need not be repeated." The emperor said: "By your counsel, am I to bequeath the enemy to my sons? Pi answered: "King Wen of Zhou left Zhou for King Wu—that was knowing the season. The emperor would not listen and left Sima Yi, vice director of the secretariat, to hold Xuchang. In the eighth month he built a fleet, boarded the imperial dragon boat, followed the Cai and Ying, and sailed the Huai toward Shouchun. In the ninth month he reached Guangling.

30

吳安東將軍徐盛建計，植木衣葦，為疑城假樓，自石頭至於江乘，聯綿相接數百里，一夕而成；又大浮舟艦於江。

Xu Sheng of Wu devised a ruse: trees dressed in reeds to mimic walls and towers from Shitou to Jiangcheng, an unbroken line hundreds of li long, finished in a single night; and launched great war junks on the river.

31

時江水盛長，帝臨望，嘆曰：「魏雖有武騎千群，無所用之，未可圖也。」帝御龍舟，會暴風漂蕩，幾至覆沒。帝問群臣：「權當自來否？」咸曰：「陛下親征，權恐怖，必舉國而應。又不敢以大眾委之臣下，必當自來。」劉曄曰：「彼謂陛下欲以萬乘之重牽己，而超越江湖者在於別將，必勒兵待事，未有進退也。」大駕停住積日，吳王不至，帝乃旋師。是時，曹休表得降賊辭：「孫權已在濡須口。」中領軍衛臻曰：「權恃長江，未敢亢衡，此必畏怖偽辭耳！」考核降者，果守將所作也。

The river ran high. The emperor gazed out and sighed: "Though Wei fields thousands of horsemen, they are useless here—Wu cannot be taken. Aboard his dragon boat a sudden gale nearly swamped him. He asked his ministers: "Will Sun Quan come himself? All said: "With Your Majesty in the field, Quan will be terrified and must answer with his whole state. Nor will he trust his main force to a subordinate—he must come himself." Liu Ye said: "He will think Your Majesty means to lure him with imperial weight while another general crosses the river—he will hold his army and wait, neither advancing nor retreating. The imperial train waited many days; Sun Quan never came, and the emperor withdrew. Cao Xiu then reported words from a defector: "Sun Quan is already at Ruxukou. Wei Zhen, central army commander, said: "Quan trusts the Yangzi and dares not meet us head-on—this is surely a frightened lie! Investigation proved the defector was a garrison officer's plant.

32

5吳張溫少以俊才有盛名，顧雍以為當今無輩，諸葛亮亦重之。溫薦引同郡暨艷為選部尚書。艷好為清議，彈射百僚，覈奏三署，率皆貶高就下，降損數等，其守故者，十未能一；其居位貪鄙，志節污卑者，皆以為軍吏，置營府以處之；多揚人闇昧之失以顯其謫。同郡陸遜、遜弟瑁及侍御史朱據皆諫止之。瑁與艷書曰：「夫聖人嘉善矜愚，忘過記功，以成美化。如今王業始建，將一大統，此乃漢高棄瑕錄用之時也。若令善惡異流，貴汝、潁月旦之評，誠可以厲俗明教，然恐未易行也。宜遠模仲尼之泛愛，近則郭泰之容濟，庶有益於大道也。」據謂艷曰：「天下未定，舉清厲濁，足以沮勸；若一時貶黜，懼有後咎。」艷皆不聽。於是怨憤盈路，爭言艷及選曹郎徐彪專用私情，憎愛不由公理。艷、彪皆坐自殺。溫素與艷、彪同意，亦坐斥還本郡以給廝吏，卒於家。始，溫方盛用事，餘姚虞俊嘆曰：「張惠恕才多智少，華而不實，怨之所聚，有覆家之禍。吾見其兆矣。」無幾何而敗。

5. Zhang Wen of Wu won early fame for brilliance; Gu Yong called him peerless, and Zhuge Liang esteemed him too. Wen recommended his townsman Ji Yan as director of the selection bureau. Yan loved moralistic verdicts, impeaching officials and auditing the three bureaus; he mostly demoted the lofty and promoted the humble, cutting ranks by several grades—barely one in ten kept his post; the greedy and base he turned into camp clerks and lodged in military offices; and publicized men's hidden faults to justify their fall. Lu Xun, his brother Mao, and censor Zhu Ju all urged him to stop. Mao wrote to Yan: "Sages praise the good, pity the foolish, forget faults and record merit—that is how order is beautified. Our royal enterprise is newly founded and aims at great unification—this is the hour when Gaozu of Han overlooked flaws and put men to use. If you separate the worthy from the unworthy and honor the monthly appraisals made famous in Runan and Ying, that could indeed reform custom and clarify moral teaching—but I fear it would not be easily done. Better to take Confucius's universal charity as a distant model and Guo Tai's tolerant generosity as a nearer one—perhaps then you would truly serve the greater good." Ju said to Yan, "The realm is not yet settled; to exalt the upright and restrain the corrupt is enough to deter wrongdoing and encourage virtue; but if you dismiss and demote men all at once, I fear there will be trouble later." But Yan would not listen to any of them. Soon resentment filled the streets, and many complained that Yan and Xu Biao, clerk of the selection bureau, indulged private likes and dislikes rather than acting on public principle. Yan and Biao were both convicted and took their own lives. Wen had long shared the views of Yan and Biao; he too was convicted, dismissed, and sent back to his home commandery to serve as a clerical attendant, and he died at home. Earlier, when Wen was at the height of his power, Yu Jun of Yuyao remarked, "Zhang Hui-shu has much talent but little wisdom—splendid in appearance but insubstantial. Where resentment gathers, a family will be destroyed. I can already see the signs." Before long, this came to pass.

33

6冬，十月，帝還許昌。

6. In the tenth month of winter, the Emperor returned to Xuchang.

34

7十一月，戊申晦，日有食之。

7. In the eleventh month, on the last day of the month, the day Wushen, there was a solar eclipse.

35

8鮮卑軻比能誘步度根兄扶羅韓殺之，步度根由是怨軻比能，更相攻擊。步度根部眾稍弱，將其眾萬餘落保太原、雁門；是歲，詣闕貢獻。而軻比能眾遂強盛，出擊東部大人素利。護烏丸校尉田豫乘虛掎其後，軻比能使別帥瑣奴拒豫，豫擊破之。軻比能由是攜貳，數為邊寇，幽、并苦之。

8. The Xianbei leader Kebineng induced Fuluohan, elder brother of Budugen, to kill him; Budugen thereupon turned against Kebineng, and the two attacked each other repeatedly. Budugen's following grew weaker, and he led more than ten thousand households to take refuge in Taiyuan and Yanmen; that year he went to court and presented tribute. Meanwhile Kebineng's following grew strong, and he marched out to attack the Eastern Warchief Suli. Protector of the Wuhuan Tian Yu seized the moment and struck from behind; Kebineng sent a subordinate commander, Suonu, to hold Yu off, but Yu routed him. From this Kebineng grew disloyal and repeatedly raided the frontier, to the great distress of You and Bing provinces.

36

1春，二月，詔以陳群為鎮軍大將軍，隨車駕董督眾軍，錄行尚書事；司馬懿為撫軍大將軍，留許昌，督後臺文書。三月，帝行如召陵，通討虜渠；乙巳，還許昌。

1. In spring, during the second month, an edict appointed Chen Qun General Who Guards the Army, to accompany the imperial procession in supervising all armies and to hold acting authority over the Masters of Writing; Sima Yi was appointed General Who Pacifies the Army and remained at Xuchang to supervise the rear-office documents. In the third month, the Emperor traveled to Zhaoling and cleared the Taonu Canal; On the day Yisi he returned to Xuchang.

37

2并州刺史梁習討軻比能，大破之。

2. Liang Xi, Inspector of Bing Province, attacked Kebineng and inflicted a crushing defeat.

38

3漢諸葛亮率眾討雍闓等，參軍馬謖送之數十里。亮曰：「雖共謀之歷年，今可更惠良規。」謖曰：「南中恃其險遠，不服久矣。雖今日破之，明日復反耳。今公方傾國北伐以事強賊，彼知官勢內虛，其叛亦速。若殄盡遺類以除後患，既非仁者之情，且又不可倉卒也。夫用兵之道，攻心為上，攻城為下，心戰為上，兵戰為下，願公服其心而已。」亮納其言。謖，良之弟也。

3. Zhuge Liang of Han led an army to attack Yong Kai and the others; Staff Officer Ma Su escorted him for several tens of li. Liang said, "Though we have plotted together for years, offer me your best counsel now. Su said, "The south has long rested on its rugged terrain and distance and refused to submit. Even if we crush them today, they will rebel again tomorrow. You are about to commit the realm's full strength to a northern expedition against a powerful enemy; when they see the government weakened at home, they will rebel all the sooner. To exterminate every survivor in order to remove future trouble would be unworthy of a benevolent man, and in any case it cannot be done in haste. In warfare, winning hearts comes first and storming cities second; fighting with minds ranks above fighting with arms. I hope you will conquer their hearts and no more." Liang accepted his counsel. Su was the younger brother of Ma Liang.

39

4辛未疑為閏三月事，按閏三月戊申朔，為二十四日。，帝以舟師復征吳，群臣大議，宮正鮑勳諫曰：「王師屢征而未有所克者，蓋以吳、蜀脣齒相依，憑阻山水，有難拔之勢故也。往年龍舟飄蕩，隔在南岸，聖躬蹈危，臣下破膽，此時宗廟幾至傾覆，為百世之戒。今又勞兵襲遠，日費千金，中國虛耗，令黠虜玩威，臣竊以為不可。」帝怒，左遷勳為治書執法。勳，信之子也。夏，五月，戊申，帝如譙。

This is suspected to refer to the intercalary third month; taking the intercalary third month's new moon on Wushen, that would be the twenty-fourth day.³ [End editorial note.] The Emperor led a naval force against Wu again. The ministers debated the matter at length, and Bao Xun, Director of the Palace, remonstrated, "The royal army has campaigned many times without victory largely because Wu and Shu stand like lip and teeth, protected by mountains and rivers in positions that are hard to uproot. In past years your dragon boats were tossed about and stranded on the southern bank; Your Majesty himself faced danger and your ministers were terrified—at that point the ancestral temple nearly fell, and this should stand as a warning for a hundred generations. Now you would weary the army with another distant strike, spending a thousand gold each day, draining the heartland, and giving cunning barbarians reason to scorn our strength. I respectfully submit that this must not be done." The Emperor was angered and demoted Xun to Director of Documents and Law Enforcement. Xun was the son of Bao Xin. In summer, during the fifth month, on the day Wushen, the Emperor went to Qiao.

40

5吳丞相北海孫劭卒。初，吳當置丞相，眾議歸張昭，吳王曰：「方今多事，職大事責重，非所以優之也。」及劭卒，百僚復舉昭，吳王曰：「孤豈為子布有愛乎！領丞相事煩，而此公性剛，所言不從，怨咎將興，非所以益之也。」六月，以太常顧雍為丞相、平尚書事。雍為人寡言，舉動時當，吳王嘗嘆曰：「顧君不言，言必有中。」至飲宴歡樂之際，左右恐有酒失，而雍必見之，是以不敢肆情。吳王亦曰：「顧公在座，使人不樂。」其見憚如此。初領尚書令，封陽遂鄉侯；拜侯還寺，而家人不知，後聞，乃驚。及為相，其所選用文武將吏，各隨能所任，心無適莫。時訪逮民間及政職所宜，輒密以聞。若見納用，則歸之於上；不用，終不宣洩。吳王以此重之。然於公朝有所陳及，辭色雖順而所執者正；軍國得失，自非面見，口未嘗言。王常令中書郎詣雍有所咨訪，若合雍意，事可施行，即相與反覆究而論之，為設酒食；如不合意，雍即正色改容，默默不言，無所施設。郎退告王，王曰：「顧公歡悅，是事合宜也；其不言者，是事未平也。孤當重思之。」江邊諸將，各欲立功自效，多陳便宜，有所掩襲。王以訪雍。雍曰：「臣聞兵法戒於小利，此等所陳，欲邀功名而為其身，非為國也。陛下宜禁制，苟不足以曜威損敵，所不宜聽也。」王從之。

5. Sun Shao of Beihai, chancellor of Wu, died. Earlier, when Wu was about to appoint a chancellor, opinion settled on Zhang Zhao. The King of Wu said, "These are turbulent times; the post is weighty and the responsibility great—not a favor to confer. When Shao died, the officials again recommended Zhao. The King of Wu said, "Do you think I favor Zibu out of personal affection? The chancellor's duties are onerous, and this man is stiff by nature; when his counsel is ignored, resentment will follow—that is no benefit to him." In the sixth month he appointed Gu Yong, Grand Master of Ceremonies, chancellor and director of the Masters of Writing. Yong was a man of few words whose conduct was always measured. The King of Wu once remarked, "Master Gu rarely speaks, but when he does, he always hits the mark. At banquets and moments of merriment, his attendants feared drunken lapses—but Yong was sure to observe them, so they never dared let themselves go. The King of Wu also said, "When Master Gu is present, no one can truly enjoy himself. Such was the awe in which he was held. When he first served as Director of the Masters of Writing, he was enfeoffed as Marquis of Yangsui township; after receiving his marquisate he returned to his office without telling his family; when they heard of it later, they were astonished. As chancellor, he appointed civil and military officers according to their abilities, without partiality in his heart. He often inquired into conditions among the people and into what government required, and reported them to the king in confidence. If his counsel was accepted, he attributed the credit to the king; if it was rejected, he never disclosed it. For this the King of Wu held him in deep esteem. In open court, though his manner was mild, what he upheld was firm; as for gains and losses in military and state affairs, unless face to face he never spoke of them. The king often sent a secretariat gentleman to consult Yong; if the matter accorded with Yong's judgment and could be implemented, they would discuss it back and forth at length and wine and food would be set out; if it did not accord with his intent, Yong would compose his face, fall silent, and offer nothing further. When the gentleman withdrew and reported to the king, the king said, "Master Gu is pleased—that means the matter is suitable; when he does not speak, the matter is not yet settled. I must reconsider it." The generals along the river each wished to prove their merit and often proposed expedient plans for surprise attacks. The king consulted Yong about these proposals. Yong said, "The art of war warns against grasping at small gains. These proposals aim at personal glory, not the good of the state. Your Majesty should forbid such schemes; if they are not enough to display our might and harm the enemy, they should not be approved." The king followed his advice.

41

6利成郡兵蔡方等反，殺太守徐質，推郡人唐咨為主，詔屯騎校尉任福等討平之。咨自海道亡入吳，吳人以為將軍。

6. Soldiers under Cai Fang and others in Licheng Commandery rebelled, killed the administrator Xu Zhi, and set up a local man, Tang Zi, as their leader; an edict ordered Ren Fu, Commandant of the Resolute Cavalry, and others to suppress them. Zi fled by sea into Wu, where he was given the rank of general.

42

7秋，七月，立皇子鑒為東武陽王。

7. In the seventh month of autumn, Prince Jian was enfeoffed as Prince of Dongwuyang.

43

8漢諸葛亮至南中，所在戰捷，亮由越巂入，斬雍闓及高定。使庲降督益州李恢由益州入，門下督巴西馬忠由牂柯入，擊破諸縣，復與亮合。孟獲收闓餘眾以拒亮。獲素為夷、漢所服，亮募生致之，既得，使觀於營陳之間，問曰：「此軍何如？」獲曰：「向者不知虛實，故敗。今蒙賜觀營陳，若只如此，即定易勝耳。」亮笑，縱使更戰。七縱七擒而亮猶遣獲，獲止不去，曰：「公，天威也，南人不復反矣！」亮遂至滇池。

8. Zhuge Liang of Han reached the south, winning wherever he fought. He entered by way of Yuexi and beheaded Yong Kai and Gao Ding. He sent Li Hui, who oversaw Yizhou from Settlement-in-the-South, in from Yizhou, and Ma Zhong, palace gate supervisor of Baxi, in from Zangge; they overran the counties and rejoined Liang. Meng Huo gathered Yong Kai's remaining forces to resist Liang. Huo had long commanded respect among both the Yi and the Han. Liang sought to capture him alive; once he had done so, he had Huo observe the army in formation and asked, "What do you make of this army? Huo said, "Before I did not know your strength and so I was defeated. Now that I have been allowed to see your formations, if your army is no more than this, I could surely win with ease." Liang smiled and released him to fight again. Seven times Liang released him and seven times he captured him; when Liang released him again, Huo would not go, saying, "My lord, this is the majesty of Heaven—the people of the south will rebel no more! Liang then advanced to Dian Lake.

44

益州、永昌、牂柯、越巂四郡皆平，亮即其渠率而用之。或以諫亮，亮曰：「若留外人，則當留兵，兵留則無所食，一不易也；加夷新傷破，父兄死喪，留外人而無兵者，必成禍患，二不易也；又，夷累有廢殺之罪，自嫌釁重，若留外人，終不相信，三不易也。今吾欲使不留兵，不運糧，而綱紀粗定，夷、漢粗安故耳。」亮於是悉收其俊傑孟獲等以為官屬，出其金、銀、丹、漆、耕牛、戰馬以給軍國之用。自是終亮之世，夷不復反。

The four commanderies of Yizhou, Yongchang, Zangge, and Yuexi were all pacified, and Liang put their tribal leaders directly to use. Some remonstrated with Liang. He said, "If we leave outsiders in charge, we must leave troops as well; if troops remain, there will be nothing for them to eat—that is the first difficulty; moreover, the Yi have just been defeated and are mourning fathers and elder brothers; if outsiders remain among them without troops, disaster will surely follow—that is the second difficulty; again, the Yi have repeatedly committed treason and regicide and feel their guilt keenly; if outsiders remain, they will never be trusted—that is the third difficulty. What I want is to leave no troops and transport no grain, yet still establish order roughly and bring Yi and Han into rough peace—that is all." Liang then took all their leading men, including Meng Huo, into his service as officials, and drew on their gold, silver, cinnabar, lacquer, plow oxen, and war horses to supply the army and the state. From then until the end of Liang's life, the Yi rebelled no more.

45

9八月，帝以舟師自譙循渦入淮。尚書蔣濟表言水道難通，帝不從。冬，十月，如廣陵故城，臨江觀兵，戎卒十餘萬，旌旗數百里，有渡江之志。吳人嚴兵固守。時大寒，冰，舟不得入江。帝見波濤洶湧，嘆曰：「嗟乎，固天所以限南北也！」遂歸。孫韶遣將高壽等率敢死之士五百人，於徑路夜要帝，帝大驚。壽等獲副車、羽蓋以還。於是戰船數千皆滯不得行，議者欲就留兵屯田，蔣濟以為：「東近湖，北臨淮，若水盛時，賊易為寇，不可安屯。」帝從之，車駕即發。還，到精湖，水稍盡，盡留船付濟。船連延在數百里中，濟更鑿地作四五道，蹴船令聚；豫作土豚遏斷湖水，皆引後船，一時開遏入淮中，乃得還。

9. In the eighth month, the Emperor led a naval force from Qiao along the Wo River into the Huai. Jiang Ji, Director of the Masters of Writing, submitted a memorial stating that the waterways were difficult to navigate, but the Emperor would not listen. In the tenth month of winter he went to the old city of Guangling and reviewed the troops by the river—more than a hundred thousand soldiers with banners and flags stretching for hundreds of li—with the intention of crossing the Yangzi. The men of Wu massed their troops and held firm. The weather was bitterly cold; ice formed, and the boats could not enter the river. The Emperor saw the surging waves and sighed, "Alas! Surely Heaven itself has set this boundary between north and south! He then turned back. Sun Shao sent the general Gao Shou and others with five hundred dare-to-die soldiers to ambush the Emperor by a back path at night, greatly startling him. Shou and his men captured the emperor's secondary chariot and imperial canopy and returned. Thousands of warships were now stranded and could not proceed, and some proposed leaving troops behind to farm the land. Jiang Ji argued, "The east lies near a lake and the north faces the Huai; when the waters rise, the enemy can raid with ease—this is no place to establish a garrison. The Emperor agreed, and the imperial procession set out at once. On the return journey, when they reached Jing Lake the waters had receded somewhat, and the Emperor entrusted all the boats to Ji. The ships stretched in a line for hundreds of li. Jiang Ji dug four or five channels in the ground and drove the boats to collect them together. He prepared earthen dams to hold back the lake water, drew in all the rear boats, then opened the dams at once and sent them into the Huai River, and so managed to get them back.

46

10十一月，東武陽王鑒薨。

10. In the eleventh month, the Prince of Dongwuyang, Jian, died.

47

11十二月，吳番陽賊彭綺攻沒郡縣，眾數萬人。

11. In the twelfth month, the Fan Yang bandit Peng Qi of Wu attacked and overran commanderies and counties, his forces numbering tens of thousands.

48

1春，正月，壬子，帝還洛陽，謂蔣濟曰：「事不可不曉。吾前決謂分半燒船於山陽湖中，卿於後致之，略與吾俱至譙。又每得所陳，實入吾意。自今討賊計畫，善思論之。」

1. In spring, the first month, on the day Renzi, the Emperor returned to Luoyang and said to Jiang Ji, "These matters cannot go unexplained. I had decided earlier to burn half the boats in Shanyang Lake; you carried that out afterward, and we reached Qiao at roughly the same time. Moreover, every view you presented truly matched my own thinking. From now on, in our plans against the rebels, think them through carefully and discuss them with me."

49

2漢丞相亮欲出軍漢中，前將軍李嚴當知後事，移屯江州，留護軍陳到駐永安，而統屬於嚴。

2. Han Chancellor Zhuge Liang planned to lead an army out from Hanzhong. Forward General Li Yan was to manage affairs in the rear; he moved his camp to Jiangzhou, left Protector-General Chen Dao stationed at Yong'an, and placed him under Yan's overall command.

50

3吳陸遜以所在少穀，表令諸將增廣農畝。吳王報曰：「甚善！令孤父子親受田，車中八牛，以為四耦，雖未及古人，亦欲與眾均等其勞也。」

3. Lu Xun of Wu, finding grain scarce in his region, memorialized that the generals should expand their fields. The King of Wu replied, "Excellent! I shall have my sons and me personally work the fields—eight oxen to a cart, making four pairs. Though we fall short of the ancients, I too wish to share the labor equally with everyone else."

51

4帝之為太子也，郭夫人弟有罪，魏郡西部都尉鮑勳治之；太子請，不能得，由是恨勳。及即位，勳數直諫，帝益忿之。帝伐吳還，屯陳留界。勳為治書執法，太守孫邕見出，過勳。時營壘未成，但立標埒，邕邪行，不從正道，軍營令史劉曜欲推之，勳以塹壘未成，解止不舉。帝聞之，詔曰：「勳指鹿作馬，收付廷尉。」廷尉法議，「正刑五歲」，三官駁，「依律，罰金二斤」，帝大怒曰：「勳無活分，而汝等欲縱之！收三官已下付刺奸，當令十鼠同穴！」鐘繇、華歆、陳群、辛毗、高柔、衛臻等並表勳父信有功於太祖，求請勳罪，帝不許。高柔固執不從詔命，帝怒甚，召柔詣臺，遣使者承指至廷尉誅勳。勳死，乃遣柔還寺。

4. When the Emperor was crown prince, the younger brother of Lady Guo committed a crime, and Bao Xun, Western Commandant of Weijun, prosecuted him. The crown prince pleaded for him but could not win his release, and from that time bore a grudge against Xun. After he took the throne, Xun repeatedly remonstrated with blunt honesty, and the Emperor grew ever angrier with him. When the Emperor returned from his campaign against Wu, he encamped on the border of Chenliu. Xun was Director of Documents and Law Enforcement. Administrator Sun Yong went out to meet him and passed by Xun's position. The camp fortifications were not yet complete—only marker lines had been laid out. Yong walked at an angle and did not follow the proper path. Liu Yao, a clerical officer of the garrison, wanted to report him, but Xun, because the moat and ramparts were unfinished, intervened and stopped the report. When the Emperor heard of this, he issued an edict: "Xun calls a deer a horse—take him and deliver him to the Court of Justice. The Court of Justice deliberated on the law and proposed formal punishment of five years. The Three Chief Officials rebutted that, according to statute, the penalty should be a fine of two jin. The Emperor was furious and said, "Xun deserves no chance to live, yet you wish to set him free! Arrest everyone from the Three Chief Officials on down and hand them over to the Investigators of Impropriety—I shall make ten mice share one hole!" Zhong Yao, Hua Xin, Chen Qun, Xin Pi, Gao Rou, Wei Zhen, and others jointly memorialized that Xun's father Bao Xin had rendered meritorious service to Emperor Taizu and begged that Xun's crime be forgiven, but the Emperor would not agree. Gao Rou stubbornly refused to obey the edict. The Emperor was furious, summoned Rou to the palace, and sent an envoy bearing his direct order to the Court of Justice to execute Xun. After Xun was executed, the Emperor sent Rou back to his office.

52

驃騎將軍都陽侯曹洪，家富而性吝嗇，帝在東宮，嘗從洪貸絹百匹，不稱意，恨之。遂以捨客犯法，下獄當死，群臣並救，莫能得。卞太后責怒帝曰：「梁、沛之間，非子廉無有今日！」又謂郭后曰：「令曹洪今日死，吾明日敕帝廢後矣！」於是郭后泣涕屢請，乃得免官，削爵土。

General of Flying Cavalry and Marquis of Duyang Cao Hong was wealthy but miserly by nature. When the Emperor was in the Eastern Palace, he once borrowed a hundred bolts of silk from Hong and was displeased with what he received, and bore a grudge because of it. Thereupon, on the charge that a resident retainer had broken the law, Hong was thrown into prison and sentenced to death. All the ministers pleaded for him together, but none could save him. Empress Dowager Bian scolded the Emperor in anger, "Between Liang and Pei, without Zilian you would not have what you have today! She also said to Empress Guo, "If Cao Hong dies today, tomorrow I shall command the Emperor to depose you as empress! Thereupon Empress Guo wept and repeatedly pleaded on his behalf, and Hong was spared death but stripped of office and reduced in rank and fief.

53

5初，郭后無子，帝使母養平原王叡；以叡母甄夫人被誅，故未建為嗣。叡事後甚謹，後亦愛之。帝與叡獵，見子母鹿，帝親射殺其母，命叡射其子。叡泣曰：「陛下已殺其母，臣不忍復殺其子。」帝即放弓矢，為之惻然。夏，五月，帝疾篤，乃立叡為太子。丙辰，召中軍大將軍曹真、鎮軍大將軍陳群、撫軍大將軍司馬懿，並受遺詔輔政。丁巳，帝殂。

5. At the beginning, Empress Guo had no son, so the Emperor had her raise the Prince of Pingyuan, Rui. Because Rui's mother, Lady Zhen, had been executed, he had not yet been established as heir. Rui served the empress with great care, and she came to love him as well. The Emperor went hunting with Rui and saw a doe and fawn. The Emperor personally shot and killed the mother, then ordered Rui to shoot the fawn. Rui wept and said, "Your Majesty has already killed its mother. I cannot bear to kill its child as well. The Emperor at once lowered his bow and arrows, moved to compassion. In summer, the fifth month, the Emperor's illness grew grave, and he established Rui as crown prince. On Bingchen he summoned Grand General of the Central Army Cao Zhen, Grand General Who Stabilizes the Army Chen Qun, and Grand General Who Pacifies the Army Sima Yi, all to receive the testamentary edict and assist in government. On Dingsi, the Emperor died.

54

::陳壽評曰：文帝天資文藻，下筆成章，博聞強識，才藝兼該。若加之曠大之度，勵以公平之誠，邁志存道，克廣德心，則古之賢主，何遠之有哉！

Chen Shou remarked: Emperor Wen was gifted by nature with literary refinement, could compose essays at a stroke, was widely learned with a strong memory, and united many talents and arts. If to this one added a broad and magnanimous spirit, encouraged by fairness and sincerity, advancing his will to embrace the Way and fully extending the heart of virtue, then how far would the sage rulers of antiquity be!

55

6太子即皇帝位，尊皇太后曰太皇太后，皇后曰皇太后。

6. The crown prince assumed the imperial throne, honoring the Empress Dowager as Grand Empress Dowager and the Empress as Empress Dowager.

56

初，明帝在東宮，不交朝臣，不問政事，惟潛思書籍；即位之後，群下想聞風采。居數日，獨見侍中劉曄，語盡日，眾人側聽，曄既出，問：「何如？」曰：「秦始皇、漢孝武之儔，才具微不及耳。」帝初蒞政，陳群上疏曰：「夫臣下雷同，是非相蔽，國之大患也。若不和睦則有仇黨，有仇黨則毀譽無端，毀譽無端則真偽失實，此皆不可不深察也。」

At the beginning, when Mingdi was in the Eastern Palace, he did not associate with court ministers or inquire into governance, but only pondered books in secret. After he took the throne, officials throughout the court yearned to witness his bearing. After several days, he received Attendant Within Liu Ye alone and spoke with him the whole day. The others listened from the side. When Ye came out, they asked, "How was he? He said, "He is a match for Qin Shihuang and Emperor Xiaowu of Han—his talent and capacity fall only slightly short." When the Emperor first took up governance, Chen Qun submitted a memorial: "When subordinates echo one another and right and wrong mutually obscure each other, this is a great calamity for the state. If there is no harmony, factional cliques arise; when cliques arise, praise and blame lose proper grounding; when praise and blame lose grounding, truth and falsehood lose their reality—all of this must be examined deeply."

57

7癸未六月庚午朔，為十四日。，追謚甄夫人曰文昭皇后。

Taking the sixth month's new moon on Gengwu, that would be the fourteenth day.⁴ The posthumous title Wen Zhao Empress was conferred upon Lady Zhen.

58

8壬辰六月庚午朔，為二十三日。，立皇弟蕤為陽平王。

Taking the sixth month's new moon on Gengwu, that would be the twenty-third day.⁵ The Emperor's younger brother Rui was established as Prince of Yangping.

59

9六月，戊寅，葬文帝於首陽陵。

9. In the sixth month, on Wuyin, Emperor Wen was buried at Shouyang Mausoleum.

60

10吳王聞魏有大喪，秋，八月，自將攻江夏郡，太守文聘堅守。朝議欲發兵救之。帝曰：「權習水戰，所以敢下船陸攻者，冀掩不備也。今已與聘相拒。夫攻守勢倍，終不敢久也。」先是，朝廷遣治書侍御史荀禹慰勞邊方，禹到江夏，發所經縣兵及所從步騎千人乘山舉火，吳王遁走。

10. When the King of Wu heard that Wei had suffered a great bereavement, in autumn, the eighth month, he personally led an attack on Jiangxia Commandery, but Administrator Wen Pin held firm in defense. At court they debated sending troops to rescue the city. The Emperor said, "Quan is skilled in naval warfare. He dares come ashore to attack only because he hopes to catch us unprepared. Now he is already locked in opposition with Pin. In attack and defense the defender holds double the advantage, and in the end he will not dare remain long." Earlier, the court had sent Supervising Imperial Secretary Xun Yu to comfort the frontier regions. When Yu reached Jiangxia, he mobilized the county troops along his route and the thousand foot and cavalry he had brought, lit beacon fires on the hills, and the King of Wu fled.

61

11辛巳，立皇子冏為清河王。

11. On Xinsi, Prince Jiong was established as Prince of Qinghe.

62

12吳左將軍諸葛瑾等寇襄陽，司馬懿擊破之，斬其部將張霸。曹真又破其別將於尋陽。

12. Wu's Left General Zhuge Jin and others raided Xiangyang. Sima Yi defeated them and beheaded their subordinate general Zhang Ba. Cao Zhen also defeated their detached commander at Xunyang.

63

13吳丹陽、吳、會山民復為寇，攻沒屬縣。吳王分三郡險地為東安郡，以綏南將軍全琮領太守。琮至，明賞罰，招誘降附，數年，得萬餘人。吳王召琮還牛渚，罷東安郡。

13. Mountain people of Danyang, Wu, and Kuai in Wu again became bandits, attacking and overran subordinate counties. The King of Wu carved out dangerous territory from three commanderies to form Dong'an Commandery and appointed General Who Pacifies the South Quan Cong as its administrator. When Cong arrived, he made rewards and punishments clear, invited surrender and won adherents, and within several years gathered more than ten thousand people. The King of Wu recalled Cong to Niuzhu and abolished Dong'an Commandery.

64

14冬，十月，清河王冏卒。

14. In winter, the tenth month, the Prince of Qinghe, Jiong, died.

65

15吳陸遜陳便宜，勸吳王以施德緩刑，寬賦息調。又云：「忠讜之言，不能極陳；求容小臣，數以利聞。」王報曰：「《書》載：『予違汝弼』，而雲不敢極陳，何得為忠讜哉！」於是令有司盡寫科條，使郎中褚逢繼以就遜及諸葛瑾，意所不安，令損益之。

15. Lu Xun of Wu presented practical proposals, urging the King of Wu to show virtue, relax punishments, lighten taxes, and reduce levies. He also said, "Loyal and forthright words cannot be fully stated; petty ministers seeking favor repeatedly report only what is advantageous." The King replied, "The Documents record, 'When I err, you shall assist me'—yet you say you dare not speak fully. How can that be loyal and forthright! Thereupon he ordered the relevant offices to copy out all statutes and ordinances in full, sent Attendant Chu Feng to follow up with Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin, and wherever they felt uneasy, had them revise them for increase or decrease.

66

16十二月，以鍾繇為太傅、曹休為大司馬，都督揚州如故；曹真為大將軍，華歆為太尉，王朗為司徒，陳群為司空，司馬懿為驃騎大將軍。歆讓位於管寧，帝不許。徵寧為光祿大夫，敕青州給安車吏從，以禮發遣，寧復不至。

16. In the twelfth month, Zhong Yao was made Grand Tutor, and Cao Xiu was made Grand Marshal, continuing to supervise Yang Province as before. Cao Zhen was made Grand General; Hua Xin, Grand Commandant; Wang Lang, Minister over the Masses; Chen Qun, Minister of Works; and Sima Yi, Grand General of Flying Cavalry. Xin offered to yield his position to Guan Ning, but the Emperor would not permit it. Ning was summoned as Grand Master for Glorious Happiness. Qing Province was ordered to provide a comfort carriage and attendants and to dispatch him with full ceremony, but Ning again did not come.

67

17是歲，吳交趾太守士燮卒，吳王以燮子徽為安遠將軍，領九真太守，以校尉陳時代燮。交州刺史呂岱以交趾絕遠，表分海南三郡為交州，以將軍戴良為刺史；海東四郡為廣州，岱自為刺史；遣良與時南入。而徽自署交趾太守，發宗兵拒良，良留合浦。交趾〔桓〕( 栢) 鄰栢) 鄰據章注及《吳志．士燮傳》改。，燮舉吏也，叩頭諫徽，使迎良。徽怒，笞殺鄰，鄰兄治合宗兵擊，不克。呂岱上疏請討徽，督兵三千人，晨夜浮海而往。或謂岱曰：「徽藉累世之恩，為一州所附，未易輕也。」岱曰：「今徽雖懷逆計，未虞吾之卒至；若我潛軍輕舉，掩其無備，破之必也。稽留不速，使得生心，嬰城固守，七郡百蠻雲合響應，雖有智者，誰能圖之！」遂行，過合浦，與良俱進。岱以燮弟子輔為師友從事，遣往說徽。徽率其兄弟六人出降，岱皆斬之。

17. That year, Shi Xie, Administrator of Jiaozhi in Wu, died. The King of Wu made Xie's son Hui General Who Pacifies the Distance and Administrator of Jiuzhen, and appointed Commandant Chen Shi to replace Xie. Inspector of Jiaozhi Lü Dai, finding Jiaozhi extremely remote, memorialized to divide the three commanderies south of the sea into Jiaozhi Province, with General Dai Liang as inspector. The four commanderies east of the sea were made Guang Province, with Dai himself as inspector; He sent Liang and Shi south together. But Hui styled himself Administrator of Jiaozhi, mobilized clan troops to resist Liang, and Liang halted at Hepu. Jiaozhi: [Huan] ( Bai) Bai)⁶ Lin—emended according to Zhang's commentary and the Biography of Shi Xie in the History of Wu. Lin, a clerk Shi Xie had raised up, kowtowed to remonstrate with Hui and urged him to welcome Dai Liang. Hui was angry and had Lin flogged to death. Lin's elder brother Zhi rallied clan troops to attack but failed. Lü Dai submitted a memorial requesting permission to subdue Hui, supervised three thousand troops, and sailed by sea day and night. Someone said to Dai, "Hui relies on generations of favor and has the allegiance of the whole province. He is not to be taken lightly. Dai said, "Now although Hui harbors treasonous designs, he does not anticipate our sudden arrival. If we move troops secretly with a swift strike and catch him unprepared, we shall surely defeat him. If we delay and do not go quickly, giving him time to take heart, hold the walls in siege defense, and gather the seven commanderies and hundreds of tribes like clouds answering in unison—even with a wise man, who could overcome that!" He then set out, passed Hepu, and advanced together with Liang. Dai appointed Xie's nephew Fu as Gentleman Companion in Friendship and sent him to persuade Hui. Hui led his six brothers out to surrender, and Dai beheaded them all.

68

::孫盛論曰：夫柔遠能邇，莫善於信。呂岱師友士輔，使通信誓；徽兄弟肉袒，推心委命，岱因滅之以要功利，君子是以知呂氏之祚不延者也。

Sun Sheng wrote: To win over distant peoples and keep those near at peace, nothing serves better than good faith. Lü Dai sent his Gentleman Companion Fu to exchange pledges of trust; The Hui brothers stripped to the waist and surrendered in full trust, yet Dai destroyed them to seize profit and glory. From this, men of discernment knew the Lü line would not long endure.

69

18徽大將軍甘醴及桓治率吏民共攻岱，岱奮擊，破之。於是除廣州，復為交州如故。岱進討九真，斬獲以萬數；又遣從事南宣威命，暨徼外扶南、林邑、堂明諸王，各遣使入貢於吳。

18. Hui's Grand General Gan Li and Huan Zhi rallied officials and commoners to attack Dai, but Dai fought back hard and routed them. Guang Province was then abolished, and Jiao Province was restored to its former status. Dai pressed into Jiuzhen, killing and capturing enemies by the tens of thousands; He also dispatched a staff officer south to proclaim Wu's authority, whereupon the kings beyond the frontier—Funan, Linyi, Tangming, and the rest—each sent envoys to Wu bearing tribute.

70

烈祖明皇帝上之上

The Reign of Emperor Ming the Brilliant Ancestor, Part One

71

1春，吳解煩督胡綜、鄱陽太守周魴擊彭綺，生獲之。

1. In spring, Wu's Colonel Who Relieves Distress Hu Zong and the Administrator of Poyang, Zhou Fang, attacked Peng Qi and took him alive.

72

初，綺自言舉義兵，為魏討吳，議者以為因此伐吳，必有所克。帝以問中書令太原孫資，資曰：「番陽宗人，前後數有舉義者，眾弱謀淺，旋輒乖散。昔文皇帝嘗密論賊形勢，言洞浦殺萬人，得船千數，數日間，船人復會。江陵被圍歷月，權裁以千數百兵住東門，而其土地無崩解者，是有法禁上下相維之明驗也。以此推綺，懼未能為權腹心大疾也。」至是，綺果敗亡。

Earlier, Qi had proclaimed that he was raising a righteous army to punish Wu on Wei's behalf, and many at court argued that a Wu campaign launched on this pretext was sure to succeed. The Emperor asked Palace Secretary Sun Zi of Taiyuan for his view. Zi said, "Clansmen from Poyang have raised righteous armies more than once before, but their forces were small, their plans shallow, and they soon scattered. Emperor Wen once discussed the enemy's strength in private, observing that at Dongpu ten thousand men were killed and more than a thousand ships captured, yet within days the ships and crews had gathered again. When Jiangling was besieged for months, Sun Quan kept only a thousand-odd troops at the east gate, yet his domain did not crumble. That was clear proof that strict law and mutual obligation held his realm together. By that measure, I doubt Qi will ever become a mortal threat at the heart of Sun Quan's power." And so it proved: Qi was soon defeated and destroyed.

73

2二月，〔辛巳〕，立文昭皇后寢園於鄴。王朗往視園陵，見百姓多貧困，而帝方營修宮室，朗上疏諫曰：「昔大禹欲拯天下之大患，故先卑其宮室，儉其衣食；勾踐欲廣其御兒之疆，亦約其身以及家，儉其家以施國；漢之文、景欲恢弘祖業，故割意於百金之臺，昭儉於弋綈之服；霍去病中才之將，猶以匈奴未滅，不治第宅。明恤遠者略近，事外者簡內也。今建始之前，足用列朝會；崇華之後，足用序內官；華林、天淵，足用展游宴。若且先成象魏，修城池，其餘一切須豐年，專以勤耕農為務，習戎備為事，則民充兵強而寇戎賓服矣。」

[End editorial note.] A resting park for Empress Wen Zhao was established at Ye.⁷ Wang Lang went to inspect the park and tombs. Seeing the people widely impoverished while the Emperor was busy building and repairing palaces, he submitted a memorial of remonstrance: "Long ago, Yu the Great sought to deliver the world from great disaster, and so he first made his halls low and his food and clothing plain; Gou Jian wished to enlarge the realm he would leave his son, and so he restrained himself, extended that restraint to his household, and made his household's thrift serve the state; Emperors Wen and Jing of Han sought to enlarge the work of their forebears, and so they forswore the hundred-gold terrace and wore their thrift plainly in robes of coarse silk; Even Huo Qubing, a general of only middling gifts, refused to build a mansion while the Xiongnu remained undefeated. The wise give priority to distant concerns and set aside immediate ones; those who look outward simplify what lies within. As things stand, the halls before Jianshi are ample for holding court; the chambers beyond Chonghua are enough to house the inner palace offices; Hualin and Tianyuan are enough for excursions and feasts. If Your Majesty would first finish the Elephant Gate and repair the city walls, deferring all other works until years of plenty, and devote yourself to farming and military readiness, then the people will prosper, the army grow strong, and enemies and barbarians alike will submit."

74

3三月，〔漢〕( 蜀) 丞相亮率諸軍北駐漢中蜀) 丞相亮率諸軍北駐漢中此處司馬光未改「蜀」為「漢」，逕改。，使長史張裔、參軍蔣琬統留府事。臨發，上疏曰：「先帝創業未半，而中道崩殂。今天下三分，益州疲敝，此誠危急存亡之秋也。然侍衛之臣不懈於內，忠志之士忘身於外者，蓋追先帝之殊遇，欲報之於陛下也。誠宜開張聖聽，以光先帝遺德，恢弘志士之氣；不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失義，以塞忠諫之路也。

3. In the third month, Han ( Shu) Shu)⁸ Editorial note: In the phrase 'Chancellor Liang led the armies north to encamp at Hanzhong,' Sima Guang's original reading used 'Shu' rather than 'Han'; this has been directly emended. [End editorial note.] He left Chief Clerk Zhang Yi and Staff Officer Jiang Wan in charge of affairs at the capital. Before setting out, he submitted a memorial that began: "The late Emperor had not yet finished founding his enterprise when he died midway. Today the realm is divided in three, and Yizhou is worn down and depleted. This is truly the hour when survival or ruin hangs in the balance. Yet the ministers who attend you never slacken at court, and loyal men who risk themselves abroad do so because they remember the late Emperor's extraordinary kindness and wish to repay it to Your Majesty. You should truly open your ears to wise counsel, honor the late Emperor's legacy, and inspire the spirit of loyal men; you should not undervalue yourself without cause or speak in ways that miss the point, for that would shut off the path of loyal remonstrance.

75

「宮中、府中，俱為一體，陟罰臧否，不宜異同。若有作奸犯科及為忠善者，宜付有司論其刑賞，以昭陛下平明之理，不宜偏私，使內外異法也。

"Palace and government are one body. In reward and punishment, praise and blame, there should be no double standard. Whether a man commits crime or performs loyal service, he should be judged by the proper offices according to law and merit, so that your fairness may be plain. Do not show favoritism and make one law for the palace and another for the realm.

76

「侍中、侍郎郭攸之、費禕、董允等，此皆良實，志慮忠純，是以先帝簡拔以遺陛下。愚以為宮中之事，事無大小，悉以咨之，然後施行，必能裨補闕漏，有所廣益。將軍向寵，性行淑均，曉暢軍事，試用於昔日，先帝稱之曰能，是以眾議舉寵為督。愚以為營中之事，悉以咨之，必能使行陳和睦，優劣得所。

"Palace Attendants Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, and the like are honest and trustworthy, loyal and pure in purpose. The late Emperor chose them and left them to serve you. I believe that in palace affairs, great or small, you should consult them on everything before acting. That will surely remedy gaps and bring real benefit. General Xiang Chong is even-tempered and fair, and well versed in military affairs. The late Emperor tested him in earlier days and praised his ability, and so the court recommended him as camp supervisor. I believe that in camp affairs, if you consult him on everything, the ranks will stay harmonious and each man will be placed according to his worth.

77

「親賢臣，遠小人，此先漢所以興隆也；親小人，遠賢臣，此後漢所以傾頹也。先帝在時，每與臣論此事，未嘗不嘆息痛恨於桓、靈也。侍中、尚書、長史、參軍，此悉端良、死節之臣，願陛下親之，信之，則漢室之隆，可計日而待也。

"Draw worthy ministers close and keep petty men at a distance—that is why the Former Han rose to greatness; draw petty men close and push worthy ministers away—that is why the Later Han fell into ruin. When the late Emperor was alive, he often discussed this with me, and never failed to sigh with grief and anger over Emperors Huan and Ling. The Palace Attendants, Masters of Writing, Chief Clerks, and Staff Officers are all upright men who would die for their duty. If Your Majesty draws them close and trusts them, the revival of the Han house can be awaited by counting the days.

78

「臣本布衣，躬耕南陽，苟全性命於亂世，不求聞達於諸侯。先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顧臣於草廬之中，咨臣以當世之事；由是感激，遂許先帝以驅馳。後值傾覆，受任於敗軍之際，奉命於危難之間，爾來二十有一年矣。先帝知臣謹慎，故臨崩寄臣以大事也。

"I was once a commoner, farming in Nanyang, trying only to preserve my life in a chaotic age and seeking no fame among the warlords. The late Emperor did not disdain my humble station. He humbled himself to visit me three times in my thatched hut and asked my counsel on the affairs of the age; Deeply moved, I then pledged myself to serve the late Emperor to the end. Then came disaster. I was entrusted with office amid defeat and given command in the midst of peril. Twenty-one years have passed since then. The late Emperor knew I was careful by nature, and so on his deathbed he entrusted me with the great task.

79

「受命以來，夙夜憂歎，恐托付不效，以傷先帝之明。故五月渡瀘，深入不毛。今南方已定，甲兵已足，當獎率三軍，北定中原，庶竭駑鈍，攘除奸凶，興復漢室，還於舊都，此臣所以報先帝，而忠陛下之職分也。至於斟酌損益，進盡忠言，則攸之、禕、允之任也。願陛下托臣以討賊興復之效，不效，則治臣之罪以告先帝之靈。〔若無興德之言，則〕責攸之、禕、允等之慢以彰其咎。陛下亦宜自謀，以諮諏善道，察納雅言，深追先帝遺詔。臣不勝受恩感激，今當遠離，臨表涕零，不知所言。」遂行，屯於沔北陽平石馬。

"Since receiving this charge, I have worried day and night, fearing that the trust placed in me might fail and tarnish the late Emperor's judgment. That is why, in the fifth month, I crossed the Lu River and pushed deep into barren country. Now the south is settled and our arms are sufficient. I should encourage the Three Armies and march north to recover the Central Plains, doing all my limited powers allow to drive out the traitors, restore the Han house, and return to the old capital. That is how I repay the late Emperor and fulfill my duty to Your Majesty. As for weighing policy and offering forthright counsel, that is the duty of Youzhi, Yi, and Yun. I ask that Your Majesty entrust me with the task of punishing the rebels and restoring the Han. If I fail, punish me as your law requires and report it to the late Emperor's spirit. End of editorial note.⁹ Your Majesty should also think for yourself, seek good counsel, heed wise words, and hold fast to the late Emperor's final charge. I am overwhelmed with gratitude for your kindness. Now, as I prepare to depart, I weep over this memorial and scarcely know what more to say." He then set out and encamped north of the Mian River at Yangping, Shima.

80

亮辟廣漢太守姚伷為掾，伷並進文武之士，亮稱之曰：「忠益者莫大於進人，進人者各務其所尚。今姚掾並存剛柔以廣文武之用，可謂博雅矣。願諸掾各希此事以屬其望。」

Liang recruited Yao You, Administrator of Guanghan, as a clerk. You recommended both civil and military men, and Liang praised him, saying, "Nothing serves loyalty better than recommending talent, and each recommender pursues what he most values. Clerk Yao now keeps both firm and flexible men in view and broadens the use of civil and military talent. That may truly be called breadth of learning. I hope every clerk will aspire to the same and live up to what is expected of him."

81

帝聞諸葛亮在漢中，欲大發兵就攻之，以問散騎常侍孫資，資曰：「昔武皇帝征南鄭，取張魯，陽平之役，危而後濟，又自往拔出夏侯淵軍，數言『南鄭直為天獄，中斜谷道為五百里石穴耳，』言其深險，喜出淵軍之辭也。又，武皇帝聖於用兵，察蜀賊棲於山巖，視吳虜竄於江湖，皆橈而避之，不責將士之力，不爭一朝之忿，誠所謂見勝而戰，知難而退也。今若進軍就南鄭討亮，道既險阻，計用精兵及轉運、鎮守南方四州，遏御水賊，凡用十五六萬人，必當復更有所發興。天下騷動，費力廣大，此誠陛下所宜深慮。夫守戰之力，力役參倍。但以今日見兵分命大將據諸要險，威足以震攝強寇，鎮靜疆場，將士虎睡，百姓無事。數年之間，中國日盛，吳、蜀二虜必自罷敝。」帝乃止。

When the Emperor heard that Zhuge Liang was at Hanzhong, he wanted to mobilize a large army and attack him directly. He asked Regular Palace Attendant Sun Zi, who said, "The Martial Emperor once marched on Nanzheng to take Zhang Lu. At Yangping the battle was nearly lost before it was won, and he himself went to rescue Xiahou Yuan's army. He often said, 'Nanzheng is a prison made by heaven, and the Zhong Slanting Valley road is nothing but a five-hundred-li tunnel of stone,' speaking of its depth and danger—words spoken in relief at getting Yuan's army out alive. Moreover, the Martial Emperor was masterful in war. Seeing that the Shu rebels held the mountain cliffs and the Wu enemy lurked on rivers and lakes, he bent aside and avoided them. He did not demand more of his officers and men than they could give, nor fight for a moment's anger. That was truly fighting when victory was in sight and withdrawing when the odds were against him. If we now march on Nanzheng to attack Liang, the route is already perilous. Counting elite troops, supply transport, and garrisons in the four southern provinces to hold the river enemy at bay, we would need a hundred fifty or sixty thousand men at least, and still more would have to be raised. The realm would be thrown into turmoil and the cost would be enormous. Your Majesty should weigh that carefully. Defense and offense are not equal: the labor required for war is two or three times greater. But if you divide the forces you already have and place great generals at the key passes, your authority will be enough to overawe strong enemies, keep the borders quiet, let your officers and men rest like tigers at ease, and leave the people undisturbed. Within a few years the Central Realm will grow stronger day by day, and the two enemies, Wu and Shu, will wear themselves out on their own." The Emperor then abandoned the plan.

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4初，文帝罷五銖錢，使以穀帛為用，人間巧偽漸多，競濕穀以要利，薄絹以為市，雖處以嚴刑，不能禁也。司馬芝等舉朝大議，以為：「用錢非徒豐國，亦所以省刑，今不若更鑄五銖為便。」夏，四月，乙亥，復行五銖錢。

4. Earlier, Emperor Wen had abolished the five-shu coin and ordered grain and silk to serve as currency. Counterfeiting spread among the people: grain was dampened for profit and silk was thinned for trade. Even severe punishment could not stop it. Sima Zhi and others raised the matter in full court debate, arguing, "Coinage not only enriches the state but also reduces crime. It would be better to recast the five-shu coin." In summer, in the fourth month, on the day Yihai, the five-shu coin was restored.

83

5甲申，初營宗廟於洛陽。

5. On the day Jiashen, construction of the ancestral temple at Luoyang began.

84

6六月，以司馬懿都督荊、豫州諸軍事，率所領鎮宛。

6. In the sixth month, Sima Yi was made area commander-in-chief of all military affairs in Jing and Yu provinces and led his forces to garrison Wan.

85

7冬，十二月，立貴嬪河內毛氏為皇后。初，帝為平原王，納河內虞氏為妃；及即位，虞氏不得立為後，太皇卞太后慰勉焉。虞氏曰：「曹氏自好立賤，未有能以義舉者也。然後職內事，君聽外政，其道相由而成；苟不能以善始，未有能令終者也，殆必由此亡國喪祀矣！」虞氏遂絀還鄴宮。

7. In winter, in the twelfth month, Honored Consort Lady Mao of Henei was made Empress. Earlier, when the Emperor was Prince of Pingyuan, he had taken Lady Yu of Henei as his consort; but when he took the throne, Lady Yu was not made Empress. Grand Empress Dowager Lady Bian comforted her. Lady Yu said, "The house of Cao has always liked to elevate the lowborn, yet none of them have ever been raised on grounds of merit. Still, the wife governs within and the husband governs without, and the two roles must work together; if a reign cannot begin rightly, it has never ended well. The dynasty will likely perish and its ancestral rites be cut off because of this!" Lady Yu then withdrew in disgrace and returned to the palace at Ye.

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8初，太祖、世祖皆議復肉刑，以軍事不果。及帝即位，太傅鐘繇上言：「宜如孝景之令，其當棄市欲斬右趾者，許之；其黥、劓、左趾、官刑者，自如孝文易以髡笞，可以歲生三千人。」詔公卿以下議，司徒朗以為：「肉刑不用已來，歷年數百；今復行之，恐所減之文未彰於萬民之目，而肉刑之問已宣於寇讎之耳，非所以來遠人也。今可按繇所欲輕之死罪，使減死髡刑，嫌其輕者，可倍其居作之歲數。內有以生易死不訾之恩，外無以刖易釱駭耳之聲。」議者百餘人，與朗同者多。帝以吳、〔漢〕( 蜀) 未平蜀) 未平此處司馬光未改「蜀」為「漢」，逕改。，且寢。

8. Earlier, both the Founding Emperor and the Martial Emperor had debated restoring corporal punishment, but war had prevented it. When the Emperor took the throne, Grand Tutor Zhong Yao submitted a memorial arguing, "We should follow Emperor Xiaojing's ordinance: for those condemned to execution by market display who may instead have the right foot cut off, permit it; for tattooing, nose-cutting, left-foot amputation, and castration, follow Emperor Xiaowen's practice of replacing them with shaving and flogging. By this, three thousand lives could be saved each year." An edict ordered the Three Dukes and all ministers below to debate the matter. Minister of Works Lang argued, "Corporal punishment has not been used for several hundred years; if we restore it now, I fear the mercy of our reduced punishments has not yet been plain to the people, while word of corporal punishment will already reach our enemies. That is no way to win over distant peoples. We could instead follow Yao's aim by lightening capital crimes, commuting death to shaving and flogging, and doubling the years of penal labor for those who find the penalty too lenient. Within the realm, men would receive the grace of life instead of death without reproach; abroad, there would be no rumor of mutilation and shackling to alarm men's ears." More than a hundred debaters took Lang's side. The Emperor, because Wu and Han ( Shu) Shu)¹⁰ Editorial note: In the phrase 'because Wu and Shu were not yet pacified,' Sima Guang's original reading used 'Shu' rather than 'Han'; this has been directly emended. End note. The emperor set the proposal aside for the time being.

87

9是歲，吳昭武將軍韓當卒，其子綜淫亂不軌，懼得罪，閏月，將其家屬、部曲來奔。

9. That year Han Dang, Wu's General Who Establishes Martial Might, died. His son Zong, dissolute and lawless, feared punishment and in the intercalary month fled to Wei with his family and troops.

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10初，孟達既為文帝所寵，又與桓階、夏侯尚親善；及文帝殂，階、尚皆卒，達心不自安。諸葛亮聞而誘之，達數與通書，陰許歸〔漢〕( 蜀) 蜀) 此處司馬光未改「蜀」為「漢」，逕改。。達與魏興太守申儀有隙，儀密表告之。達聞之，惶懼，欲舉兵叛。司馬懿以書慰解之，達猶豫未決，懿乃潛軍進討。諸將言達與吳、漢交通，宜觀望而後動。懿曰：「達無信義，此其相疑之時也。當及其未定促決之。」乃倍道兼行，八日到其城下。吳、漢各遣偏將向西城安橋、木闌塞以救達，懿分諸將以距之。初，達與亮書曰：「宛去洛八百里，去吾一千二百里。聞吾舉事，當表上天子，比相反覆，一月間也，則吾城已固，諸軍足辦。吾所在深險，司馬公必不自來；諸將來，吾無患矣。」及兵到，達又告亮曰：「吾舉事八日而兵至城下，何其神速也！」

10. Earlier Meng Da had won Emperor Wen's favor and was close to Huan Jie and Xiahou Shang; when Wen died and Jie and Shang followed him to the grave, Da grew uneasy. Zhuge Liang heard of this and wooed him; Da exchanged letters repeatedly and secretly promised to return to Han ( Shu) Editorial note: secretly promised to return to Han ( Shu) Here Sima Guang left Shu unaltered; the text is emended to Han. End note. Da feuded with Shen Yi, prefect of Weixing, who secretly reported him to the throne. Da heard this, panicked, and prepared to rebel. Sima Yi wrote to reassure him, but while Da still wavered Yi marched in secret to attack. His officers urged caution, saying Da was in touch with Wu and Han and they should wait before moving. Yi said: "Da is faithless—this is the hour of mutual suspicion. Strike while he is still undecided. He forced the march day and night and reached the city in eight days. Wu and Han each sent detachments toward Xicheng, Anqiao, and Mulansai to relieve Da; Yi detached commanders to block them. Da had written to Liang: "Wan lies eight hundred li from Luoyang and twelve hundred from me. When I rise, word must reach the Son of Heaven and return—a month at least—by which time my walls will stand firm and my troops be ready. My post lies in deep country; Lord Sima will never come himself; if only his generals come, I have nothing to fear. When the army came, Da wrote Liang again: "I rebelled eight days ago and they are already at my walls—how fast they move!"

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=校刊記=」」」」」

= Collation Note = (editorial references section for variant readings and source citations in this volume)”””””

卷70 魏紀二

Volume 70 Wei Records 2

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