1
資治通鑑第106卷
Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 106.
2
卷第一百六
Volume 106.
3
【晉紀二十八】起旃蒙作噩，盡柔兆閹茂，凡二年。
[Jin Annals 28] From Zhanmeng Zuoe through Rouzhao Yanmao—two years in all.
4
烈宗孝武皇帝中之上太元十年（ 乙酉，公元三八五年）
From the middle portion of Emperor Xiaowu of the Liezong line, Taixuan year 10 ( yiyou, CE 385)
5
春，正月，秦王堅朝饗群臣，時長安饑，人相食，諸將歸，吐肉以飼妻子。
In spring, the first month, King Fu Jian of Qin held court and entertained his ministers. Chang'an was then in famine, and people were eating one another; when the generals returned home, they would spit out meat to feed their wives and children.
6
慕容沖即皇帝位於阿房，改元更始。 沖有自得之志，賞罰任情。 慕容盛年十三，謂慕容柔曰：「夫十人之長，亦須才過九人，然後得安。 今中山王才逮人，功未有成，而驕汰已甚，殆難濟乎！」
Murong Chong declared himself emperor at Epang and proclaimed the era name Gengshi. Chong had grown complacent, meting out rewards and punishments entirely on whim. Murong Sheng, only thirteen years old, said to Murong Rou, "To lead ten men, your abilities must exceed those of nine others—only then can you hold your position securely. Our Prince of Zhongshan is barely a match for ordinary men; his success is far from assured, yet he is already insufferably arrogant and extravagant. I fear he will not prevail!"
7
後秦王萇留諸將攻新平，自引兵擊安定，擒秦安西將軍勃海公珍，嶺北諸城悉降之。
Later Qin king Yao Chang left his generals to besiege Xinping and personally marched against Anding, capturing the Former Qin Anxi general, the Duke of Bohai, Zhen, after which all cities north of the ridges surrendered to him.
8
甲寅，秦王堅與西燕主沖戰於仇班渠，大破之。 乙卯，戰於雀桑，又破之。 甲子，戰於白渠，秦兵大敗。 西燕兵圍秦王堅，殿中將軍鄧邁等力戰卻之，堅乃得免。 壬申，沖遣尚書令高蓋夜襲長安，入其南城，左將軍竇沖、前禁將軍李辯等擊破之，斬首八百級，分其屍而食之。 乙亥，高蓋引兵攻渭北諸壘，太子宏與戰於成貳壁，大破之，斬首三萬。 燕帶方王佐與寧朔將軍平規共攻薊，王永兵屢敗。 二月，永使宋敞燒和龍及薊城宮室，帥眾三萬奔壺關； 佐等入薊。
On jiayin, King Fu Jian of Qin met Western Yan ruler Murong Chong at Qiuban Qu and routed him. On yimao they fought at Quesang, and Fu Jian won again. On jiazi they fought at Bai Qu, and the Qin army was routed. Western Yan troops surrounded King Fu Jian; Palace Attendant General Deng Mai and others fought fiercely to drive them off, and Fu Jian escaped. On renshen, Chong sent Minister Over the Masses Gao Gai to raid Chang'an by night and enter its southern quarter. Left General Dou Chong, Former Prohibited General Li Bian, and others routed the attackers, beheading eight hundred men, whose corpses they divided and ate. On yihai, Gao Gai marched against the stockades north of the Wei. Crown Prince Hong met him at Chengerbi, routed his army, and beheaded thirty thousand men. Yan Prince of Daifang Zuo and Ningshuo General Ping Gui jointly attacked Ji, and Wang Yong's forces suffered repeated defeats. In the second month, Yong had Song Chang burn Helong and the palaces of Ji, then led thirty thousand men in flight toward Huguan; Zuo and his forces entered Ji.
9
慕容農引兵會慕容麟於中山，與共攻翟真。 麟、農先帥數千騎至承營，觀察形勢。 翟真望見，陳兵而出。 諸將欲退，農曰：「丁零非不勁勇，而翟真懦弱，今簡精銳，望真所在而沖之，真走，眾必散矣，乃邀門而蹙之，可盡殺也。」 使驍騎將軍慕容國帥百餘騎沖之，真走，其眾爭門，自相蹈藉，死者太半； 遂拔承營外郭。
Murong Nong led troops to join Murong Lin at Zhongshan, and together they attacked Zhai Zhen. Lin and Nong first led several thousand horsemen to Chengying to reconnoiter the situation. Zhai Zhen saw them and marched out with his troops deployed for battle. The generals wanted to pull back. Nong said, "The Dingling are not without fierce valor, but Zhai Zhen is timid. Select elite troops now, charge straight at wherever Zhen stands, and when he flees his men will scatter. Then block the gates and crush them—we can wipe them out." He sent Valiant Cavalry General Murong Guo at the head of a little more than a hundred horsemen to charge. Zhen fled, and his men fought for the gates, trampling one another to death—more than half perished; and they then captured the outer wall of Chengying.
10
癸未，秦王堅與西燕主沖戰於城西，大破之，追奔至阿城。 諸將請乘勝入城，堅恐為沖所掩，引兵還。
On guiwei, King Fu Jian of Qin fought Western Yan ruler Murong Chong west of the city, routed him, and pursued the fugitives to Acheng. The generals urged pressing the victory by entering the city, but Fu Jian feared an ambush by Chong and withdrew.
11
乙酉，秦益州刺史王廣以蜀人江陽太守李丕為益州刺史，守成都。 己丑，廣帥所部奔還隴西，依其兄秦州刺史統，蜀人隨之者三萬餘人。
On yiyou, Former Qin inspector of Yizhou Wang Guang appointed Li Pi, a native of Shu and administrator of Jiangyang, as inspector of Yizhou to hold Chengdu. On jichou, Guang led his command in flight back to Longxi to join his elder brother, Inspector of Qinzhou Tong, and more than thirty thousand men of Shu followed him.
12
劉牢之至枋頭。 楊膺、姜讓謀洩，長樂公丕收殺之。 牢之聞之，盤桓不進。
Liu Laozhi reached Fangtou. Yang Ying and Jiang Rang's plot was exposed, and Prince of Changle Fu Pi arrested and executed them. When Laozhi heard of it, he lingered and refused to advance.
13
秦平原悼公暉數為西燕主沖所敗，秦王堅讓之曰：「汝，吾之才子也，擁大眾與白虜小兒戰，而屢敗，何用生為！」 三月，暉憤恚自殺。 前禁將軍李辯、都水使者隴西彭和正恐長安不守，召集西州人屯於韭園； 堅召之，不至。
Former Qin Duke of Pingyuan, posthumous name Zhao, Fu Hui had been repeatedly defeated by Western Yan ruler Murong Chong. King Fu Jian reproached him, saying, "You are my gifted son, yet you lead a great army against that white-barbarian stripling and lose again and again—what use is your life!" In the third month, Hui killed himself in grief and rage. Former Prohibited General Li Bian and Director of Waterways Peng Hezheng of Longxi, fearing Chang'an could not be held, gathered men of the western provinces and encamped them at Jiuyuan; Fu Jian summoned them, but they did not come.
14
西燕主沖攻秦高陽愍公方於驪山，殺之，執秦尚書韋鐘，以其子謙為馮翊太守，使招集三輔之民。 馮詡壘主邵安民等責謙曰：「君雍州望族，今乃從賊，與之為不忠不義，何面目以行於世乎？」 謙以告鐘，鐘自殺，謙來奔。 秦左將軍苟池、右將軍俱石子與西燕主沖戰於驪山，兵敗。 西燕將軍慕容永斬苟池，俱石子奔鄴。 永，廆弟運之孫； 石子，難之弟也。 秦王堅遣領軍將軍楊定擊沖，大破之，虜鮮卑萬餘人而還，悉坑之。 定，佛奴之孫，堅之婿也。
Western Yan ruler Murong Chong attacked Former Qin Duke of Gaoyang, posthumous name Min, Fu Fang at Lishan and killed him. He seized Former Qin Minister of the Masters of Writing Wei Zhong and appointed Zhong's son Qian administrator of Fengyi to rally the people of the Three Adjuncts. Stockade master of Fengyi Shao Anmin and others reproached Qian, saying, "Sir, you are a leading family of Yongzhou—how can you now follow the rebels and join them in disloyalty and injustice? With what face can you walk in the world?" Qian told Zhong, and Zhong killed himself; Qian then came over in surrender. Former Qin Left General Gou Chi and Right General Ju Shizi fought Western Yan ruler Murong Chong at Lishan and were defeated. Western Yan general Murong Yong beheaded Gou Chi, and Ju Shizi fled to Ye. Yong was the grandson of Murong Hui's younger brother Yun; Shizi was the younger brother of Murong Nanch. King Fu Jian sent Commandant of the Guards Yang Ding against Chong, routed him, captured more than ten thousand Xianbei, and on his return buried them all alive. Ding was the grandson of Fu Fonu and Fu Jian's son-in-law.
15
滎陽人鄭燮以郡來降。
Zheng Xie of Xingyang surrendered the commandery.
16
燕王垂攻鄴，久不下，將北詣冀州，乃命撫軍大將軍麟屯信都，樂浪王溫屯中山，召驃騎大將軍農還鄴； 於是遠近聞之，以燕為不振，頗懷去就。
Yan king Murong Chui besieged Ye for a long time without taking it. About to march north to Jizhou, he ordered Pacification Army grand general Lin to encamp at Xindu, Prince of Langye Wen to encamp at Zhongshan, and summoned Flying Cavalry grand general Nong back to Ye; When word spread near and far, people took Yan to be in decline, and many began weighing whether to stay or leave.
17
農至高邑，遣從事中郎眭邃近出，違期不還。 長史張攀言於農曰：「邃目下參佐，敢欺罔不還，請回軍計之。」 農不應，敕備假版，以邃為高陽太守，參佐家在趙北者，悉假署遣歸。 凡舉補太守三人，長史二十餘人，退謂攀曰：「君所見殊誤，當今豈可自相魚肉！ 俟吾北還，邃等自當迎於道左，君但觀之。」
When Nong reached Gaoyi, he sent Attendant Gentleman Sui Sui on a nearby mission, but Sui failed to return by the appointed time. Chief clerk Zhang Pan said to Nong, "Sui is a subordinate under your very eyes, yet he dares deceive you and not return—please turn the army back and deal with this." Nong did not reply. He ordered provisional seals prepared, appointed Sui administrator of Gaoyang, and for every subordinate whose family was in northern Zhao he issued provisional appointments and sent them home. In all he recommended three administrators and more than twenty chief clerks. Then he withdrew and told Pan, "Your view is quite mistaken—how can we tear one another apart at a time like this! Wait until I return north—Sui and the others will surely come to welcome me along the road. You need only watch."
18
樂浪王溫在中山，兵力甚弱，丁零四布，分據諸城。 溫謂諸將曰：「以吾之眾，攻則不足，守則有餘。 驃騎、撫軍，首尾連兵，會須滅賊，但應聚糧厲兵以俟時耳。」 於是撫舊招新，勸課農桑，民歸附者相繼，郡縣壁壘爭送軍糧，倉庫充溢。 翟真夜襲中山，溫擊破之，自是不敢復至。 溫乃遣兵一萬運糧以餉垂，且營中山宮室。
Prince of Langye Wen was at Zhongshan with very weak forces; Dingling bands were scattered everywhere, each holding separate cities. Wen told his generals, "With our numbers we are too few to attack but more than enough to defend. The Flying Cavalry and Pacification armies, front and rear linked in force, will surely destroy the enemy—we need only gather grain and sharpen weapons and await the moment." Thereupon he comforted the old and recruited the new, encouraged farming and sericulture, and people submitted in succession; commanderies, counties, and stockades vied to send army grain until the storehouses overflowed. Zhai Zhen raided Zhongshan by night; Wen defeated him, and from then on Zhai did not dare return. Wen then sent ten thousand troops to transport grain to supply Chui and began building the palaces of Zhongshan.
19
劉牢之攻燕黎陽太守劉撫於孫就柵，燕王垂留慕容農守鄴圍，自引兵救之。 秦長樂公丕聞之，出兵乘虛夜襲燕營，農擊敗之。 劉牢之與垂戰，不勝，退屯黎陽。 垂復還鄴。
Liu Laozhi attacked Yan administrator of Liyang Liu Fu at Sunjiu Stockade. Yan king Murong Chui left Murong Nong to maintain the siege of Ye and personally led troops to rescue Fu. Former Qin Prince of Changle Fu Pi heard of this and led troops out to raid the Yan camp by night while they were exposed; Nong defeated him. Liu Laozhi fought Chui but could not prevail and withdrew to encamp at Liyang. Chui then returned to Ye.
20
呂光以龜茲饒樂，欲留居之。 天竺沙門鳩摩羅什謂光曰：「此凶亡之地，不足留也。 將軍但東歸，中道自有福地可居。」 光乃大饗將士，議進止，眾皆欲還。 乃以駝二萬餘頭載外國珍寶奇玩，驅駿馬萬餘匹而還。
Finding Kucha rich and pleasant, Lü Guang wished to remain there. The Indian monk Kumarajiva told Guang, "This is a place of violent ruin—not fit to remain. General, you need only return east; along the way you will surely find a blessed land where you may dwell." Guang then held a great feast for his officers and men to discuss whether to advance or withdraw, and all wished to return. He then loaded more than twenty thousand camels with foreign treasures and curios and drove more than ten thousand thoroughbred horses homeward.
21
夏，四月，劉牢之進兵至鄴。 燕王垂逆戰而敗； 遂撤圍，退屯新城； 乙卯，自新城北遁。 牢之不告秦長樂公丕，即引兵追之。 丕聞之，發兵繼進。 庚申，牢之追及垂於董唐淵。 垂曰：「秦、晉瓦合，相待為強。 一勝則俱豪，一失則俱潰，非同心也。 今兩軍相繼，勢既未合，宜急擊之。」 牢之軍疾趨二百里，至五橋澤，爭燕輜重； 垂邀擊，大破之。 斬首數千級。 牢之單馬走，會秦救至，得免。
In summer, the fourth month, Liu Laozhi advanced his army to Ye. Yan king Murong Chui met him in battle and was defeated; he then lifted the siege and withdrew to encamp at Xincheng; on yimao he fled north from Xincheng. Without informing Former Qin Prince of Changle Fu Pi, Laozhi immediately led troops in pursuit. When Pi heard of it, he sent troops to follow in pursuit. On gengshen, Laozhi caught up with Chui at Dongtang Yuan. Chui said, "Qin and Jin are joined like tiles and mortar, each relying on the other for strength. One victory and both prosper; one defeat and both collapse—they are not of one heart. Now the two armies are following one another in succession; their strength is not yet united—you should strike them quickly." Laozhi's army hurried two hundred li to Wuqiao Ze and scrambled for Yan baggage trains; Chui intercepted and attacked, inflicting a great defeat. Several thousand heads were taken. Laozhi fled alone on horseback; when Qin relief arrived, he escaped.
22
燕冠軍將軍宜都王鳳每戰，奮不顧身。 前後大小二百五十七戰，未嘗無功。 垂戒之曰：「今大業甫濟，汝當先自愛！」 使為車騎將軍德之副，以抑其銳。
Yan Champion General Prince of Yidu Feng fought in every battle reckless of his life. In two hundred fifty-seven engagements great and small, he never failed to win distinction. Chui admonished him, saying, "The great enterprise has only just crossed the ford—you must first cherish yourself!" He made him deputy to General of Chariots and Cavalry De to restrain his keen edge.
23
鄴中饑甚，秦長樂公丕帥眾就晉谷於枋頭。 劉牢之入屯鄴城，收集亡散，兵復少振； 坐軍敗，征還。
Famine in Ye was severe; Former Qin Prince of Changle Fu Pi led his men to obtain Jin grain at Fangtou. Liu Laozhi entered and encamped in Ye, gathered the scattered fugitives, and his army recovered somewhat; but because of his defeat he was summoned back.
24
燕、秦相持經年，幽、冀大饑，人相食，邑落蕭條。 燕之軍士多餓死，燕王垂禁民養蠶，以桑椹為軍糧。
Yan and Qin faced one another for years; You and Ji suffered great famine, people ate one another, and settlements lay desolate. Many of Yan's soldiers starved to death; Yan king Murong Chui forbade the people to raise silkworms and used mulberries as army provisions.
25
垂將北趣中山，以驃騎大將軍農為前驅，前所假授吏眭邃等皆來迎候，上下如初，李乃服農之智略。
Chui was about to march north toward Zhongshan with Flying Cavalry grand general Nong as vanguard. The officials he had given provisional appointments, Sui Sui and the others, all came to welcome him, and relations were as before—only then did Li acknowledge Nong's wisdom and strategy.
26
會稽王道子好專權，復為奸諂者所構扇，與太保安有隙。 安欲避之，會秦王堅來求救，安乃請自將救之。 壬戌，出鎮廣陵之步丘，築壘曰新城而居之。
Prince of Kuaiji Sima Daozi was fond of monopolizing power and was again stirred up by sycophants, so that he and Grand Marshal Sima An were at odds. An wished to avoid him; when King Fu Jian of Qin came seeking rescue, An asked to lead the relief expedition himself. On renxu he went out to garrison Buchiu in Guangling, built a stockade called Xincheng, and dwelt there.
27
蜀郡太守任權攻拔成都，斬秦益州刺史李丕，復取益州。
Administrator of Shujun Ren Quan attacked and took Chengdu, beheaded Former Qin inspector of Yizhou Li Pi, and recovered Yizhou.
28
新平糧竭矢盡，外救不至。 後秦王萇使人謂苟輔曰：「吾方以義取天下，豈仇忠臣邪！ 卿但帥城中之人還長安，吾正欲得此城耳。」 輔以為然，帥民五千口出城。 萇圍而坑之，男女無遺，獨馮傑子終得脫，奔長安。 秦王堅追贈輔等官爵，皆謚曰節愍侯； 以終為新平太守。
Xinping's grain was exhausted and its arrows spent, and outside relief did not arrive. Later Qin king Yao Chang sent someone to tell Gou Fu, "I am taking the empire by righteousness—how could I bear enmity toward loyal ministers! You need only lead the people of the city back to Chang'an; I want precisely this city." Fu believed him and led five thousand people out of the city. Chang surrounded them and buried them alive, sparing neither men nor women. Only Feng Jie's son Zhong escaped and fled to Chang'an. King Fu Jian posthumously granted Fu and the others offices and ranks, all with the posthumous title Marquis of Jiemin; he appointed Zhong administrator of Xinping.
29
翟真自承營徙屯行唐，真司馬鮮于乞殺真及諸翟，自立為趙王。 營人共殺乞，立真從弟成為主； 其眾多降於燕。
Zhai Zhen moved his encampment from Chengying to Xingtang. Zhen's major Xuanyu Qi killed Zhen and all the Zhai clan and declared himself King of Zhao. The men of the camp jointly killed Qi and set up Zhen's younger cousin Cheng as leader; and most of his followers surrendered to Yan.
30
五月，西燕主沖攻長安，秦王堅身自督戰，飛矢滿體，流血淋漓。 沖縱兵暴掠，關中士民流散，道路斷絕，千里無煙。 有堡壁三十餘，推平遠將軍趙敖為主，相與結盟，冒難遣兵糧助堅，多為西燕兵所殺。 堅謂之曰：「聞來者率不善達，此誠忠臣之義。 然今寇難殷繁，非一人之力所能濟也。 徒相隨入虎口，何益？ 汝曹宜為國自愛，畜糧厲兵，以俟天時，庶幾善不終否，有時而泰也！」
In the fifth month, Western Yan ruler Murong Chong attacked Chang'an. King Fu Jian personally supervised the battle; flying arrows covered his body and blood streamed down. Chong let his troops rampage and plunder; the gentry and commoners of Guanzhong scattered, roads were cut off, and for a thousand li there was no smoke of hearth fires. More than thirty stockades chose Pingyuan general Zhao Ao as leader, formed alliances, and braved hardship to send troops and grain to aid Fu Jian, but many were killed by Western Yan troops. Fu Jian told them, "I hear that those who come generally fail to arrive—this is truly the duty of loyal ministers. Yet now bandit calamities press on every side; this is not something one man's strength can remedy. You would only follow one another into the tiger's maw—what good would that do? You ought to cherish yourselves for the state's sake, store grain and sharpen weapons, and await Heaven's season—perhaps good will not end in denial, and there will be a time of peace!"
31
三輔之民為沖所略者，遣人密告堅，請遣兵攻沖，欲縱火為內應。 堅曰：「甚哀諸卿忠誠！ 然吾猛士如虎豹，利兵如霜雪，困於烏合之虜，豈非天乎？ 恐徒使諸卿坐自夷滅，吾不忍也！」 其人固請不已，乃遣七百騎赴之。 沖營縱火者，反為風火所燒，其得免者什一二； 堅祭而哭之。
People of the Three Adjuncts who had been plundered by Chong sent someone in secret to inform Fu Jian, asking him to send troops to attack Chong and intending to set fires as an inside response. Fu Jian said, "I deeply pity your loyalty! Yet my fierce warriors are like tigers and leopards, my sharp weapons like frost and snow—yet we are trapped by a mob of rabble. Is this not Heaven's will? I fear I would only bring destruction on you all—I cannot bear it!" The man pressed his request without cease, so he sent seven hundred horsemen. Those who set fires in Chong's camp were instead burned by wind and fire; only one or two in ten escaped; Fu Jian performed sacrifices and wept for them.
32
衛將軍楊定與沖戰於城西，為沖所擒。 定，秦之驍將也。 堅大懼，以讖書云「帝出五將久長得」，乃留太子宏守長安，謂之曰：「天其或者欲導予出外。 汝善守城，勿與賊爭利，吾當出隴收兵運糧以給汝。」 遂帥騎數百與張夫人及中山公詵、二女寶、錦出奔五將山，宣告州郡，期以孟冬救長安。 堅過襲韭園，李辯奔燕，彭和正慚，自殺。
Guard General Yang Ding fought Chong west of the city and was captured by Chong. Ding was one of Qin's fiercest generals. Fu Jian was greatly afraid. Because a prophetic text said, "When the emperor goes out to the Five Generals, he will long obtain," he left Crown Prince Hong to hold Chang'an and told him, "Perhaps Heaven wishes to guide me abroad. Hold the city well; do not contend for advantage with the bandits. I shall go out to Long and gather troops and transport grain to supply you." He then led several hundred horsemen with Lady Zhang, Duke of Zhongshan Shen, and his two daughters Bao and Jin in flight to Mount Wujiang, proclaiming to the provinces and commanderies that he would rescue Chang'an by mid-winter. As Fu Jian passed by to raid Jiuyuan, Li Bian fled to Yan and Peng Hezheng, in shame, killed himself.
33
閏月，以廣州刺史羅友為益州刺史，鎮成都。
In the intercalary month, Luo You, inspector of Guangzhou, was appointed inspector of Yizhou to garrison Chengdu.
34
庚戌，燕王垂至常山，圍翟成於行唐。 命帶方王佐鎮龍城。 六月，高句麗寇遼東，佐遣司馬郝景將兵救之，為高句麗所敗，高句麗遂陷遼東、玄菟。
On gengxu, Yan king Murong Chui reached Changshan and besieged Zhai Cheng at Xingtang. He ordered Prince of Daifang Zuo to garrison Longcheng. In the sixth month, Koguryŏ raided Liaodong. Zuo sent Major Hao Jing to lead troops to the rescue, but they were defeated by Koguryŏ, which then took Liaodong and Xuantu.
35
秦太子宏不能守長安，將數千騎與母、妻、宗室西奔下辨； 百官逃散，司隸校尉權翼等數百人奔後秦。 西燕主衝入據長安，縱兵大掠，死者不可勝計。
Former Qin crown prince Hong could not hold Chang'an and led several thousand horsemen with his mother, wife, and members of the imperial clan in flight west to Xiabian; the hundred officials scattered in flight; Director of the Masters of Writing Quan Yi and several hundred others fled to Later Qin. Western Yan ruler Murong Chong entered and seized Chang'an, let his troops plunder on a great scale, and the dead were beyond counting.
36
秋，七月，旱，饑，井皆竭。
In autumn, the seventh month, drought and famine struck, and all wells dried up.
37
後秦王萇自故縣如新平。
Later Qin king Yao Chang went from Guxian toward Xinping.
38
秦王堅至五將山，後秦王萇遣驍騎將軍吳忠帥騎圍之。 秦兵皆散走，獨侍御十數人在側，堅神色自若，坐而待之，召宰人進食。 俄而忠至，執之，送詣新平，幽於別室。 太子宏至下辨，南秦州刺史楊璧拒之。 璧妻，堅之女順陽公主也，棄其夫從宏。 宏奔武都，投氐豪強熙，假道來奔，詔處之江州。
King Fu Jian reached Mount Wujiang. Later Qin king Yao Chang sent Valiant Cavalry General Wu Zhong to lead horsemen and surround him. All the Qin soldiers scattered and fled; only a dozen or so attendants remained at his side. Fu Jian's expression was calm as he sat and waited, summoning the cook to bring food. Before long Zhong arrived, seized him, and sent him to Xinping, where he was confined in a separate room. Crown Prince Hong reached Xiabian, but Inspector of Southern Qinzhou Yang Bi refused him entry. Bi's wife was Fu Jian's daughter, Princess Shunyang; she abandoned her husband and followed Hong. Hong fled to Wudu, threw himself on the Di chieftain Xi, borrowed a route to surrender, and an edict settled him at Jiangzhou.
39
長樂公丕帥眾三萬自枋頭將歸鄴城，龍驤將軍檀玄擊之，戰於谷口，玄兵敗，丕復入鄴城。
Prince of Changle Fu Pi led thirty thousand men from Fangtou back toward Ye. Dragon-soaring General Tan Xuan attacked him; they fought at Gukou, Xuan's army was defeated, and Pi re-entered Ye.
40
燕建節將軍餘巖叛，自武邑北趣幽州。 燕王垂馳使敕幽州將平規曰：「固守勿戰，俟吾破丁零自討之。」 規出戰，為巖所敗。 巖入薊，掠千餘戶而去，遂據令支。 癸酉，翟成長史鮮于得斬成出降； 垂屠行唐，盡坑成眾。
Yan Establishing Authority general Yu Yan rebelled and marched north from Wuyi toward Youzhou. Yan king Murong Chui sent a swift messenger ordering Youzhou general Ping Gui, "Hold firm and do not fight; wait until I have broken the Dingling, then I myself will punish him." Gui went out to battle and was defeated by Yan. Yan entered Ji, plundered more than a thousand households, and departed; he then seized Lingzhi. On guiyou, Zhai Cheng's chief clerk Xuanyu De beheaded Cheng and came out in surrender; Chui slaughtered Xingtang and buried alive all of Cheng's followers.
41
太保安有疾，求還，詔許之； 八月； 安至建康。
Grand Marshal Sima An was ill and asked to return; an edict permitted it; in the eighth month; An reached Jiankang.
42
甲午，大赦。 丁酉，建昌文靖公謝安薨。 詔加殊禮，如大司馬溫故事。 庚子，以司徒琅邪王道子領揚州刺史、錄尚書、都督中外諸軍事，以尚書令謝石為衛將軍。
On jiawu, a general amnesty was proclaimed. On dingyou, Duke of Jianchang, posthumous name Wenjing, Xie An died. An edict added extraordinary rites, following the precedent of Grand Marshal Wen. On gengzi, Minister of Education Prince of Langye Sima Daozi was made concurrent inspector of Yangzhou, recorder of the Masters of Writing, and commander-in-chief of all military affairs within and without; Minister of the Masters of Writing Xie Shi was made guard general.
43
後秦王萇使求傳國璽於秦王堅曰：「萇次應歷數，可以為惠。」 堅瞋目叱之曰：「小羌敢逼天子，五胡次序，無汝羌名。 璽已送晉，不可得也！」 萇復遣右司馬尹緯說堅，求為禪代； 堅曰：「禪代，聖賢之事。 姚萇叛賊，何得為之！」 堅與緯語，問緯：「在朕朝何官？」 緯曰：「尚書令史」。 堅歎曰：「卿，王景略為儔，宰相才也，而朕不知卿，宜其亡也！」 堅自以平生遇萇有恩，尤忿之，數罵萇求死，謂張夫人曰：「豈可令羌奴辱吾兒。」 乃先殺寶、錦。 辛丑，萇遣人縊堅於新平佛寺，張夫人、中山公詵皆自殺，後秦將士皆為之哀慟。 萇欲隱其名，謚堅曰壯烈天王。
Later Qin king Yao Chang sent someone to request the Imperial Seal from King Fu Jian, saying, "Chang is next in the succession of the calendar's numbers—you may show favor thereby." Fu Jian glared and shouted at him, "Little Qiang, you dare press the Son of Heaven! Among the Five Barbarians in order, there is no Qiang name for you. The seal has already been sent to Jin—it cannot be obtained!" Chang again sent Right Major Yin Wei to persuade Fu Jian, asking for abdication in his favor; Fu Jian said, "Abdication in favor of another is the affair of sages and worthies. Yao Chang is a rebel bandit—how can he do it!" Fu Jian conversed with Wei and asked him, "What office did you hold in my court?" Wei said, "Clerk to the Minister Over the Masses." Fu Jian sighed and said, "Sir, you are the equal of Wang Jinglue—a talent for chancellor—and I did not know you; no wonder I perished!" Fu Jian, considering that in his lifetime he had shown Chang favor, was especially resentful; he repeatedly cursed Chang and sought death, and told Lady Zhang, "How can I let the Qiang slave disgrace my sons." He then killed Bao and Jin first. On xinchou, Chang sent someone to strangle Fu Jian at the Buddhist temple in Xinping. Lady Zhang and Duke of Zhongshan Shen both killed themselves, and the officers and soldiers of Later Qin all mourned for them. Chang wished to conceal his name and gave Fu Jian the posthumous title Martial and Fierce Heavenly King.
44
臣光曰：論者皆以為秦王堅之亡，由不殺慕容垂、姚萇故也，臣獨以為不然。 許劭謂魏武帝治世之能臣，亂世之奸雄。 使堅治國無失其道，則垂、萇皆秦之能臣也，烏能為亂哉！ 堅之所以亡，由驟勝而驕故也。 魏文侯問李克吳之所以亡，對曰：「數戰數勝。」 文侯曰：「數戰數勝，國之福也，何故亡？」 對曰：「數戰則民疲，數勝則主驕，以驕主御疲民，未有不亡者也。」 秦王堅似之矣。
Your subject Guang says: Critics all hold that King Fu Jian of Qin's fall came from not killing Murong Chui and Yao Chang; your subject alone holds that this is not so. Xu Shao said of Emperor Wu of Wei that in an age of order he would be a capable minister, but in an age of disorder a treacherous hero. Had Fu Jian governed the state without losing the Way, then Chui and Chang would both have been capable ministers of Qin—how could they have made disorder! The reason Fu Jian perished was that after sudden victories he grew arrogant. Marquis Wen of Wei asked Li Ke why Wu perished. He replied, "Repeated battles and repeated victories." The marquis said, "Repeated battles and repeated victories are a state's blessing—why then did it perish?" He replied, "When battles are repeated the people grow weary; when victories are repeated the ruler grows arrogant. With an arrogant ruler commanding weary people, there has never been one who did not perish." King Fu Jian of Qin resembled this.
45
長樂公丕在鄴，將西赴長安，幽州刺史王永在壺關，遣使招丕，丕乃帥鄴中男女六萬餘口西如潞川，驃騎將軍張蚝、并州刺史王騰迎之入晉陽。 王永留平州刺史苻沖守壺關，自帥騎一萬會丕於晉陽。 丕始知長安不守，堅已死，乃發喪，即皇帝位。 追謚堅曰宣昭皇帝，廟號世祖，大赦，改元大安。
Prince of Changle Fu Pi was at Ye and was about to go west to Chang'an. Inspector of Youzhou Wang Yong was at Huguan and sent a messenger to summon Pi. Pi then led more than sixty thousand men and women of Ye west toward Luchuan; Flying Cavalry general Zhang Hao and inspector of Bingzhou Wang Teng welcomed him into Jinyang. Wang Yong left Inspector of Pingzhou Fu Chong to hold Huguan and personally led ten thousand horsemen to join Pi at Jinyang. Pi only then learned that Chang'an could not be held and that Fu Jian was already dead; he thereupon proclaimed mourning and declared himself emperor. He gave Fu Jian the posthumous title Emperor Xuanzhao and temple name Shizu, proclaimed a general amnesty, and changed the era name to Da'an.
46
燕主垂以魯王和為南中郎將，鎮鄴。 遣慕容農出蠮螉塞，歷凡城，趣龍城，會兵討餘巖，慕容麟、慕容隆自信都徇勃海、清河。 麟擊勃海太守封懿，執之，因屯歷口。 懿，放之子也。
Yan ruler Murong Chui made Prince of Lu He Southern Gentlemen-of-the-Palace general and garrisoned him at Ye. He sent Murong Nong out through the Mantis Pass, passed through Fancheng, and hastened to Longcheng to gather troops to punish Yu Yan; Murong Lin and Murong Long marched from Xindu through Bohai and Qinghe. Lin attacked administrator of Bohai Feng Yi, seized him, and encamped at Likou. Yi was the son of Feng Fang.
47
鮮卑劉頭眷擊破賀蘭部於善無，又破柔然於意親山。 頭眷子羅辰言於頭眷曰：「比來行兵，所向無敵。 然心腹之疾，願早圖之！」 頭眷曰：「誰也？」 羅辰曰：「從兄顯，忍人也，必將為亂。」 頭眷不聽。 顯，庫仁之子也。 頃之，顯果殺頭眷自立。 又將殺拓跋珪，顯弟亢泥妻，珪之姑也，以告珪母賀氏。 顯謀主梁六眷，代王什翼犍之甥也，亦使其部人穆崇、奚牧密告珪，且以其愛妻、駿馬付崇曰：「事洩，當以此自明。」 賀氏夜飲顯酒，令醉，使珪陰與舊臣長孫犍、元他、羅結輕騎亡去。 向晨，賀氏故驚廄中群馬，使顯起視之。 賀氏哭曰：「吾子適在此，今皆不見，汝等誰殺之邪？」 顯以故不急追。 珪遂奔賀蘭部，依其舅賀訥，訥驚喜曰：「復國之後，當念老臣！」 珪笑曰：「誠如舅言，不敢忘也。」 顯疑梁六眷洩其謀，將囚之。 穆崇宣言曰：「六眷不顧恩義，助顯為逆，我掠得其妻馬，足以解忿。」 顯乃捨之。
The Xianbei Liu Toujuan defeated the Helan tribe at Shanwu and again defeated the Rouran at Mount Yiqin. Toujuan's son Luochen said to Toujuan, "Of late in campaigning, wherever we go we are without rival. Yet there is a malady of the heart and belly—I wish you would plan against it early!" Toujuan said, "Who is it?" Luochen said, "Your cousin Xian is a cruel man and will surely make disorder." Toujuan did not listen. Xian was the son of Kuren. Before long, Xian indeed killed Toujuan and declared himself ruler. He was also about to kill Tuoba Gui. Xian's younger brother Kangni's wife was Gui's paternal aunt; she informed Gui's mother, Lady He. Xian's chief plotter Liang Liuquan was a nephew of Dai king Shiyijian and also had his tribesmen Mu Chong and Xi Mu secretly inform Gui, giving Chong his beloved wife and thoroughbred horses and saying, "If the affair is exposed, use these to prove yourself." Lady He by night gave Xian wine to drink and made him drunk, then had Gui secretly flee with old ministers Changsun Jian, Yuan Tuo, and Luo Jie on light horses. Toward dawn, Lady He deliberately startled the herd of horses in the stable, making Xian rise to look. Lady He cried and said, "My son was just here, and now none of them can be seen—who among you killed him?" For this reason Xian did not pursue in haste. Gui thereupon fled to the Helan tribe and relied on his maternal uncle He Ne. Ne said in alarm and delight, "When you restore the state, you must remember this old minister!" Gui smiled and said, "If it is truly as my uncle says, I dare not forget." Xian suspected that Liang Liuquan had leaked his plot and was about to imprison him. Mu Chong proclaimed publicly, "Liujuan showed no regard for kindness and righteousness and helped Xian in rebellion; I plundered his wife and horses, which is enough to vent my anger." Xian thereupon released him.
48
賀氏從弟外朝大人賀悅舉所部以奉珪。 顯怒，將殺賀氏，賀氏奔亢泥家，匿神車中三日，亢泥舉家為之請，乃得免。
Lady He's younger cousin from her mother's clan, Outer Court Great Man He Yue, raised his following to serve Gui. Xian was enraged and was about to kill Lady He. Lady He fled to Kangni's house and hid in the sacred chariot for three days; Kangni's entire household pleaded on her behalf, and she was spared.
49
故南部大人長孫嵩帥所部七百餘家叛顯，將奔五原。 時拓跋寔君之子渥亦聚眾自立，嵩欲歸之； 烏渥謂嵩曰：「逆父之子，不足從也。 不如歸珪。」 嵩從之。 久之，劉顯所部有亂，故中部大人庾和辰奉賀氏奔珪。
Former Southern Great Man Changsun Song led more than seven hundred households of his following in rebellion against Xian and was about to flee to Wuyuan. At that time Tuoba Shijun's son Wo also gathered a host and declared himself ruler, and Song wished to join him; Wu Wo said to Song, "The son of a father-killer is not worth following. Better to join Gui." Song followed his advice. After some time, disorder broke out among Liu Xian's following, and former Central Great Man Yu Hechen escorted Lady He in flight to Gui.
50
賀訥弟染干以珪得眾心，忌之，使其黨侯引七突殺珪； 代人尉古真知之，以告珪，侯引七突不敢發。 染干疑古真洩其謀，執而訊之，以兩車軸夾其頭，傷一目，不伏，乃免之。 染干遂舉兵圍珪； 賀氏出謂染干曰：「汝等欲於何置我，而殺吾子乎！」 染干慚而去。
He Ne's younger brother Rangan, jealous because Gui had won the hearts of the people, had his partisan Houyin Qitu kill Gui; the native of Dai, Weiguzhen, learned of it and informed Gui, and Houyin Qitu did not dare act. Rangan suspected that Weiguzhen had leaked his plot; he seized and interrogated him, clamping his head between two cart axles and injuring one eye. Weiguzhen did not confess, and Rangan then released him. Rangan thereupon raised troops and besieged Gui; Lady He came out and said to Rangan, "Where do you intend to place me, yet kill my son!" Rangan withdrew in shame.
51
九月，秦主丕以張蚝為侍中、司空，王永為侍中、都督中外諸軍事、車騎大將軍、尚書令，王騰為中軍大將軍、司隸校尉，苻沖為尚書左僕射，封西平王； 又以左長史楊輔為右僕射，右長史王亮為護軍將軍； 立妃楊氏為皇后，子寧為皇太子，壽為長樂王，鏘為平原王，懿為勃海王，昶為濟北王。
In the ninth month, King Fu Pi of Qin appointed Zhang Hao Palace Attendant and Minister of Works, Wang Yong Palace Attendant, Director General of All Military Affairs Within and Without, Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry, and Director of the Masters of Writing, Wang Teng Grand General of the Central Army and Director of Retainers, and Fu Chong Left Vice Director of the Masters of Writing, enfeoffing him as King of Xiping; he further appointed Left Chief Clerk Yang Fu Right Vice Director and Right Chief Clerk Wang Liang General Who Guards the Army; he established Consort Yang as empress, his son Ning as crown prince, Shou as King of Changle, Qiang as King of Pingyuan, Yi as King of Bohai, and Chang as King of Jibei.
52
呂光自龜茲還至宜禾，秦涼州刺史梁熙謀閉境拒之。 高昌太守楊翰言於熙曰：「呂光新破西域，兵強氣銳，聞中原喪亂，必有異圖。 河西地方萬里，帶甲十萬，足以自保。 若光出流沙，其勢難敵。 高梧谷口險阻之要，宜先守之而奪其水； 波既窮渴，可以坐制。 如以為遠，伊吾關亦可拒也。 度此二□厄，雖有子房之策，無所施矣！」 熙弗聽。 美水令犍為張統謂熙曰：「今關中大亂，京師存亡不可知。 呂光之來，其志難測，將軍何以拒之？」 熙曰：「憂之，未知所出。」 統曰：「光智略過人，今擁思歸之士，乘戰勝之氣，其鋒未易當也。 將軍世受大恩，忠誠夙著； 立勳王室，宜在今日！ 行唐公洛，上之從弟，勇冠一時，為將軍計，莫若奉為盟主以收眾望，推忠義以帥群豪，則光雖至，不敢有異心也。 資其精銳，東兼毛興，連王統、楊璧，合四州之眾，掃凶逆，寧王室，此桓、文之舉也。」 熙又弗聽，殺洛於西海。
Lü Guang returned from Kucha to Yiho, and Former Qin Inspector of Liangzhou Liang Xi planned to close the borders and keep him out. Administrator of Gaochang Yang Han said to Xi, "Lü Guang has newly conquered the Western Regions; his troops are strong and his spirit keen. Hearing of disorder in the Central Plains, he is sure to harbor other designs. The Hexi region spans ten thousand li and can field a hundred thousand armored men—enough to defend itself. If Guang emerges from the shifting sands, his force will be hard to withstand. The mouth of Gaowu Valley is a strategic choke point; you should hold it first and cut off their water; once they are exhausted by thirst, you can control them without moving. If you think that too distant, Yiwu Pass can also be used to block them. Once they pass these two narrow passes, even Zhang Liang's stratagems would have nowhere to be applied!" Xi did not listen. Magistrate of Meishui, the native of Jianwei Zhang Tong, said to Xi, "Now Guanzhong is in great disorder, and whether the capital survives is unknown. When Lü Guang comes, his intent will be hard to fathom—how will the general resist him?" Xi said, "I am worried, but do not know what course to take." Tong said, "Guang's wisdom and strategy surpass other men. He now commands troops longing to return home and rides the momentum of victory—his edge is not easily matched. The general has for generations received great favor, and your loyalty has long been manifest; to establish merit for the royal house—today is the day! Duke of Xingtang Luo is the sovereign's younger cousin; his courage stands foremost in the age. For the general's plan, none is better than to install him as covenant leader to win popular esteem and lead the heroes by righteousness—then even if Guang arrives, he will not dare harbor other thoughts. With his elite forces, join Mao Xing in the east, link with Wang Tong and Yang Bi, unite the hosts of four provinces, sweep away the wicked and rebels, and settle the royal house—this would be an act worthy of Duke Huan and Duke Wen." Xi again did not listen and killed Luo at Xihai.
53
光聞楊翰之謀，懼，不敢進。 杜進曰：「梁熙文雅有餘，機鑒不足，終不能用翰之謀，不足憂也。 宜及其上下離心，速進以取之。」 光從之。 進至高昌，楊翰以郡迎降。 至玉門，熙移檄責光擅命還師，以子胤為鷹揚將軍，與振威將軍南安姚皓、別駕衛翰帥眾五萬拒光於酒泉。 敦煌太守姚靜、晉昌太守李純以郡降光。 光報檄涼州，責熙無赴難之志，五遏歸國之眾； 遣彭晁、杜進、姜飛為前鋒，與胤戰於安彌，大破擒之。 於是四山胡、夷皆附於光。 武威太守彭濟執熙以降，光殺之。 光入姑臧，自領涼州刺史，表杜進為武威太守，自餘將佐，各受職位。 涼州郡縣皆降於光，獨酒泉太守宋皓、西郡太守索泮城守不下。 光攻而執之，讓泮曰：「吾受詔平西域，而梁熙絕我歸路，此朝廷之罪人，卿何為附之？」 泮曰：「將軍受詔平西域，不受詔亂涼州，梁公何罪而將軍殺之？ 泮但苦力不足，不能報君父之仇耳，豈肯如逆氐彭濟之所為乎！ 主滅臣死，固其常也。」 光殺泮及皓。
Guang heard of Yang Han's plan, grew afraid, and did not dare advance. Du Jin said, "Liang Xi has more than enough refinement and polish, but not enough insight and discernment; in the end he will not adopt Han's plan—there is nothing to worry about. We should strike while his superiors and subordinates are divided in heart and advance quickly to take him." Guang followed his advice. Advancing to Gaochang, Yang Han surrendered the commandery in welcome. Reaching Yumen, Xi issued a proclamation rebuking Guang for returning on his own authority without orders; he made his son Yin General of the Soaring Hawk, and together with General Who Shakes Might Yao Hao of Nan'an and Chief Clerk Wei Han led fifty thousand men to resist Guang at Jiuquan. Administrator of Dunhuang Yao Jing and Administrator of Jinchang Li Chun surrendered their commanderies to Guang. Guang replied with a proclamation to Liangzhou, rebuking Xi for lacking the will to rush to the realm's aid and for five times blocking the troops returning home; he sent Peng Chao, Du Jin, and Jiang Fei as vanguard, fought Yin at Anmi, routed him, and captured him. Thereupon the Hu and Yi of the four mountains all submitted to Guang. Administrator of Wuwei Peng Ji seized Xi and surrendered; Guang killed him. Guang entered Guzang, personally assumed the post of Inspector of Liangzhou, memorialized Du Jin as Administrator of Wuwei, and had all remaining officers and aides receive their appointments. The commanderies and counties of Liangzhou all surrendered to Guang; only Administrator of Jiuquan Song Hao and Administrator of Xijun Suo Pan held their cities and would not submit. Guang attacked and captured them, and rebuked Pan, saying, "I received orders to pacify the Western Regions, yet Liang Xi cut off my road home—he is a criminal of the court. Why do you attach yourself to him?" Pan said, "The general received orders to pacify the Western Regions, not orders to throw Liangzhou into disorder—what crime did Duke Liang commit that the general killed him? Pan only grieves that his strength is insufficient and he cannot avenge his lord and father—how could he be willing to act like the rebellious Di Peng Ji! When the lord perishes the minister dies—such is the constant way." Guang killed Pan and Hao.
54
主簿尉祐，奸佞傾險，與彭濟同執熙，光寵信之。 祐譖殺名士姚皓等十餘人，涼州人由是不悅。 光以祐為金城太守，祐至允吾，襲據其城以叛； 姜飛擊破之，祐奔據興城。
Chief Clerk Wei You was treacherous, fawning, and dangerously cunning; he had joined Peng Ji in seizing Xi, and Guang favored and trusted him. You slandered and had more than ten eminent men, including Yao Hao, killed, and the people of Liangzhou were thereby displeased. Guang appointed You Administrator of Jincheng; when You reached Yunwu, he seized the city by surprise and rebelled; Jiang Fei defeated him, and You fled to hold Xingcheng.
55
乞伏國仁自稱大都督、大將軍、單于，領秦、河二州牧，改元建義，以乙旃童泥為左相，屋引出支為右相，獨孤匹蹄為左輔，武群勇士為右輔，弟乾歸為上將軍，分其地置武城等十二郡，築勇士城而都之。
Qifu Guoren declared himself Grand Governor, Grand General, and Chanyu, and assumed the posts of regional inspector of Qin and He provinces; he changed the era name to Jianyi, appointed Yizhan Tongni Left Chancellor, Wuyin Chuzhi Right Chancellor, Dugu Piti Left Assistant, Wuqun Yongshi Right Assistant, and his younger brother Qian'gui Upper General; he divided his territory and established twelve commanderies including Wucheng, built Yongshi City, and made it his capital.
56
秦尚書令魏昌公纂自關中奔晉陽； 秦主丕拜纂太尉，封東海王。
Former Qin Director of the Masters of Writing, Duke of Weichang Fu Zuan, fled from Guanzhong to Jinyang; King Fu Pi appointed Zuan Grand Commandant and enfeoffed him as King of Donghai.
57
冬，十月，西燕主沖遣尚書令高蓋帥眾五萬伐後秦，戰於新平南，蓋大敗，降於後秦。 初，蓋以楊定為子，及蓋敗，定亡奔隴右，復收集其舊眾。
In winter, the tenth month, Western Yan ruler Murong Chong sent Director of the Masters of Writing Gao Gai to lead fifty thousand men against Later Qin; they fought south of Xinping, Gai suffered a great defeat, and surrendered to Later Qin. Earlier Gai had taken Yang Ding as his adopted son; when Gai was defeated, Ding fled to Longyou and again gathered his former following.
58
苻定、苻紹、苻謨、苻亮聞秦主丕即位，皆自河北遣使謝罪。 中山太守王兗，本新平氐也，固守博陵，為秦拒燕。 十一月，丕以兗為平州刺史，定為冀州牧，紹為冀州都督，謨為幽州牧，亮為幽、平二州都督，並進郡公。 左將軍竇沖據茲川，有眾數萬，與秦州刺史王統、河州刺史毛興、益州刺史王廣、南秦州刺史楊璧、衛將軍楊定皆自隴右遣使邀丕，共擊後秦。 丕以定為雍州牧，沖為梁州牧，加統鎮西大將軍，興車騎大將軍。 璧征南大將軍，並開府儀同三司，加廣安西將軍，皆進位州牧。
Fu Ding, Fu Shao, Fu Mo, and Fu Liang, hearing that King Fu Pi of Qin had acceded to the throne, all sent envoys from Hebei to submit apologies. Administrator of Zhongshan Wang Yan, originally a Di of Xinping, held firm at Boling and resisted Yan on Qin's behalf. In the eleventh month, Pi appointed Yan Inspector of Pingzhou, Ding regional inspector of Jizhou, Shao Director of Jizhou, Mo regional inspector of Youzhou, and Liang Director of You and Ping provinces, all promoted to full dukes. Left General Dou Chong held Zichuan with a host of tens of thousands; together with Inspector of Qinzhou Wang Tong, Inspector of Hezhou Mao Xing, Inspector of Yizhou Wang Guang, Inspector of South Qinzhou Yang Bi, and Guard General Yang Ding, he all sent envoys from Longyou inviting Pi to join in attacking Later Qin. Pi made Ding regional inspector of Yongzhou and Chong regional inspector of Liangzhou, added to Tong the title Grand General Who Guards the West, and to Xing the title Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry. Bi was made Grand General Who Conquers the South, and all were granted offices with protocol equal to the Three Excellencies; Guang was added as Grand General Who Pacifies the West, and all were promoted to regional inspector.
59
楊定尋徙治歷城，置儲蓄於百頃，自稱龍驤將軍、仇池公，遣使來稱籓； 詔因其所號假之。 其後又取天水、略陽之地，自稱秦州刺史、隴西王。
Yang Ding soon moved his seat of government to Licheng, established stores at Baikeng, styled himself General of the Soaring Dragon and Duke of Chouci, and sent envoys to submit as a vassal state; an edict granted him those titles he had claimed. Afterward he also took the lands of Tianshui and Lueyang and styled himself Inspector of Qinzhou and King of Longxi.
60
繹幕人蔡匡據城以叛燕，燕慕容麟、慕容隆共攻之。 泰山太守任泰潛師救匡，至匡壘南八里，燕人乃覺之。 諸將以匡未下而外敵奄至，甚患之。 隆曰：「匡恃外救，故不時下。 今計泰之兵不過數千人，及其未合，擊之，泰敗，匡自降矣。」 乃釋匡擊泰，大破之，斬首千餘級。 匡遂降，燕王垂殺之，且屠其壘。
Cai Kuang of Yimu seized the city and rebelled against Yan; Murong Lin and Murong Long of Yan jointly attacked him. Administrator of Taishan Ren Tai secretly led troops to rescue Kuang; when they reached eight li south of Kuang's fort, the Yan forces only then detected them. The generals, because Kuang had not yet submitted while outside enemies suddenly arrived, were greatly troubled. Long said, "Kuang relies on outside relief, and so will not submit promptly. Now I estimate Tai's troops are no more than a few thousand; before they join forces, strike them—when Tai is defeated, Kuang will submit of himself." They thereupon left Kuang aside and struck Tai, inflicting a great defeat and beheading more than a thousand. Kuang thereupon submitted; Yan king Murong Chui killed him and moreover slaughtered his fort.
61
慕容農至龍城，休士馬十餘日。 諸將皆曰：「殿下之來，取道甚速，今至此。 久留不進，何也？」 農曰：「吾來速者，恐餘巖過山鈔盜，侵擾良民耳。 巖才不逾人，誑誘饑兒，烏集為群，非有綱紀。 吾已扼其喉，久將離散，無能為也。 今此田善熟，未收而行，徒自耗損； 當俟收畢，往則梟之，亦不出旬日耳。」 頃之，農將步騎三萬至令支，巖眾震駭，稍稍逾城歸農。 巖計窮出降，農斬之。 進擊高句麗，復遼東、玄菟二郡。 還至龍城上，上疏請繕修陵廟。 燕王垂以農為使持節、都督幽、平二州、北狄諸軍事、幽州牧，鎮龍城。 徙平州刺史帶方王佐鎮平郭。 農於是創立法制，事從寬簡，清刑獄，省賦役，勸課農桑，居民富贍，四方流民前後至者數萬口。 先是幽、冀流民多入高句麗，農以驃騎司馬范陽龐淵為遼東太守，招撫之。
Murong Nong reached Longcheng and rested troops and horses for more than ten days. The generals all said, "When Your Highness came, you took the road with great speed and have now reached here. You linger long without advancing—why?" Nong said, "I came swiftly because I feared Yu Yan would cross the mountains to plunder and rob, harassing the good people. Yan's talent does not surpass other men's; he deceives and lures hungry youths, who gather like crows in flocks—there is no discipline among them. I have already seized him by the throat; in time they will scatter and can do nothing. Now the fields here are ripening well; to march before the harvest would only waste our own strength; we should wait until the harvest is complete; when we go we will behead him—it will not exceed ten days." Before long, Nong led thirty thousand infantry and cavalry to Lingzhi; Yan's followers were shaken in terror and gradually crossed the walls to return to Nong. Yan, his stratagems exhausted, came out and submitted; Nong beheaded him. Advancing to attack Goguryeo, he recovered the two commanderies of Liaodong and Xuantu. Returning to Longcheng, he submitted a memorial requesting repairs to the tombs and temples. Yan king Murong Chui appointed Nong bearer of credentials, Director of You and Ping provinces and of all military affairs of the Northern Di, and regional inspector of Youzhou, to garrison Longcheng. He moved Inspector of Pingzhou Prince of Daifang Zuo to garrison Pingguo. Nong thereupon established laws and institutions, keeping affairs lenient and simple, clearing the prisons, reducing taxes and corvée, and encouraging agriculture and sericulture; the residents grew rich and provided for, and wandering people from all directions came in succession by tens of thousands. Earlier, many refugees from You and Ji had fled into Goguryeo. Nong appointed Pang Yuan of Fanyang, cavalry commandant, as Administrator of Liaodong to recall and settle them.
62
慕容麟攻王兗於博陵，城中糧竭矢盡，功曹張猗逾城出，聚眾以應麟。 兗臨城數之曰：「卿是秦民，吾是卿君，卿起兵應賊，自號『義兵』，何名實之相違也？ 古人求忠臣必於孝子之門，卿母在城，棄而不顧，吾何有焉！ 今人取卿一切之功則可矣，寧能忘卿不忠不孝之事乎！ 不意中州禮義之邦，乃有如卿者也！」 十二月，麟拔博陵，執兗及苻鑒，殺之。 昌黎太守宋敞帥烏桓、索頭之眾救兗，不及而還。 秦主丕以敞為平州刺史。
Murong Lin besieged Wang Yan at Boling. When the city ran out of grain and arrows, Registrar Zhang Yi slipped over the wall, raised a band of men, and joined Lin. Yan stood before the walls and rebuked him: "You are a man of Qin and I am your lord. You took up arms for the enemy and call yourself the 'Righteous Army'—how can the name and the deed so utterly disagree? The ancients said that loyal ministers are found only in the houses of filial sons. Your mother is still in this city, yet you cast her aside—what worth do I see in you at all! Let the world take whatever credit you have earned—but can it ever forget your treachery and your betrayal of your mother! Who would have thought that the heartland of ritual and righteousness could breed a man like you!" In the twelfth month, Lin took Boling, captured Yan and Fu Jian, and put them to death. Song Chang, Administrator of Changli, marched with Wuhuan and Suotou troops to relieve Yan, but arrived too late and turned back. King Fu Pi of Qin appointed Song Chang Regional Inspector of Pingzhou.
63
燕王垂北如中山，謂諸將曰：「樂浪王招流散，實倉廩，外給軍糧，內營宮室，雖蕭何何以加之！」 丙申，垂始定都中山。
Yan King Murong Chui traveled north to Zhongshan and told his generals, "The Prince of Lelang has recalled the displaced, filled the storehouses, fed the armies abroad and raised palaces at home—even Xiao He himself could hardly have done more!" On bingshen, Chui fixed his capital at Zhongshan for the first time.
64
秦苻定據信都以拒燕，燕王垂以從弟北地王精為冀州刺史，將兵攻之。
Fu Ding of Qin held Xindu against the Yan advance. Yan King Chui appointed his cousin Prince of Beidi Jing regional inspector of Jizhou and marched to attack him.
65
拓跋珪從曾祖紇羅與其弟建及諸部大人，共請賀訥推珪為主。
Tuoba Gui's granduncle Heluo, his younger brother Jian, and the chiefs of the tribes together asked He Ne to raise Gui as their leader.
66
烈宗孝武皇帝中之上太元十一年（ 丙戌，公元三八六年）
From the middle portion of Emperor Xiaowu of the Liezong line, Taixuan year 11 ( bingxu, CE 386)
67
春，正月，戊申，拓跋珪大會於牛川，即代王位，改元登國。 以長孫嵩為南部大人，叔孫普洛為北部大人，分治其眾。 以上谷張兗為左長史，許謙為右司馬，廣寧王建、代人和跋、叔孫建、庾岳等為外朝大人，奚牧為治民長，皆掌宿衛及參軍國謀議。 長孫道生、賀毘等侍從左右，出納教命。 王建娶代王什翼犍之女； 岳，和辰之弟； 道生，嵩之從子也。
In spring, the first month, on wushen, Tuoba Gui convened a great assembly at Niuchuan, took the throne as King of Dai, and proclaimed the era name Dengguo. He made Changsun Song chief of the south and Shusun Pulo chief of the north, dividing the people between them. Zhang Yan of Shanggu became left chief secretary and Xu Qian right marshal; Wang Jian of Guangning, He Ba of Dai, Shusun Jian, Yu Yue, and others were made chiefs of the outer court; Xi Mu was made chief administrator of the people. All were charged with guarding the ruler and advising on affairs of state. Changsun Daisheng, He Pi, and others waited at his side, bearing his orders in and out. Wang Jian had married a daughter of King Shiyijian of Dai; Yu Yue was Hechen's younger brother; Daisheng was Changsun Song's nephew.
68
燕王垂即皇帝位。
Yan King Murong Chui declared himself emperor.
69
後秦王萇如安定。
Later Qin King Fu Chang traveled to Anding.
70
南安秘宜帥羌、胡五萬餘人攻乞伏國仁，國仁將兵五千逆擊，大破之。 宜奔還南安。
Mi Yi of Nan'an marched more than fifty thousand Qiang and Hu against Qifu Guoren. Guoren met him with five thousand men and routed the host. Mi Yi fled back to Nan'an.
71
鮮于乞之殺翟真也，翟遼奔黎陽，黎陽太守滕恬之甚愛信之。 恬之喜畋獵，不愛士卒，遼潛施奸惠以收從心。 恬之南攻鹿鳴城，遼於後閉門拒之； 恬之東奔鄄城，遼追執之，遂據黎陽。 豫州刺史朱序遣將軍秦膺、童斌與淮、泗諸郡共討之。
After Xianyu Qi killed Zhai Zhen, Zhai Liao fled to Liyang, where Administrator Teng Tianzhi came to favor and trust him deeply. Tianzhi loved the chase and neglected his troops; Liao quietly bought their loyalty with secret favors. When Tianzhi marched south to attack Luming, Liao shut the gates behind him and refused him entry; Tianzhi fled east toward Juancheng; Liao overtook and captured him, then seized Liyang for himself. Zhu Xu, Inspector of Yuzhou, sent Generals Qin Ying and Tong Bin, together with the Huai and Si commanderies, to join in suppressing him.
72
秦益州牧王廣自隴右引兵攻河州牧毛興於枹罕，興遣建節將軍衛平帥其宗人一千七百夜襲廣，大破之。 二月，秦州牧王統遣兵助廣攻興，興嬰城自守。 燕大赦，改元建興，置公卿尚書百官，繕宗廟、社稷。
Wang Guang, Qin regional inspector of Yizhou, marched from Longyou to attack Mao Xing, regional inspector of Hezhou, at Fuhan. Xing sent General Wei Ping with seventeen hundred clansmen on a night raid and shattered Guang's army. In the second month, Wang Tong, regional inspector of Qinzhou, sent reinforcements to help Guang against Xing. Xing tied himself to the walls and held on. Yan declared a general amnesty, changed the era name to Jianxing, set up the full court from dukes and ministers to secretaries, and restored the ancestral temple and the altars of soil and grain.
73
西燕主沖樂在長安，且畏燕主垂強，不敢東歸，課農築室，為久安之計，鮮卑鹹怨之。 左將軍韓延因眾心不悅，攻沖，殺之，立衝將段隨為燕王，改元昌平。
Western Yan ruler Murong Chong had grown fond of Chang'an and feared Murong Chui's power, so he dared not return east. He set the farmers to building houses as though settling for good, and the Xianbei resented him bitterly. Left General Han Yan, finding the army restive, rose against Chong, killed him, and set Chong's general Duan Sui on the throne as Yan King, proclaiming the era name Changping.
74
初，張天錫之南奔也，秦長水校尉王穆匿其世子大豫，與俱奔河西，依禿髮思復鞬，思復鞬送於魏安。 魏安人焦松、齊肅、張濟等聚兵數千人迎大豫為主，攻呂光昌松郡，拔之，執太守王世強。 光使輔國將軍杜進擊之，進兵敗，大進豫逼姑臧。 王穆諫曰：「光糧豐城固，甲兵精銳，逼之非利； 不如席捲嶺西，礪兵積粟，然後東向與之爭，不及期年，光可取也。」 大豫不從，自號撫軍將軍、涼州牧，改元鳳凰，以王穆為長史，傳檄郡縣，傳穆說諭嶺西諸郡，建康太守李隰、祁連都尉嚴純皆起兵應之，有眾三萬，保據楊塢。
Earlier, when Zhang Tianxi fled south, Wang Mu, Qin's colonel of changshui, concealed his heir Zhang Da Yu and fled with him west of the River to seek refuge with Tufa Sifu, who sent them on to Wei'an. Jiao Song, Qi Su, Zhang Ji, and others of Wei'an raised several thousand men to welcome Da Yu as their leader. They attacked Lü Guang's Changsong commandery, took it, and captured its administrator Wang Shiqiang. Guang sent Assistant General Du Jin against them, but Jin was defeated and Da Yu advanced on Guzang. Wang Mu urged caution: "Guang's granaries are full and his walls strong, his arms and men first-rate. To press him now would bring no gain; better to sweep through the lands west of the ranges, drill the troops and hoard grain, then turn east to fight him. In less than a year Guang can be taken." Da Yu refused. He styled himself General Who Pacifies the Army and regional inspector of Liangzhou, proclaimed the era Fenghuang, and made Wang Mu his chief administrator. He issued proclamations throughout the commanderies and sent Mu to win over the western districts beyond the ranges. Li Yin, Administrator of Jiankang, and Yan Chun, Commandant of Qilian, both rose in support. With thirty thousand men they held Yangwu.
75
代王珪徙居定襄之盛樂，務農息民，國人悅之。
King Tuoba Gui moved his seat to Shengle in Dingxiang, devoted himself to agriculture and easing the people's burdens, and the realm rejoiced.
76
三月，大赦。
In the third month, a general amnesty was proclaimed.
77
泰山太守張願以郡叛，降翟遼。 初，謝玄欲使朱序屯梁國，玄自屯彭城，以北固河上，西援洛陽。 朝議以征役既久，欲令玄置戍而還。 會翟遼、張願繼叛，北方騷動，玄謝罪，乞解職，詔慰諭，令還淮陰。
Zhang Yuan, Administrator of Taishan, rebelled with his commandery and surrendered to Zhai Liao. Earlier, Xie Xuan had planned to station Zhu Xu at Liangguo while he himself held Pengcheng, securing the north along the Yellow River and supporting Luoyang to the west. The court argued that the campaigns had dragged on too long and wanted Xuan to leave garrisons in place and withdraw. Just then Zhai Liao and Zhang Yuan rebelled in turn, throwing the north into unrest. Xuan submitted his resignation in apology; the throne reassured him by edict and ordered him back to Huaiyin.
78
燕主垂追尊母蘭氏為文昭皇后，欲遷文明段后，以蘭后配享太祖，詔百官議之，皆以為當然。 博士劉詳、董謐以為：「堯母為帝嚳妃，位第三，不以貴陵姜原。 明聖之道，以至公為先； 文昭後宜立別廟。」 垂怒，逼之，詳、謐曰：「上所欲為，無問於臣。 臣案經奉禮，不敢有貳。」 垂乃不復問諸儒，卒遷段后，以蘭后代之。 又以景昭可足渾后傾覆社稷，追廢之； 尊烈祖昭儀段氏為景德皇后，配享列祖。
Yan King Chui posthumously honored his mother Lady Lan as Empress Wen Zhao and proposed moving Empress Wenming of the Duan clan so that Lady Lan might share sacrifice with the Founding Emperor. He ordered the officials to debate the matter, and all agreed it was only right. Academicians Liu Xiang and Dong Mi argued: "Emperor Yao's mother was a consort of Emperor Ku, ranked third among his wives; her eminence did not displace Jiang Yuan. The way of the enlightened sage puts utmost fairness first; Empress Wen Zhao ought to receive a temple of her own." Chui flew into a rage and pressed them. Xiang and Mi replied, "If Your Majesty has already decided, there is no need to ask us. We serve the classics and uphold ritual, and we dare not speak with two tongues." Chui questioned the scholars no more. In the end he moved Empress Duan aside and installed Lady Lan in her stead. He also held that Empress Kehun of Jingzhao had brought the realm to ruin and posthumously stripped her of rank; he honored Liezong's consort Lady Duan as Empress Jingde, granting her place beside the ancestral line.
79
崔鴻曰：「齊桓公命諸侯無發妾為妻。 夫之於妻，猶不可以妾代之，況子而易其母乎？ 《春秋》所稱母以子貴者，君母既沒，得以妾母為小君也； 至於享祀宗廟，則成風終不得配莊公也。 君父之所為，臣子必習而效之，猶形聲之於影響也。 寶之逼殺其母，由垂為之漸也。 堯、舜之讓，猶為之、噲之禍，況違禮而縱私者乎？ 昔文姜得罪於桓公，《春秋》不之廢。 可足渾氏雖有罪於前朝，然小君之禮成矣； 垂以私憾廢之，又立兄妾之無子者，皆非禮也。
Cui Hong wrote: "Duke Huan of Qi once commanded the feudal lords that no man should elevate a concubine to wife. Even between husband and wife a concubine may not supplant the wife—how much less may a son displace his own mother! When the Spring and Autumn speaks of 'a mother honored through her son,' it means that after the ruler's proper mother has died, a concubine who bore the heir may serve as lesser lady; yet in sacrifice at the ancestral temple Lady Cheng was never permitted to share the altar with Duke Zhuang. What rulers and fathers do, ministers and sons inevitably learn and copy, as the shadow and echo follow form and sound. That Murong Bao later drove his mother to her death began with the precedent Chui set. Even the abdications of Yao and Shun led to the calamities of Zhi and Kuai—how much worse when ritual is cast aside for private ends! Long ago Wen Jiang gave offense to Duke Huan, yet the Spring and Autumn Annals did not record her deposition. Though Lady Kehun had sinned against the former court, the rites due a lesser lady had already been fulfilled; Chui deposed her from private spite and elevated a childless concubine of his elder brother—both acts violated ritual.
80
劉顯自善無南走馬邑，其族人奴真帥所部降於代。 奴真有兄犍，先居賀蘭部，奴真言於代王珪，請召犍而以所部讓之； 珪許之。 犍既領部，遣弟去斤遺賀訥金馬。 賀染干謂去斤曰：「待汝兄弟厚，汝今領部，宜來從我。」 去斤許之。 奴真怒曰：「我祖父以來，世為代忠臣，故我以部讓汝等，欲為義也。 今汝等無狀，乃謀叛國，義於何在！」 遂殺犍及去斤。 染干聞之，引兵攻奴真，奴真奔代。 珪遣使責染干，染干乃止。
Liu Xian fled south from Shannwu to Mayi. His kinsman Nuzhen brought his following over to Dai. Nuzhen had an elder brother Jian who had long lived among the Helan tribe. Nuzhen asked King Gui to summon Jian and yield his command to him; Gui agreed. When Jian took command of the tribe, he sent his younger brother Qujin to He Ne with gifts of gold and horses. He Rangan told Qujin, "Your brothers have been treated well. Now that you command the tribe, you should come over to my side." Qujin consented. Nuzhen raged: "Since my grandfather's day our house has served Dai in loyalty, generation after generation. I yielded the tribe to you out of duty and honor. And now you disgrace yourselves by plotting rebellion—where is your honor!" He then killed Jian and Qujin. When Rangan heard of it he marched against Nuzhen, who fled to Dai for refuge. Gui sent envoys to rebuke Rangan, and Rangan desisted.
81
西燕左僕射慕容恆、尚書慕容永襲段隨，殺之； 立宜都王子顗為燕王，改元建明，帥鮮卑男女四十餘萬口去長安而東。 恆弟護軍將軍韜，誘顗於臨晉，恆怒，捨韜去詠與武衛將軍刁雲帥眾攻韜。 韜敗，奔恆營。 恆立西燕主沖之子瑤為帝，改元建平，謚沖曰威皇帝。 眾皆去瑤奔永，永執瑤，殺之，立慕容泓子忠為帝，改元建武。 忠以永為太尉，守尚書令，封河東公。 永持法寬平，鮮卑安之。 至聞喜，聞燕主垂已稱尊號，不敢進，築燕熙城而居之。
Murong Heng, Western Yan's Left Vice Director, and Secretary Murong Yong attacked Duan Sui and killed him; They set Yidu Prince Yan's son Yan on the throne as Yan King, proclaimed the era Jianming, and led more than four hundred thousand Xianbei men, women, and children eastward out of Chang'an. Heng's younger brother Protector General Han Yao lured Prince Yan into a trap at Linjin. Heng, enraged, abandoned Han Yao and joined Murong Yong and Martial Guard General Diao Yun to attack him. Han Yao was beaten and fled back to Heng's camp. Heng enthroned Western Yan ruler Chong's son Yao as emperor, proclaimed the era Jianping, and posthumously titled Chong Emperor Wei. The people deserted Yao and rallied to Yong. Yong seized Yao, killed him, and raised Murong Hong's son Zhong as emperor under the era name Jianwu. Zhong made Yong Grand Commandant and acting Head of the Secretariat, and enfeoffed him as Duke of Hedong. Yong enforced the law with leniency and evenhandedness, and the Xianbei were reassured. At Wenxi they learned that Murong Chui had already taken the imperial title and dared not press eastward. They built Fortress Yanxi and settled there.
82
鮮卑既東，長安空虛。 前滎陽太守高陵趙穀等招杏城盧水胡郝奴，帥戶四千入於長安，溫北皆應之，以穀為丞相。 扶風王穀有眾數千，保據馬嵬，奴遣弟多攻之。 夏，四月，後秦王萇自安定伐之，渭奔漢中。 萇執多而進，奴懼，請降，拜鎮北將軍、六谷大都督。
With the Xianbei gone east, Chang'an lay deserted. Zhao Gu of Gaoling, former Administrator of Xingyang, and others summoned Hao Nu of the Lu River Hu at Xingcheng. He led four thousand households into Chang'an; the lands north of Wen rose with them, and Gu was made Chancellor. Wang Gu of Fufeng held Mawei with several thousand men. Hao Nu sent his younger brother Duo to attack him. In summer, the fourth month, Later Qin King Fu Chang marched from Anding against them. Wang Gu fled to Hanzhong. Chang captured Duo and pressed forward. Nu, terrified, submitted and was appointed General Who Guards the North and Grand Director of the Six Valleys.
83
癸巳，以尚書僕射陸納為左僕射，譙王恬為右僕射。 納，玩之子也。
On guisi, Lu Na was appointed Left Vice Director of the Secretariat and Prince of Qiao Tian Right Vice Director. Lu Na was the son of Lu Wan.
84
毛興襲擊王廣，敗之，廣奔秦州； 隴西鮮卑匹蘭執廣送後秦。 興復欲攻王統於上邽，枹罕諸氐皆厭苦兵事，乃共殺興，推衛平為河州刺史，遣使請命於秦。
Mao Xing struck Wang Guang, routed him, and Guang fled to Qinzhou; the Longxi Xianbei chief Pilan seized Guang and delivered him to Later Qin. Xing then planned to attack Wang Tong at Shanggui, but the Di of Fuhan, worn out by war, killed Xing together, raised Wei Ping as regional inspector of Hezhou, and sent envoys to Qin seeking confirmation.
85
燕主垂封其子農為遼西王，麟為趙王，隆為高陽王。
Yan King Chui enfeoffed his sons: Nong as King of Liaoxi, Lin as King of Zhao, and Long as King of Gaoyang.
86
代王珪改稱魏王。
King Tuoba Gui took the title King of Wei.
87
張大豫自楊塢進屯姑臧城西，王穆及禿髮思復鞬子奚於帥眾三萬屯於城南； 呂光出擊，大破之，斬奚於等二萬餘級。
Zhang Da Yu marched from Yangwu and encamped west of Guzang. Wang Mu and Xi Yu, son of Tufa Sifu, led thirty thousand men to camp south of the city; Lü Guang sallied forth and routed them, taking the heads of Xi Yu and more than twenty thousand others.
88
秦大赦，以衛平為撫軍將軍、河州刺史，呂光為車騎大將軍、涼州牧。 使者皆沒於後秦，不能達。
Qin declared a general amnesty, making Wei Ping General Who Pacifies the Army and Inspector of Hezhou, and Lü Guang Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry and Governor of Liangzhou. The envoys were all cut off in Later Qin territory and never reached their destination.
89
燕主垂以范陽王德為尚書令，太原王楷為左僕射，樂浪王溫為司隸校尉。
Murong Chui appointed Prince De of Fanyang Director of the Secretariat, Prince Kai of Taiyuan Left Vice Director, and Prince Wen of Lelang Colonel-Director of Retainers.
90
後秦王萇即皇帝位於長安，大赦，改元建初，國號大秦。 追尊其父弋仲為景元皇帝，立妻蛇氏為皇后，子興為皇太子。 置百官。 萇與群臣宴，酒酣，言曰：「諸卿皆與朕北面秦朝，今忽為君臣，得無恥乎！」 趙遷曰：「天不恥以陛下為子，臣等何恥為臣！」 萇大笑。
Fu Chang of Later Qin took the imperial throne at Chang'an, declared a general amnesty, adopted the era name Jianchu, and proclaimed his state Great Qin. He posthumously ennobled his father Yizhong as Emperor Jingyuan, elevated his wife Lady She to empress, and named his son Xing crown prince. He established the full bureaucracy. At a feast with his ministers, Chang, well into his cups, remarked: "You all once served Qin at my side as subjects of another throne. Now suddenly we are sovereign and ministers—is there no shame in that?" Zhao Qian replied: "If Heaven itself is not ashamed to claim Your Majesty as its chosen son, why should we blush to serve you as ministers?" Chang roared with laughter.
91
魏王珪東如陵石，護佛侯部帥侯辰、乙佛部帥代題皆叛走。 諸將請追之，珪曰：「侯辰等累世服役，有罪且當忍之。 方今國家草創，人情未壹，愚者固宜前卻，不足追也！」
King Tuoba Gui of Wei traveled east to Lingshi. Huchen, chief of the Hufuhou tribe, and Daiti, chief of the Yifo tribe, both rebelled and fled. The generals urged pursuit, but Gui said: "Houchen and his ilk have served us for generations. Even if they have wronged us, we ought to show forbearance. The realm is still being built from nothing, and loyalties are not yet settled. The foolish will naturally waver back and forth—it is scarcely worth chasing them down!"
92
六月，庚寅，以前輔國將軍楊亮為雍州刺史，鎮衛山陵。 荊州刺史桓石民遣將軍晏謙擊弘農，下之。 初置湖、陝二戍。 西燕刁雲等殺西燕主忠，推慕容永為使持節、大都督中外諸軍事、大將軍、大單于、雍、秦、梁、涼四州牧、錄尚書事、河東王，稱籓於燕。
In the sixth month, on gengyin, former General Who Assists the State Yang Liang was appointed Inspector of Yongzhou with charge over guarding the imperial tombs. Huan Shimin, Inspector of Jingzhou, dispatched General Yan Qian against Hongnong and took the city. The garrisons at Hu and Shan were established for the first time. Diao Yun and others of Western Yan assassinated the Western Yan ruler Murong Zhong and installed Murong Yong with full military and civil authority—as Bearer of the Staff of Authority, Grand Commander of All Forces, Grand General, Grand Chanyu, Governor of Yong, Qin, Liang, and Liangzhou, with concurrent charge of the Secretariat, and as Prince of Hedong—while submitting to Yan as a tributary state.
93
燕主垂遣太原王楷、趙王麟、陳留王紹、章武王宙攻秦苻定、苻紹、苻謨、苻亮等； 楷先以書與之，為陳禍福，定等皆降。 垂封定等為侯，曰：「以酬秦主之德。」
Murong Chui dispatched Prince Kai of Taiyuan, Prince Lin of Zhao, Prince Shao of Chenliu, and Prince Zhou of Zhangwu to attack Fu Ding, Fu Shao, Fu Mo, Fu Liang, and other Qin commanders; Kai first wrote to them laying out the consequences of resistance and submission, and Fu Ding and his fellows all came over. Chui enfeoffed them as marquises, declaring: "This is to repay the debt owed to the ruler of Qin."
94
秦主丕以都督中外諸軍事、司徒、錄尚書事王永為左丞相，太尉、東海王纂為大司馬，司空張蚝為太尉，尚書令咸陽徐義為司空，司隸校尉王騰為驃騎大將軍、儀同三司。 永傳檄四方公侯、牧守、壘主、民豪，共討姚萇、慕容垂，令各帥所統，以孟冬上旬會大駕於臨晉。 於是天水姜延、馮翊寇明、河東王昭、新平張晏、京兆杜敏、扶風馬朗、建忠將軍、高平牧官都尉扶風王敏等鹹承檄起兵，各有眾數萬，遣使詣秦，丕皆就拜將軍、郡守，封列侯。 冠軍將軍鄧景擁眾五千據彭池，與竇沖為首尾，以擊後秦。 丕以景為京兆尹。 景，羌之子也。
Fu Pi reorganized his court: Wang Yong became Left Prime Minister with his existing posts as Grand Commander and Concurrent Director of the Secretariat; Prince Fu Zuan of Donghai became Grand Marshal; Zhang Hao was promoted from Minister of Works to Grand Minister of War; Xu Yi of Xianyang moved from Director of the Secretariat to Minister of Works; and Wang Teng, Colonel-Director of Retainers, was made General of Cavalry on the Left with privilege equal to the Three Excellencies. Wang Yong issued a call to arms across the realm, summoning princes, governors, garrison captains, and local strongmen to join in punishing Yao Chang and Murong Chui. Each was to lead his own forces and rendezvous with the emperor at Linjin in the first third of the eleventh month. At once Jiang Yan of Tianshui, Kou Ming of Fengyi, Wang Zhao of Hedong, Zhang Yan of Xinping, Du Min of Jingzhao, Ma Lang of Fufeng, General Who Establishes Loyalty Wang Min of Fufeng (Chief Commandant of the Pasturage Office of Gaoping), and others answered the call. Each raised a force of tens of thousands, sent envoys to Qin, and received on-the-spot appointments as generals and prefects, with enfeoffment as marquises. General Who Conquers the Champions Deng Jing mustered five thousand men and seized Pengchi, coordinating with Dou Chong in a pincer to strike Later Qin. Pi appointed Deng Jing Metropolitan Governor of Jingzhao. Deng Jing was the son of Yao Chang.
95
後秦主萇徙安定五千餘戶於長安。
Fu Chang relocated more than five thousand Anding households to Chang'an.
96
秋，七月，秦平涼太守金熙、安定都尉沒弈干與後秦左將軍姚方成戰於孫丘谷，方成兵敗。 後秦主萇以其弟征虜將軍緒為司隸校尉，鎮長安； 自將至安定擊熙等，大破之。 金熙本東胡之種； 沒弈干，鮮卑多蘭部帥也。
In the seventh month of autumn, Qin's Administrator of Pingliang Jin Xi and Anding Commandant Muyigan fought Later Qin's Left General Yao Fangcheng at Sunqiu Valley and routed him. Fu Chang appointed his brother Yao Xu, General Who Punishes Captives, Colonel-Director of Retainers and left him to hold Chang'an; then personally marched to Anding, struck Xi and his allies, and crushed them. Jin Xi was of Eastern Hu origin; Muyigan was chief of the Xianbei Duolan tribe.
97
枹罕諸氐以衛平衰老，難為成功，議廢之，而憚其宗強，累日不決。 氐啖青謂諸將曰：「大事宜時定，不然，變生。 諸君但請衛公為會，觀我所為。」 會七夕大宴，青抽劍而前曰：「今天下大亂，吾曹休戚同之，非賢主不可以濟大事。 衛公老，宜返初服以避賢路。 狄道長苻登，雖王室疏屬，志略雄明，請共立之，以赴大駕。 諸君有不同者，即下異議！」 乃奮劍攘袂，將斬異己者。 眾皆從之，莫敢仰視。 於是推登為使持節、都督隴右諸軍事、撫軍大將軍、雍、河二州牧、略陽公，帥眾五萬，東下隴，攻南安，拔之，馳使請命於秦。 登，秦主丕族子也。
The Di leaders at Bohan concluded that Wei Ping's age made victory unlikely and debated replacing him, yet they feared the power of his clan and deliberated for days without resolution. The Di leader Dan Qing told the commanders: "A matter this weighty must be settled now, or disorder will follow. Simply invite Lord Wei to a banquet and watch what I do." At the Double Seventh festival they held a grand banquet. Qing drew his sword and stepped forward: "The empire is in chaos, and we rise or fall together. Without a worthy ruler we cannot see this through. Lord Wei is old; he should retire to private life and make way for better men. Fu Deng, prefect of Didao, is only a distant kinsman of the house of Qin, but his ability and ambition are outstanding. I propose we install him and march east to answer the emperor's call. If anyone here disagrees, say so now!" He swept his sleeves back and brandished his sword, poised to strike down anyone who objected. Everyone fell in line; no one dared meet his eye. They then invested Fu Deng as Bearer of the Staff, Commander of Forces west of Long, General Who Pacifies the Army, Governor of Yong and He, and Duke of Lueyang. At the head of fifty thousand men he marched east off the Long plateau, took Nan'an, and sent urgent word to Qin requesting confirmation of his authority. Fu Deng was a kinsman of Fu Pi.
98
祕宜與莫侯悌眷帥其眾三萬餘戶降於乞伏國仁，國仁拜宜東秦州刺史，悌眷梁州刺史。
Mi Yi and Mohe Tikuan brought more than thirty thousand households over to Qifu Guoren, who made Yi Governor of Eastern Qinzhou and Tikuan Governor of Liangzhou.
99
已酉，魏王珪還盛樂，代題復以部落來降，十餘日，又奔劉顯； 珪使其孫倍斥代領其眾。 劉顯弟肺泥帥眾降魏。
On jiyou King Tuoba Gui returned to Shengle. Daiti once again submitted with his tribe, but within a fortnight he had fled to Liu Xian. Gui put his grandson Beichi in command of Daiti's people. Liu Xian's brother Feini submitted to Wei with his followers.
100
八月，燕主垂留太子寶守中山，以趙王麟為尚書右僕射，錄留台。 庚午，自帥范陽王德等南略地，使高陽王隆東徇平原。 丁零鮮于乞保曲陽西山，聞垂南伐，出營望都，剽掠居民。 趙王麟自出討之，諸將皆曰：「殿下虛鎮遠征，萬一無功而返，虧損威重，不如遣諸將討之。」 麟曰：「乞聞大駕在外，無所畏忌，必不設備，一舉可取，不足憂也。」 乃聲言至魯口，夜，回趣乞，比明，至其營； 掩擊，擒之。 翟遼寇譙，朱序擊走之。
In the eighth month Murong Chui left Crown Prince Bao to hold Zhongshan and appointed Prince Lin of Zhao Right Vice Director of the Secretariat with charge of the rear administration. On gengwu he personally led Prince De of Fanyang and others on a southern campaign while dispatching Prince Long of Gaoyang east to subdue the Pingyuan region. Xianyu Qi of the Dingling, encamped in the western hills of Quyang, heard Murong Chui was marching south. He moved his camp to Wangdu and pillaged the countryside. Prince Lin set out in person to suppress him, but his officers objected: "If Your Highness leaves the capital empty to campaign afar and returns empty-handed, your authority will suffer. Better to send the generals." Lin replied: "Qi will hear the emperor is away and think himself untouchable. He won't be on guard—we can take him in one strike. There's nothing to fret over. He announced a march on Lukou, then under cover of night wheeled about toward Qi and reached his camp by daybreak; fell on him by surprise and took him prisoner. Zhai Liao raided Qiao, and Zhu Xu beat him back.
101
秦主丕以苻登為征西大將軍、開府儀同三司、南安王，持節、州牧、都督，皆因其所稱而授之。 又以徐義為右丞相。 留王騰守晉陽，右僕射楊輔戍壺關，帥眾四萬，進屯平陽。
Fu Pi confirmed Fu Deng in the titles he had already assumed—General Who Campaigns West, privilege of an independent command equal to the Three Excellencies, Prince of Nan'an, Bearer of the Staff, provincial governor, and military commander. He also appointed Xu Yi Right Prime Minister. Wang Teng was left to hold Jinyang, Yang Fu to garrison Huguan, and Pi himself led forty thousand men to encamp at Pingyang.
102
初，後秦主萇之弟碩德統所部羌居隴上，聞萇起兵，自稱征西將軍，聚眾於冀城以應之； 以兄孫詳為安遠將軍，據隴城，從孫訓為安西將軍，據南安之赤亭，與秦秦州刺史王統相持。 萇自安定引兵會碩德攻統，天水屠各、略陽羌胡應之者一萬餘戶，秦略陽太守王皮降之。
Earlier Yao Shude, Chang's younger brother, had been leading their Di followers on the Long plateau. When Chang rose in rebellion Shude declared himself General Who Campaigns West and raised a force at Jicheng in support; He placed his elder brother's grandson Xiang at Longcheng as General Who Pacifies the Distances, and his younger brother's grandson Xun at Chiting in Nan'an as General Who Pacifies the West, where they locked horns with Wang Tong, Qin's Inspector of Qinzhou. Chang marched from Anding to join Shude against Wang Tong. More than ten thousand Tuge and Qiang-Hu households of Tianshui and Lueyang rallied to them, and Qin's Administrator of Lueyang Wang Pi submitted.
103
初，秦滅代，遷代王什翼犍少子窟咄於長安，從慕容永東徙，永以窟咄為新興太守。 劉顯遣其弟亢泥迎窟咄，以兵隨之，逼魏南境，諸部騷動。 魏王珪左右於桓等與部人謀執珪以應窟咄，幢將代人莫題等亦潛與窟咄交通。 桓舅穆崇告之，珪誅桓等五人，莫題等七姓悉原不問。 珪懼內難，北逾阻山，復依賀蘭部，遣外朝大人遼東安同求救於燕，燕主垂遣趙王麟救之。
When Qin had overthrown Dai, Dai's King Shijian's youngest son Kutou had been relocated to Chang'an. When Murong Yong moved east, he made Kutou Administrator of Xinxing. Liu Xian sent his brother Kangni to bring Kutou back with an army, pressing the southern Wei frontier and throwing the tribes into turmoil. Among Tuoba Gui's own court, Yu Huan and others conspired with tribal leaders to seize the king and join Kutou. Mo Ti of Dai and other standard-bearer chiefs were also secretly in contact with him. Yu Huan's uncle Mu Chong exposed the plot. Gui executed Yu Huan and four co-conspirators, but fully pardoned Mo Ti's clan and six allied lines without further investigation. Fearful of civil war, Gui fled north over Zushan and took refuge again with the Helan tribe. He sent Outer Court Grandee An Tong of Liaodong to beg aid from Yan, and Murong Chui dispatched Prince Lin of Zhao to his relief.
104
九月，王統以秦州降於後秦。 後秦主萇以姚碩德為使持節、都督隴右諸軍事、秦州刺史，鎮上邽。
In the ninth month Wang Tong surrendered Qinzhou to Later Qin. Fu Chang appointed Yao Shude Bearer of the Staff, Commander of Forces west of Long, and Inspector of Qinzhou, with his seat at Shanggui.
105
呂光得秦王堅凶問，舉軍縞素，謚曰文昭皇帝。 冬，十月，大赦，改元大安。
On receiving word of Fu Jian's murder, Lü Guang put the entire army in mourning and posthumously honored him as Emperor Wenzhao. In the tenth month of winter he declared a general amnesty and adopted the era name Da'an.
106
西燕慕容永遣使詣秦主丕，求假道東歸。 丕弗許，與永戰於襄陵，秦兵大敗，左丞相王永、衛大將軍俱石子皆死。 初，東海王纂自長安來，麾下壯士三千餘人，丕忌之，既敗，懼為纂所殺，帥騎數千南奔東垣，謀襲洛陽。 揚威將軍馮該自陝邀擊之，殺丕，執其太子寧、長樂王壽送建康； 詔赦不誅，以付苻宏。 纂與其弟尚書永平侯師奴帥秦眾數萬走據杏城，其餘王公百官皆沒於永。 永遂進據長子，即皇帝位，改元中興。 將以秦後楊氏為上夫人，楊氏引劍刺永，為永所殺。
Murong Yong of Western Yan sent envoys to Fu Pi requesting safe passage eastward to return home. Pi refused. At Xiangling he fought Yong and suffered catastrophic defeat; Left Prime Minister Wang Yong and Guardian General Ju Shizi were both killed. Prince Fu Zuan of Donghai had arrived from Chang'an with over three thousand seasoned fighters, and Pi had been wary of him. After the rout, Pi feared Zuan would kill him. He fled south to Dongyuan with several thousand cavalry, intending to strike at Luoyang. General Who Displays Might Feng Gai intercepted him at Shan, killed Pi, captured Crown Prince Ning and Prince Shou of Changle, and sent them to Jiankang; An imperial edict spared their lives and placed them in Fu Hong's custody. Zuan and his brother Shiniu, a minister and Marquis of Yongping, fled with tens of thousands of Qin loyalists and seized Xingcheng. The rest of the court—princes, nobles, and officials—fell into Yong's hands. Yong pressed on to Changzi, took the imperial throne, and proclaimed the era name Zhongxing. He sought to take Lady Yang, Fu Jian's former empress, as his Senior Consort. She drew a sword to assassinate him; Yong killed her.
107
甲申，海西公弈薨於吳。
On jiashen Duke Yi of Haixi died at Wu.
108
燕寺人吳深據清河反，燕主垂攻之，不克。
The Yan eunuch Wu Shen rebelled and seized Qinghe. Murong Chui attacked him but failed to take the city.
109
後秦主萇還安定。
Fu Chang returned to Anding.
110
秦南安王登既克南安，夷、夏歸之者三萬餘戶，遂進攻姚碩德於秦州，後秦主萇自往救之。 登與萇戰於胡奴阜，大破之，斬首二萬餘級，將軍啖青射萇，中之。 萇創重，走保上邽，姚碩德代之統眾。
After seizing Nan'an, Fu Deng, Prince of Nan'an, drew more than thirty thousand Yi and Han households to his banner and marched on Yao Shude at Qinzhou. Fu Chang hurried to the rescue in person. At Hunufu, Deng routed Chang's army, taking more than twenty thousand heads. General Dan Qing shot Chang and struck him. Badly wounded, Chang withdrew into Shanggui and left Yao Shude to command the army.
111
燕趙王麟軍未至魏，拓跋窟咄稍前逼魏王珪，賀染干侵魏北部以應之。 魏眾驚擾，北部大人叔孫普洛亡奔劉衛辰。 麟聞之，遽遣安同等歸。 魏人知燕軍在近，眾心少安。 窟咄進屯高柳，珪引兵與麟會擊之，窟咄大敗，奔劉衛辰，衛辰殺之。 珪悉收其眾，以代人庫狄干為北部大人。 麟引兵還中山。
Before Prince Lin's Yan forces could reach Wei, Kutou was already pressing Tuoba Gui, while He Rangan raided the northern Wei frontier in support. Panic spread through Wei's ranks. Shusun Pulo, the Northern Great Chieftain, defected to Liu Weichen. When Lin heard, he immediately sent An Tong back with his force. Learning that Yan's army was close at hand, Wei's people regained some measure of calm. Kutou encamped at Gaoliu. Gui joined forces with Lin and crushed him. Kutou fled to Liu Weichen, who had him killed. Gui absorbed Kutou's entire following and appointed Kudi Gan of Dai Northern Great Chieftain. Lin withdrew his army to Zhongshan.
112
劉衛辰居朔方，士馬甚盛。 後秦主萇以衛辰為大將軍、大單于、河西王、幽州牧，西燕主永以衛辰為大將軍、朔州牧。
Liu Weichen held Shuofang, with formidable armies and horse herds. Fu Chang invested Weichen as Grand General, Grand Chanyu, Prince of Hexi, and Governor of Youzhou, while Murong Yong of Western Yan made him Grand General and Governor of Shuozhou—the same man courted by two rival thrones.
113
十一月，秦尚書寇遺奉勃海王懿、濟北王昶自杏城奔南安，南安王登發喪行服，謚秦主丕曰哀平皇帝。 登議立懿為主，眾曰：「勃海王雖先帝之子，然年在幼沖，未堪多難。 今三虜窺覦，宜立長君，非大王不可。」 登乃為壇於隴東，即皇帝位，大赦，改元太初，大置百官。
In the eleventh month Minister Kou Yi of Qin escorted Princes Yi of Bohai and Chang of Jibei from Xingcheng to Nan'an. Fu Deng proclaimed mourning rites and posthumously honored Fu Pi as Emperor Aiping. Deng proposed enthroning Prince Yi, but the assembly objected: "Prince Yi may be the late emperor's son, but he is still a child and not equal to these troubles. Three foes are watching us with hungry eyes. We need a seasoned ruler—and only Your Highness will serve." Deng erected an altar east of Long, took the throne, declared a general amnesty, adopted the era name Taichu, and established his full court.
114
慕容柔、慕容盛及盛弟會皆在長子，盛謂柔、會曰：「主上已中興幽、冀，東西未壹，吾屬居嫌疑之地，為智為愚，皆將不免。 不若以時東歸，無為坐待魚肉也。」 遂相與亡歸燕。 後歲餘，西燕主永悉誅燕主俊及燕主垂之子孫，男女無遺。
Murong Rou, Murong Sheng, and Sheng's younger brother Hui were all at Changzi. Sheng told Rou and Hui: "Our lord has revived Yan in You and Ji, but the realm is still divided. We stand under suspicion here—clever or dull, none of us is safe. Better to return east while we still can, rather than sit here waiting to be carved up like fish on a board." Thereupon they fled together back to Yan. More than a year later, Western Yan ruler Murong Yong executed every descendant, male and female without exception, of Yan rulers Murong Jun and Murong Chui.
115
張大豫自西郡入臨洮，掠民五千餘戶，保據俱城。
Zhang Dayu entered Lintao from Xijun, plundered more than five thousand households, and fortified himself at Jucheng.
116
十二月，呂光自稱使持節、侍中、中外大都督、督隴右、河西諸軍事、大將軍、涼州牧、酒泉公。
In the twelfth month, Lü Guang styled himself Bearer of the Staff of Authority, palace attendant, grand commander-in-chief of all affairs within and without, director of military affairs for Longyou and Hexi, grand general, inspector of Liangzhou, and Duke of Jiuquan.
117
秦主登立世祖神主於軍中，載以輜軿，建黃旗青蓋，以虎賁三百人衛之，凡所欲為，必啟主而後行。 引兵五萬，東擊後秦，將士皆刻鉾、鎧為「死」「休」字； 每戰以劍槊為方圓大陣，知有厚薄，從中分配，故人自為戰，所向無前。
King Fu Deng set up the spirit tablet of Emperor Shizu in camp, carried it in a covered carriage under a yellow banner and green canopy, and posted three hundred tiger guards around it; whatever he wished to do, he first reported to the spirit lord. He led fifty thousand troops east against Later Qin; officers and soldiers carved their spears and armor with the characters for "death" and "rest"; In every battle he formed a great square or round array with swords and spears, knew where the line was strong or weak, and assigned men accordingly from the center, so each man fought for himself and wherever they went none could stand before them.
118
初，長安之將敗也，中壘將軍徐嵩、屯騎校尉胡空各聚眾五千，結壘自固； 既而受後秦官爵。 後秦主萇以王禮葬秦主堅於二壘之間。 及登至，嵩、空以眾降之。 登拜嵩雍州刺史，空京兆尹，改葬堅以天子之禮。
Earlier, when Chang'an was about to fall, Central Rampart General Xu Song and Colonel of the Garrison Cavalry Hu Kong each gathered five thousand followers and built stockades to hold themselves secure; they then accepted offices and ranks from Later Qin. Later Qin ruler Yao Chang buried King Fu Jian between the two stockades with the rites due a king. When Deng arrived, Song and Kong surrendered their followers to him. Deng appointed Song inspector of Yongzhou and Kong intendant of Jingzhao, and reburied Fu Jian with the rites due the Son of Heaven.
119
乙酉，燕主垂攻吳深壘，拔之，深單馬走。 垂進屯聊城之逢關陂。 初，燕太子洗馬溫詳來奔，以為濟北太守，屯東阿。 燕主垂遣范陽王德、高陽王隆攻之，詳遣從弟攀守河南岸，子楷守碻磝以拒之。
On yiyou, Yan ruler Murong Chui attacked Wu Shen's stockade, took it, and Shen fled alone on horseback. Chui advanced and encamped at Fengguanpo in Liaocheng. Earlier, Yan crown prince's Groom of the Stables Wen Xiang had come over in surrender; Chui made him administrator of Jibei and stationed him at Dong'e. Yan ruler Murong Chui sent Prince of Fanyang De and Prince of Gaoyang Long to attack him; Xiang sent his younger cousin Pan to hold the south bank of the Yellow River and his son Kai to hold Que'ao to resist them.
120
燕主垂以魏王珪為西單于，封上谷王，珪不受。」
Yan ruler Murong Chui made King of Wei Gui Western Chanyu and enfeoffed him as King of Shanggu, but Gui did not accept.”