1
資治通鑑卷第一百一十
Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 110
2
【晉紀三十二】著雍閹茂，一年。
Jin Annals, Part 32 — the wuyin cycle year, one year.
3
安皇帝乙隆安二年（ 戊戌，公元三九八年）
In the second year of Long'an under Emperor An Yi ( the year wuxu, equivalent to 398 CE)
4
春，正月，燕范陽王德自鄴帥戶四萬南徙滑台。 魏衛王儀入鄴，收其倉庫。 追德至河，弗及。
That spring, in the first month, Murong De, Prince of Fanyang of Yan, led forty thousand households out of Ye and moved south to Huatai. Murong Yi, the Wei prince serving under the Northern Wei, entered Ye and took possession of its granaries. They chased Murong De as far as the river but failed to catch him.
5
趙王麟上尊號於德，德用兄垂故事，稱燕王，改永康三年為元年，以統府行帝制，置百官。 以趙王麟為司空、領尚書令，慕容法為中軍將軍，慕輿拔為尚書左僕射，丁通為右僕射。 麟復謀反，德殺之。
Murong Lin, Prince of Zhao, urged Murong De to accept a supreme title. De followed the precedent set by his brother Murong Chui, took the title King of Yan, renamed the third year of Yongkang as his first year, governed from his headquarters as if holding the throne, and appointed officials throughout the administration. He made Murong Lin, Prince of Zhao, Minister of Works and Superintendent of the Masters of Writing; Murong Fa, General of the Central Army; Muyu Ba, Left Vice Director of the Masters of Writing; and Ding Tong, Right Vice Director. When Lin plotted rebellion once more, De put him to death.
6
庚子，魏王珪自中山南巡至高邑，得王永之子憲，喜曰：「王景略之孫也。」 以為本州中正，領選曹事，兼掌門下。 至鄴，置行台，以龍驤將軍日南公和跋為尚書，與左丞賈彝帥吏兵五千人鎮鄴。
On the day gengzi, Tuoba Gui, King of Wei, marched south from Zhongshan as far as Gaoyi, where he took Wang Yong's son Xian prisoner. Delighted, he said, "This is the grandson of Wang Meng." He made Xian Director of Selection for his home province, placed him in charge of the Bureau of Selection, and gave him concurrent duties in the Gate Department. At Ye he set up a mobile headquarters, named He Ba, Duke of Rinan and a dragon-cavalry general, Master of Writing, and sent him with the Left Assistant Minister Jia Yi and five thousand officials and soldiers to hold the city.
7
珪自鄴還中山，將北歸，發卒萬人治直道，自望都鑿恆嶺至代五百餘里。 珪恐已既去，山東有變，復置行台於中山，命衛王儀鎮之； 以撫軍大將軍略陽公遵為尚書左僕射，鎮勃海之合口。 右將軍尹國督租於冀州，聞珪將北還，謀襲信都； 安南將軍長孫嵩執國，斬之。
Gui went back from Ye to Zhongshan and, preparing to return north, drafted ten thousand men to cut a straight road through the Heng range from Wangdu to Dai — more than five hundred li in all. Fearing trouble in the eastern provinces once he had gone, Gui re-established a mobile headquarters at Zhongshan and left Murong Yi, Prince of Wei, to hold it; he named Zun, Duke of Lueyang and a pacifying-army general, Left Vice Director of the Masters of Writing, and stationed him at Hekou in Bohai. Yin Guo, the Right General, was supervising tax collection in Jizhou. Learning that Gui was heading north, he plotted to seize Xindu; but Changsun Song, the Pacifying-the-South General, arrested him and put him to death.
8
燕啟倫還至龍城，言中山已陷； 燕主寶命罷兵。 遼西王農言於寶曰：「今遷都尚新，未可南征，宜因成師襲庫莫奚，取其牛馬以充軍資，更審虛實，俟明年而議之。」 寶從之。 己未，北行。 庚申，渡澆洛水。 會南燕王德遣侍郎李延詣寶，言：「涉珪西上，中國空虛。」 延追寶及之，寶大喜，即日引還。
Murong Qilun returned to Longcheng with word that Zhongshan had fallen; and the Yan ruler Murong Bao ordered the armies stood down. Murong Nong, Prince of Liaoxi, told Bao, "We have only just moved the capital and cannot yet march south. Better to use the army we already have to strike the Kumo Xi, take their herds to fill our stores, and wait until next year, when we know the true situation, before deciding again." Bao agreed. On jiwei day the court moved north. On gengshen day they crossed the Qiaoluo River. At that moment Murong De of Southern Yan sent the Attendant Gentleman Li Yan to Bao with the message, "Tuoba Gui has marched west, and the heartland lies undefended." Yan caught up with Bao and delivered the news. Overjoyed, Bao turned the army around that very day.
9
辛酉，魏王珪發中山，徙山東六州吏民雜夷十餘萬口以實代。 博陵、勃海、章武群盜並起，略陽公遵等討平之。
On xinyou day Tuoba Gui left Zhongshan and moved more than a hundred thousand officials, commoners, and mixed populations from the six eastern provinces north to settle Dai. Bandit bands erupted across Boling, Bohai, and Zhangwu; Zun, Duke of Lueyang, and others put them down.
10
廣川太守賀賴盧，性豪健，恥居冀州刺史王輔之下，襲輔，殺之，驅勒守兵，掠陽平、頓丘諸郡，南渡河，奔南燕。 南燕王德以賴盧為并州刺史，封廣寧王。
He Lailu, the Guangchuan administrator, was proud and combative and resented serving under Wang Fu, the Jizhou inspector. He ambushed Fu, killed him, pressed the local garrisons into his service, plundered Yangping and Dunqiu, crossed the Yellow River southward, and fled to Southern Yan. Murong De made Lailu inspector of Bingzhou and enfeoffed him as Prince of Guangning.
11
西秦王乾歸遣乞伏益州攻涼支陽、鸇武、允吾三城，克之，虜萬餘人而去。
Qifu Gangui of Western Qin sent Qifu Yizhou against the Liang cities of Zhiyang, Guanwu, and Yunwu. Yizhou took all three, carried off more than ten thousand people, and withdrew.
12
燕主寶還龍城宮，詔諸軍就頓，不聽罷散，文武將士皆以家屬隨駕。 遼西王農、長樂王盛切諫，以為：「兵疲力弱，魏新得志，未可與敵，宜且養兵觀釁。」 寶將從之，撫軍將軍慕輿騰曰：「百姓可與樂成，難與圖始。 今師眾已集，宜獨決聖心，乘機進取，不宜廣采異同以沮大計。」 寶乃曰：「吾計決矣，敢諫者斬！」 二月，乙亥，寶出就頓，留盛統後事。 己卯，燕軍發龍城，慕輿騰為前軍，司空農為中軍，寶為後軍，相去各一頓，連營百里。
Murong Bao returned to the Longcheng palace, ordered every army to concentrate at its camp, forbade anyone to disband, and required officials and soldiers alike to march with their families in tow. Murong Nong of Liaoxi and Murong Sheng of Changle pleaded urgently against the move: "Our soldiers are spent, and Wei is riding a fresh triumph — we cannot fight them yet. Hold the army in reserve and watch for a chance." Bao was on the verge of agreeing when Muyu Teng, the Pacifying-the-Army General, said, "The people are glad to enjoy success but reluctant to embark on a hard beginning. The host is already gathered. Your Majesty should decide alone, strike while the moment favors us, and not let a chorus of second thoughts wreck the grand design." Bao declared, "My decision stands. Anyone who dares object will be executed!" In the second month, on yihai day, Bao left for the camp and left Sheng to manage affairs at home. On jimao day the Yan army marched out of Longcheng with Muyu Teng in the van, Murong Nong the Minister of Works in the center, and Bao in the rear. Each wing was a full day's march from the next, and the camps ran in an unbroken line for a hundred li.
13
壬午，寶至乙連，長上段速骨、宋赤眉等因眾心之憚征役，遂作亂。 速骨等皆高陽王隆舊隊，共逼立隆子高陽王崇為主，殺樂浪威王宙、中牟熙公段誼及宗室諸王。 河間王熙素與崇善，崇擁佑之，故獨得免。 燕主寶將十餘騎奔司空農營，農將出迎，左右抱其腰，止之，曰：「宜小清澄，不可便出。」 農引刀將斫之，遂出見寶，又馳信追慕輿騰。 癸未，寶、農引兵還趣大營，討速骨等。 農營兵亦厭征役，皆棄仗走，騰營亦潰。 寶、農奔還龍城。 長樂王盛聞亂，引兵出迎，寶、農僅而得免。
On renwu day Bao reached Yilian. Duan Subone, Song Chimei, and other senior officers, playing on the army's fear of forced service, mutinied. Subone's men had served under Murong Long, Prince of Gaoyang. They forced Long's son Murong Chong, also Prince of Gaoyang, onto the throne and murdered Murong Zhou, Prince of Lelang; Duan Yi, Duke of Zhongmou; and a number of royal princes. Murong Xi of Hejian had long been close to Chong, who protected him, and he alone escaped death. Bao fled with a dozen riders to Nong's camp. Nong was about to ride out to meet him when his attendants seized him around the waist and said, "Wait until the situation is clearer — you must not go out yet." Nong half drew his sword as if to cut them down, then went out to Bao and sent a courier racing after Muyu Teng. On guimao day Bao and Nong turned back toward the main camp to suppress Subone and his rebels. Nong's troops, no less sick of the campaign, threw down their arms and ran; Teng's camp broke apart too. Bao and Nong fled back to Longcheng. Murong Sheng of Changle, hearing of the revolt, marched out to meet them, and only then did Bao and Nong escape with their lives.
14
會稽王道子忌王、殷之逼，以譙王尚之及弟休之有才略，引為腹心。 尚之說道子曰：「今方鎮強盛，宰相權輕，宜密樹腹心於外以自籓衛。」 道子從之，以甚司馬王愉為江州刺史，都督江州及豫州之四郡軍事，用為形援，日夜與尚之謀議，以伺四方之隙。
Sima Daozi, Prince of Kuaiji, chafed at the pressure from the Wang and Yin families. He took Sima Shangzhi of Qiao and his brother Xiuzhi — both capable men — into his inner circle. Shangzhi told Daozi, "The regional commanders are strong and the chief minister's hand is weak. Plant loyal men in the provinces as a private guard around you." Daozi agreed. He made Wang Yu, the Kuaiji marshal, inspector of Jiangzhou with authority over Jiangzhou and four Yuzhou commanderies, posted him as open support, and spent day and night with Shangzhi plotting how to exploit any crack in the empire.
15
魏王珪如繁畤宮，給新徙民田及牛。 珪畋於白登山，見熊將數子，謂冠軍將軍於栗磾曰：「卿名勇健，能搏此乎？」 對曰：「獸賤人貴，若搏而不勝，豈不虛斃一壯士乎！」 乃驅致珪前，盡射而獲之。 珪顧謝之。 秀容川酋長爾朱羽健從珪攻晉陽、中山有功，拜散騎常侍，環其所居，割地三百里以封之。 柔然數侵魏邊，尚書中兵郎李先請擊之。 珪從之，大破柔然而還。
Tuoba Gui went to the Fanchi Palace and allotted fields and oxen to the newly resettled families. Hunting on Mount Bai, Gui saw a bear with her cubs and asked Yu Liudi, the conquering-champion general, "Your name means courage — can you wrestle that animal?" He answered, "Beasts are low and men are high. If I fought and lost, would I not have thrown away a good soldier for nothing!" Instead he drove the bears before the emperor and shot them all dead. Gui thanked him on the spot. Erzhu Yuqian, a Xiurongchuan chieftain, had served well in the campaigns against Jinyang and Zhongshan. Gui made him a palace attendant, drew a circle around his territory, and carved out three hundred li as his fief. The Rouran kept raiding the frontier. Li Xian of the Masters of Writing's central-army section urged a punitive strike. Gui agreed, routed the Rouran decisively, and marched home.
16
楊軌以其司馬郭緯為西平相，帥上騎二萬北赴郭□。 禿髮鳥孤遣其弟車騎將軍辱檀帥騎一萬助軌。 軌至姑臧，營於城北。
Yang Gui named his chief clerk Guo Wei administrator of Xiping and led twenty thousand horse and foot north to join Guo Nen. Tufa Wugu sent his brother Tufa Rutan, the chariots-and-cavalry general, with ten thousand riders to help Yang Gui. Yang Gui reached Guzang and pitched camp north of the walls.
17
燕尚書頓丘王蘭汗陰與段速骨等通謀，引兵營東城之東。 城中留守兵少，長樂王盛徙內近城之民，得丁夫萬餘，乘城以御之。 速骨等同謀才百餘人，餘皆為所驅脅，莫有鬥志。 三月，甲午，速骨等將攻城，遼西桓烈王農恐不能守，且為蘭汗所誘，夜，潛出赴之，冀以自全。 明旦，速骨等攻城，城上拒戰甚力，速骨之眾死者以百數。 速骨乃將農循城，農素有忠節威名，城中之眾恃以為強，忽見在城下，無不驚愕喪氣，遂皆逃潰。 速骨入城，縱兵殺掠，死者狼籍。 寶、盛與慕輿騰、餘崇、張真、李旱、趙恩等輕騎南走。 速骨幽農於殿內。 長上阿交羅，速骨之謀主也，以高陽王崇幼弱，更欲立農。 崇親信鬷讓、出力犍等聞之，丁酉，殺羅及農。 速骨即為之誅讓等。 農故吏左衛將軍宇文拔亡奔遼西。
Murong Lanhan of Dunqiu, a Yan Master of Writing, plotted secretly with Duan Subone and camped his force east of the eastern city wall. The garrison inside was thin. Murong Sheng of Changle moved the population near the inner walls into service and raised more than ten thousand men to hold the battlements. Barely a hundred men were Subone's true conspirators; the rest had been dragooned and would not fight. In the third month, on jiawu day, Subone prepared to storm the city. Murong Nong of Liaoxi, styled Huanlie, feared the walls would not hold and, seduced by Lanhan, slipped out by night to join the rebels in hope of saving himself. At dawn Subone attacked. The defenders fought back hard, and his men fell by the hundreds. Subone then paraded Nong along the wall. Nong's name for loyalty had been the city's strength; when the defenders saw him below the ramparts, their spirit broke and they scattered. Subone entered the city and let his soldiers kill and loot until the streets were heaped with corpses. Bao, Sheng, Muyu Teng, Yu Chong, Zhang Zhen, Li Han, Zhao En, and others fled south with a light escort. Subone shut Nong up inside the palace hall. Ajiaoluo, a senior officer and Subone's chief strategist, thought Murong Chong of Gaoyang too young and wanted Nong on the throne instead. Chong's confidants Zong Rang and Chuli Jian learned of the plot. On dingyou day they killed Ajiaoluo and Nong. Subone immediately executed Rang and his fellows in reprisal. Yuwen Ba, once Nong's officer and now a left-guard general, escaped to Liaoxi.
18
庚子，蘭汗襲擊速骨，並其黨盡殺之。 廢崇，奉太子策，承製大赦，遣使迎寶，及於薊城。 寶欲全還，長樂王盛等皆曰：「汗之忠詐未可知，今單騎赴之，萬一汗有異志，悔之無及。 不如南就范陽王，合眾以取冀州； 若其不捷，收南方之眾，徐歸龍都，亦未晚也。」 寶從之。
On gengzi day Lanhan struck Subone by surprise and killed him and every one of his followers. He deposed Chong, set Crown Prince Ce on the throne, proclaimed a general amnesty in the emperor's name, and sent envoys to meet Bao at Jicheng. Bao wanted to go straight home. Murong Sheng of Changle and the others warned, "We cannot yet tell whether Lanhan is loyal or false. Ride in alone and, if he turns on you, there will be no undoing it. Better to join Murong De in the south, rally an army, and try for Jizhou; and if that fails, gather the southern armies and only then return to Longdu at leisure." Bao took their advice.
19
離石胡帥呼延鐵、西河胡帥張崇等不樂徙代，聚眾叛魏，魏安遠將軍庾岳討平之。
Huyan Tie of Lishi and Zhang Chong of Xihe, chieftains of the Hu peoples, refused relocation to Dai, rose in revolt, and were crushed by Yu Yue, the Pacifying-the-Distance General.
20
魏王珪召見王儀入輔，以略陽公遵代鎮中山。 夏，四月，壬戌，以征虜將軍穆崇為太尉，安南將軍長孫嵩為司徒。
Tuoba Gui recalled Murong Yi to court as an adviser and left Zun, Duke of Lueyang, to hold Zhongshan in his place. In summer, the fourth month, on renxu day, Mu Chong, the barbarian-conquering general, became Grand Commandant and Changsun Song, the Pacifying-the-South General, became Grand Minister.
21
燕主寶從間道過鄴，鄴人請留，寶不許。 南至黎陽，伏於河西，遣中黃門令趙思告北地王鐘曰：「上以二月得丞相表，即時南征，至乙連，會長上作亂，失據來此。 王亟白丞相奉迎！」 鐘，德之從弟也，首勸德稱尊號，聞而惡之，執思付獄，以狀白南燕王德。 德謂群下曰：「卿等以社稷大計，勸吾攝政； 吾亦以嗣帝播越，民神乏主，故權順群議以系眾心。 今天方悔禍，嗣帝得還，吾將具法駕奉迎，謝罪行闕，何如？」 黃門侍郎張華曰：「今天下大亂，非雄才無以寧濟群生。 嗣帝暗懦，不能紹隆先統。 陛下若蹈匹夫之節，捨天授之業，威權一去，身首不保，況社稷其得血食乎！」 慕輿護曰：「嗣帝不達時宜，委棄國都，自取敗亡，不堪多難，亦已明矣。 昔蒯聵出奔，衛輒不納，《春秋》是之。 以子拒父猶可，況以父拒子乎！ 今趙思之言，未明虛實，臣請為陛下馳往詗之。」 德流涕遣之。
Murong Bao slipped past Ye by a back road. The townspeople begged him to remain, but he refused. Farther south at Liyang he hid west of the river and sent the palace attendant Zhao Si to Murong Zhong of Beidi with the message, "The Emperor received the Chancellor's report in the second month and marched south at once. At Yilian the senior officers mutinied, and we have come here stripped of our base. Tell the Chancellor immediately to come and welcome the throne!" Zhong was De's cousin and had been first to urge De to take the throne. Disgusted, he arrested Si, threw him in prison, and reported everything to Murong De. De told his ministers, "You pressed me to govern for the sake of the realm; I too saw the heir driven into exile with no ruler for the people or the spirits, and I bowed to your counsel for the moment to steady their hearts. Now Heaven has turned from disaster and the heir can return. I will go out with the full imperial escort to welcome him and kneel at the palace gate to confess my fault. What say you?" Zhang Hua of the Yellow Gate said, "The empire is in chaos. Only a heroic ruler can save the people. The heir is dull and timid and cannot carry on the ancestral mandate. If Your Majesty clings to private scruple and casts away Heaven's mandate, your power will vanish, your life will not be safe, and the imperial altars will cease to receive sacrifice!" Muyu Hu said, "The heir misread the times, abandoned the capital, and courted ruin. It is plain he cannot weather further disaster. When Kuai Kui fled, Wei Zhe refused him entry, and the 《Spring and Autumn Annals》 approved. If a son may turn away his father, how much more may a father turn away his son! Zhao Si's tale may be true or false. Let me ride north at once and learn the facts for Your Majesty." De wept as he sent Hu on his way.
22
護帥壯士數百人，隨思而北，聲言迎衛，其實圖之。 寶既遣思詣鐘，於後得樵者，言德已稱制，懼而北走。 護至，無所見，執思以還。 德以思練習典故，欲留而用之。 思曰：「犬馬猶知戀主，思雖刑臣，乞還就上。」 德固留之，思怒曰：「周室東遷，晉、鄭是依。 殿下親則叔父，位為上公，不能帥先群後以匡帝室，而幸本根之傾，為趙王倫之事，思雖不能如申包胥之存楚，猶慕龔君賓不偷生莽世也！」 德斬之。
Hu took several hundred picked men north behind Si, claiming he meant to welcome the heir but in truth plotting his destruction. After Bao had sent Si to Zhong, he later met a woodcutter who said De had already taken the throne. Terrified, he turned north and fled. Hu got there, found no heir to welcome, seized Zhao Si, and marched back. Murong De saw that Zhao Si knew the ritual canon well and wanted to keep him in service. Si said, "Even dogs and horses know loyalty to their master. Though I am a disgraced minister, I beg leave to go back and serve my lord." De would not let him go. Si flared in anger: "When the Zhou court moved east, it leaned on Jin and Zheng. You are the Emperor's uncle and a Grand Duke. You ought to lead every rank, high and low, in restoring the throne, not welcome the uprooting of the dynasty and repeat the crime of Prince Lun of Zhao! I may never equal Shen Baoxu saving Chu, but I can still take Gong Junbin as my model — he would not steal life under Wang Mang!" De had him beheaded.
23
寶遣扶風忠公慕輿騰與長樂王盛收兵冀州，盛以騰素暴橫，為民所怨，乃殺之。 行至巨鹿、長樂，說諸豪傑，皆願起兵奉寶。 寶以蘭汗祀燕宗廟，所為似順，意欲還龍城，不肯留冀州，乃北行。 至建安，抵民張曹家。 曹素武健，請為寶合眾，盛亦勸寶宜且駐留，察汗情狀。 寶乃遣冗從僕射李旱先往見汗，寶留頓石城。 會汗遣左將軍蘇超奉迎，陳汗忠款。 寶以汗燕王垂之舅，盛之妃父也，謂必無它，不待旱返，遂行。 盛流涕固諫，寶不聽，留盛在後，盛與將軍張真下道避匿。
Bao sent Muyu Teng of Fufeng and Murong Sheng of Changle to raise troops in Jizhou. Sheng killed Teng, who had long been brutal and hated by the people. At Julu and Changle they rallied the local leaders, and all pledged to take up arms for Bao. Lanhan had sacrificed at the Yan ancestral shrines and seemed loyal, so Bao decided to go home to Longcheng rather than hold Jizhou, and marched north. At Jian'an he took shelter with a local man named Zhang Cao. Cao was a tough, capable man and offered to raise troops for Bao. Sheng likewise urged Bao to pause and learn what Lanhan was really planning. Bao sent Li Han ahead as envoy to Lanhan and camped at Shicheng to wait. Lanhan sent Left General Su Chao to welcome him and swear his loyalty. Lanhan was Murong Chui's uncle and Sheng's father-in-law, so Bao assumed he meant no harm. Without waiting for Li Han's report, he set out at once. Sheng wept and pleaded in vain. Bao would not listen, kept Sheng behind, and Sheng slipped off the road with General Zhang Zhen to hide.
24
丁亥，寶至索莫汗陘，去龍城四十里，城中皆喜。 汗惶怖，欲自出請罪，兄弟共諫止之。 汗乃遣弟加難帥五百騎出迎，又遣兄堤閉門止仗，禁人出入。 城中皆知其將為變，而無如之何。 加難見寶於陘北，拜謁已，從寶俱進。 穎陰烈公餘崇密言於寶曰：「觀加難形色，禍變甚逼，宜留三思，奈何徑前！」 寶不從。 行數里，加難先執崇，崇大呼罵曰：「汝家幸緣肺腑，蒙國寵榮，覆宗不足以報。 今乃敢謀篡逆，此天地所不容，計旦慕即屠滅，但恨我不得手膾汝曹耳！」 加難殺之。 引寶入龍城外邸，弒之。 汗謚寶曰靈帝，殺獻哀太子策及王公卿士百餘人，自稱大都督、大將軍、大單于、昌黎王，元元青龍。 以堤為太尉，加難為車騎將軍，封河間王熙為遼東公，如杞、宋故事。
On dinghai day Bao reached Suomo Pass, forty li from Longcheng, and the city erupted in joy. Lanhan panicked and wanted to go out and submit. His brothers talked him out of it. Lanhan sent his brother Jianan out with five hundred horse to welcome Bao, and ordered his brother Di to shut the gates, stand the garrison down, and seal the city. The whole city knew treachery was afoot, but no one could stop it. Jianan met Bao north of the pass, paid his respects, and rode on with him. Yu Chong of Yingyin whispered to Bao, "Look at Jianan's face — disaster is close. Stop and think before you go another step!" Bao ignored him. A few li on, Jianan seized Chong first. Chong cried out, "Fortune tied your house to the throne by blood. The state heaped honors on you — even wiping out your clan would not repay the debt. And now you dare treason! Heaven and earth will not abide it. You will be wiped out by morning — I only regret I will not live to carve you up myself!" Jianan cut him down. He led Bao into an outer manor beyond Longcheng and murdered him. Lanhan gave Bao the posthumous name Emperor Ling, killed Crown Prince Ce and more than a hundred court nobles and officials, and proclaimed himself Grand Commander, Grand General, Grand Chanyu, and King of Changli, with a new era title Qinglong. He made Di Grand Commandant and Jianan General of Chariots and Cavalry, and enfeoffed Prince Xi of Hejian as Duke of Liaodong after the Qi and Song precedent.
25
長樂王盛聞之，馳欲赴哀； 張真止之。 盛曰：「我今以窮歸汗。 汗性愚淺，必念婚姻，不忍殺我。 旬月之間，足以展吾情志。」 遂往見汗。 汗妻乙氏及盛妃皆泣涕請盛於汗，盛妃復頓頭於諸兄弟。 汗惻然哀之，乃捨盛於宮中，以為侍中、左光祿大夫，親待如舊。 堤、加難屢請殺盛，汗不從。 堤驕很荒淫，事汗多無禮，盛因而間之。 由是汗兄弟浸相嫌忌。
When Murong Sheng heard the news, he raced off to mourn; Zhang Zhen held him back. Sheng said, "I go to Lanhan now as a fugitive. Lanhan is a simple, shallow man. He will remember we are kin by marriage and will not kill me. A month or two will be enough for me to act." And he went to see Lanhan. Lanhan's wife Lady Yi and Sheng's wife both wept and pleaded for Sheng. Sheng's wife kowtowed to Lanhan's brothers as well. Moved, Lanhan spared Sheng and kept him in the palace as Attendant-in-Ordinary and Left Household Guard Grand Master, treating him as before. Di and Jianan begged repeatedly for Sheng's death, but Lanhan refused. Di was arrogant, cruel, and licentious, and often treated Lanhan disrespectfully. Sheng used that to drive a wedge between them. Soon Lanhan and his brothers grew suspicious and resentful of one another.
26
涼太原公纂將兵擊楊軌，郭□救之，纂敗還。
Lü Zuan of Taiyuan marched against Yang Gui. Guo Nen came to his rescue and drove Zuan back in defeat.
27
段業使沮渠蒙遜攻西郡，執太守呂純以歸。 純，光之弟子也。 於是晉昌太守王德、敦煌太守趙郡孟敏皆以郡降業。 業封蒙遜為臨池侯，以德為酒泉太守，敏為沙州刺史。
Duan Ye sent Juqu Mengxun against Xijun, captured Administrator Lü Chun, and brought him back. Chun was Lü Guang's nephew. Thereupon the Jinchang administrator Wang De and the Dunhuang administrator Meng Min of Zhao both surrendered their prefectures to Duan Ye. Duan Ye enfeoffed Mengxun as Marquis of Linchi, made Wang De administrator of Jiuquan, and Meng Min governor of Shazhou.
28
六月，丙子，魏王珪命群臣議國號。 皆曰：「周、秦以前，皆自諸侯升為天子，因以其國為天下號。 漢氏以來，皆無尺土之資。 我國家百世相承，開基代北，遂撫有方夏，今宜以代為號。」 黃門侍郎崔宏曰：「昔商人不常厥居，故兩稱殷、商； 代雖舊邦，其命惟新，登國之妝，已更曰魏。 夫魏者，大名，神州之上國民，宜稱魏如故。」 珪從之。
In the sixth month, on bingzi day, Tuoba Gui ordered his ministers to debate the realm's official name. They all said, "Before Zhou and Qin, new dynasties took their old feudal name as the name of the empire. Since Han, founders have begun without an inch of inherited land. Our house has ruled for generations, rose in the northern Dai region, and now holds sway over the heartland. The name should be Dai." Cui Hong of the Yellow Gate said, "The Shang moved their seat often and were known by two names, Yin and Shang; Dai is an ancient homeland, but its mandate is new — since the founding of the Dengguo state era it has already been called Wei. Wei is a great name and the proper title for a state of the central realm. Let the name remain Wei." Tuoba Gui agreed.
29
楊軌自恃其眾，欲與涼王光決戰，郭□每以天道抑止之。 涼常山公弘鎮張掖，段業使沮渠男成及王德攻之； 光使太原公纂將兵迎之。 楊軌曰：「呂弘精兵一萬，若與光合，則姑臧益強，不可取矣。」 乃與禿髮利鹿孤共邀擊纂，纂與戰，大破之； 軌奔王乞基。 □性褊急殘忍，不為士民所附，聞軌敗走，降西秦。 西秦王乾歸以為建忠將軍、散騎常侍。
Yang Gui, confident in his numbers, wanted a pitched battle with Lü Guang. Guo Nen repeatedly held him back, citing heaven's signs. Lü Hong of Changshan held Zhangye. Duan Ye sent Juqu Nancheng and Wang De against him; Lü Guang sent Lü Zuan of Taiyuan with an army to relieve him. Yang Gui said, "Lü Hong has ten thousand elite troops. If he joins Guang, Guzang will only grow stronger and we will never take it." He and Tufa Lilugu ambushed Zuan's column together. Zuan gave battle and routed them; Yang Gui fled to Wang Qiji. Guo Nen was violent, petty, and cruel, and the people would not follow him. When he heard Yang Gui had been routed, he surrendered to Western Qin. Qifu Gangui of Western Qin made him General Who Establishes Loyalty and Regular Attendant of the Scattered Cavalry.
30
弘引兵棄張掖東走，段業徙治張掖，將追擊弘。 沮渠蒙遜諫曰：「歸師勿遏，窮寇勿追，兵家之戒也。」 業不從，大敗而還，賴蒙遜以免。 業城西安，以其將臧莫孩為太守。 蒙遜曰：「莫孩勇而無謀，知進不知退； 此乃為之築塚，非築城也！」 業不從，莫孩尋為呂纂所破。
Lü Hong abandoned Zhangye and fled east. Duan Ye moved his capital to Zhangye and prepared to chase him down. Juqu Mengxun warned, "Never block an army going home or chase a cornered enemy — that is the first rule of war." Duan Ye ignored him, suffered a crushing defeat, and only Mengxun's intervention saved him. Duan Ye fortified Xi'an and put his general Zang Mohai in charge as administrator. Mengxun said, "Mohai is brave but rash. He knows how to advance, not how to retreat; You are building him a grave, not a fortress!" Duan Ye paid no heed, and Mohai was soon crushed by Lü Zuan.
31
燕太原王奇，楷之子，蘭汗之外孫也，汗亦不殺，以為征南將軍，得入見長樂王盛。 盛潛使奇逃出起兵。 奇起兵於建安，眾至數千，汗遣蘭堤討之。 盛謂汗曰：「善駒小兒，未能辦此，豈非有假托其名欲為內應者乎！ 太尉素驕，難信，不宜委以大眾。」 汗然之，罷堤兵，更遣撫軍將軍仇尼慕將兵討奇。
Murong Qi of Taiyuan, son of Murong Kai and Lanhan's grandson by a daughter, was spared as well. Lanhan made him General Who Punishes the South and allowed him to visit Murong Sheng. Sheng secretly helped Qi slip away to raise an army. Qi mustered several thousand men at Jian'an. Lanhan sent Lan Di to suppress him. Sheng told Lanhan, "That boy Qi is too young to pull this off. Someone must be using his name to set up an inside contact! The Grand Commandant is arrogant and unreliable. You should not give him a large army." Lanhan agreed, recalled Di's troops, and sent Pacifying-Army General Qiu Nimuch against Qi instead.
32
於是龍城自夏不雨至於秋七月，汗日詣燕諸廟及寶神座頓首禱請，委罪於蘭加難。 堤及加難聞之，怒，且懼誅。 乙巳，相與帥所部襲仇尼慕軍，敗之。 汗大懼，遣太子穆將兵討之。 穆謂汗曰：「慕容盛，我之仇讎，必與奇相表裡，此乃腹心之疾，不可養也，宜先除之。」 汗欲殺盛，先引見，察之。 盛妃知之，密以告盛，盛稱疾不出，汗亦止不殺。
Longcheng had gone without rain since summer, and by the seventh month drought still held. Lanhan went daily to the Yan shrines and Murong Bao's spirit tablet to pray, blaming Lan Jianan for the calamity. When Di and Jianan heard this, they were furious — and afraid Lanhan would have them killed. On yisi day they jointly led their troops against Qiu Nimuch and routed his army. Terrified, Lanhan sent Crown Prince Murong Mu with an army to put them down. Mu told Lanhan, "Murong Sheng is my bitter enemy and must be working with Qi from inside and out. That is a sickness at the heart of the realm — deal with him first." Lanhan decided to kill Sheng but summoned him first to take his measure. Sheng's wife learned of the plot and warned him in secret. Sheng pleaded illness and stayed away, and Lanhan held back after all.
33
李旱、衛雙、劉忠、張豪、張真，皆盛素所厚也，而穆引以為腹心，旱、雙得出入至盛所，潛與盛結謀。 丁未，穆擊堤、加難等，破之。 庚戌，饗將士，汗、穆皆醉，盛夜如廁，因逾垣入於東宮，與旱等共殺穆。 時軍未解嚴，皆聚在穆捨，聞盛得出，呼躍爭先，攻汗，斬之。 汗子魯公和、陳公揚分屯令支、白狼，盛遣旱、真襲誅之。 堤、加難亡匿，捕得，斬之。 於是內外帖然，士女相慶。 宇文拔帥壯士數百來赴，盛拜拔為大宗正。
Li Han, Wei Shuang, Liu Zhong, Zhang Hao, and Zhang Zhen had long been close to Sheng, yet Murong Mu made them his confidants. Han and Shuang could come and go from Sheng's quarters and secretly conspired with him. On dingwei day Murong Mu defeated Di, Jianan, and their allies. On gengxu day, at a feast for the troops, Lanhan and Mu both drank deep. That night Sheng excused himself to the privy, climbed the wall into the Eastern Palace, and with Li Han and the others killed Murong Mu. The army was still under arms, packed around Mu's quarters. When they heard Sheng had escaped, they roared and rushed Lanhan, cutting him down. Lanhan's sons He, Duke of Lu, and Yang, Duke of Chen, were posted at Lingzhi and Bailang. Sheng sent Li Han and Zhang Zhen to strike and kill them. Di and Jianan hid, were caught, and were executed. Inside and out the realm grew calm, and men and women rejoiced together. Yuwen Ba arrived with several hundred warriors. Sheng made him Grand Director of the Imperial Clan.
34
辛亥，告於太廟，令曰：「賴五祖之休，文武之力，宗廟社稷幽而復顯。 不獨孤以眇眇之身免不同天之責，凡在臣民皆得明目當世。」 因大赦，改元建平。 盛謙不敢稱尊號，以長樂王攝行統制。 諸王皆降稱公，以東陽公根為尚書左僕射，衛倫、陽璆、魯恭、王騰為尚書，悅真為侍中，，陽哲為中書監，張通為中領軍，自餘文武各復舊位。 改謚寶曰惠閔皇帝，廟號烈宗。 初，太原王奇舉兵建安，南、北之民翕然從之。 蘭汗遣其兄子全討奇，奇擊滅之，匹馬不返，進屯乙連。 盛既誅汗，命奇罷兵。 奇用丁零嚴生、烏桓王龍之謀，遂不受命，甲寅，勒兵三萬餘人進至橫溝，去龍城十里。 盛出擊，大破之，執奇而還，斬其黨百餘人，賜奇死，桓王之嗣遂絕。 群臣固請上尊號，盛弗許。
On xinhai day he announced at the Grand Temple: "By the grace of five generations of ancestors and the work of civil and military men, the throne and the altars, though eclipsed, shine again. Not I alone, insignificant as I am, am spared the shame of living under a different sky from my father's murderer — every subject may now face the world with clear eyes." He proclaimed a general amnesty and changed the era name to Jianping. Sheng modestly refused a royal title and ruled provisionally as Prince of Changle. Every prince was reduced to duke. Sheng made Dongyang Duke Gen left vice director of the Masters of Writing, Wei Lun, Yang Qiu, Lu Gong, and Wang Teng masters of writing, Yue Zhen attendant-in-ordinary, and Yang Zhe director of the palace secretariat; Zhang Tong became central army commander; and the remaining officials returned to their former posts. He gave Bao the posthumous name Emperor Huimin and the temple name Liezong. When Murong Qi first raised his standard at Jian'an, people north and south rallied to him. Lanhan sent his nephew Quan against Qi. Qi wiped him out to the last horse and advanced to camp at Yilian. Once Sheng had killed Lanhan, he ordered Qi to stand his troops down. Qi took the advice of the Dingling leader Yan Sheng and the Wuhuan chief Long, refused the order, and on jiayin day marched more than thirty thousand men to Henggou, ten li from Longcheng. Sheng marched out, crushed him, took Qi prisoner, executed more than a hundred of his followers, granted Qi an honorable death, and with that the line of Prince Huan ended. The court repeatedly pressed him to take the throne, but Sheng refused.
35
魏王珪遷都平城，始營宮室，建宗廟，立社稷。 宗廟歲五祭，用分、至及臘。
Tuoba Gui, King of Wei, relocated his capital to Pingcheng, where he began building palaces, erecting ancestral temples, and founding the altars to Soil and Grain. The ancestral temple received five sacrifices a year, held at the equinoxes and solstices and at the winter la festival.
36
桓玄求為廣州。 會稽王道子忌玄，不欲使居荊州，因其所欲，以玄為督交、廣二州軍事、廣州刺史； 玄受命而不行。 豫州刺史庾楷以道子割其四郡使王愉督之，上疏言：「江州內地，而西府北帶寇戎，不應使愉分督。」 朝廷不許。 楷怒，遣其子鴻說王恭曰：「尚之兄弟復秉機權，過於國寶，欲假朝威削弱方鎮，懲艾前事，為禍不測。 今及其謀議未成，宜早圖之。」 恭以為然，以告殷仲堪、桓玄。 仲堪、玄許之，推恭為盟主，刻期同趣京師。
Huan Xuan asked to be posted to Guangzhou. Simao Daozi, Prince of Kuaiji, envied Huan Xuan and did not want him to hold Jing Province. To gratify Xuan's wish, he made him Commander-in-Chief of Military Affairs for Jiao and Guang and Governor of Guangzhou; Huan Xuan accepted the commission but refused to take up the post. Yu Kai, Inspector of Yu, resenting Daozi's transfer of four commanderies from his jurisdiction to Wang Yu's supervision, memorialized the throne: "Jiangzhou lies in the heart of the realm, yet the western capital at Jiankang faces barbarian raiders to the north — Wang Yu ought not be given a separate command there." The court refused his request. In his fury Kai sent his son Hong to Wang Gong with a warning: "The Shangzhi brothers have taken power again, and they surpass even Wang Guobao in arrogance. They mean to use the court's authority to strip the provinces of their strength and settle old scores — who knows what disaster will follow? We must strike before their plans take shape." Wang Gong agreed and informed Yin Zhongkan and Huan Xuan. Yin and Huan gave their assent, made Wang Gong leader of the alliance, and fixed a day to march on the capital together.
37
時內外疑阻，津邏嚴急，仲堪以斜絹為書，內箭簳中，合鏑漆之，因庾楷以送恭。 恭發書，絹文角戾，不復能辨仲堪手書，疑楷詐為之，且謂仲堪去年已違期不赴，今必不動，乃先期舉兵。 司馬劉牢之諫曰：「將軍，國之元舅； 會稽王，天子叔父也。 會稽王又當國秉政，向為將軍戮其所愛王國寶、王緒，又送王廞書，其深伏將軍已多矣。 頃所援任，雖未允愜，亦非大失。 割庾楷四郡以配王愉，於將軍何損！ 晉陽之甲，豈可數興乎！」 恭不從，上表請討王愉、司馬尚之兄弟。
Suspicion gripped court and provinces alike, and river crossings were under tight guard. Yin Zhongkan wrote his message on a strip of slanted silk, hid it inside an arrow shaft, sealed the joint with lacquer, and sent it to Wang Gong by way of Yu Kai. When Wang Gong opened the message, the writing on the silk had warped and he could no longer recognize Yin Zhongkan's hand. He suspected Yu Kai of forgery and, remembering that Yin had missed last year's deadline, assumed he would not stir this time either — and so moved early with his own army. His chief of staff Liu Laozhi urged him: "General, you are the emperor's senior maternal uncle; the Prince of Kuaiji is the emperor's uncle by blood. The prince moreover holds the government in his hands. For your sake he already executed his favorites Wang Guobao and Wang Xu and yielded up Wang Yin's correspondence — he has abased himself before you more than once. The appointments made at his urging may not have pleased you, but they were hardly a grave injury. What harm does it do you to give four of Yu Kai's commanderies to Wang Yu? Armies raised against the capital cannot be summoned again and again!" Wang Gong would not be swayed and memorialized the throne to campaign against Wang Yu and Simao Shangzhi and his brothers.
38
道子使人說楷曰； 「昔我一卿，恩如骨肉，帳中之飲，結帶之言，可謂親矣。 卿今棄舊交，結新援，忘王恭疇昔陵侮之恥乎！ 若欲委體而臣之，使恭得志，必以卿為反覆之人，安肯深相親信！ 首身且不可保，況富貴乎！」 楷怒曰：「王恭昔赴山陵，相王憂懼無計，我知事急，尋勒兵而至，恭不敢發。 去年之事，我亦俟命而動。 我事相王，無相負者。 相王不能拒恭，反殺國寶及緒，自爾已來，誰敢復為相王盡力者！ 庾楷實不能以百口助人屠滅。」 時楷已應恭檄，正征士馬。 信返，朝廷憂懼，內外戒嚴。
Daozi dispatched an envoy to remonstrate with Yu Kai: "You and I were once as close as kin — sharing wine in the tent, swearing oaths with our sashes tied together. That was true friendship. Now you cast aside an old ally for new ones — have you forgotten how Wang Gong humiliated you in times past? If you bow to him and serve his cause, once Gong triumphs he will mark you as a turncoat — why would he ever trust you again? Your life will not be safe, let alone your fortune!" Yu Kai retorted: "When Wang Gong marched on the imperial tombs, the Prince Regent was desperate with fear. I saw the crisis, gathered my troops, and came at once — and Gong did not dare move. Last year as well I waited on his command before I moved. In all my service to the Prince Regent, I have never betrayed him. The Prince Regent could not stand up to Gong, yet killed Guobao and Xu instead — since then, who would still risk everything for him? Yu Kai cannot expose a household of a hundred souls to annihilation for someone else's war." By then Yu Kai had already answered Wang Gong's call and was raising troops. When the envoy returned with Kai's answer, the court panicked and declared a general alert.
39
會稽世子元顯言於道子曰：「前不討王恭，故有今日難。 今若復從其欲，則太宰之禍至矣。 道子不知所為，悉以事委元顯，日飲醇酒而已。 元顯聰警，皮涉文義，志氣果銳，以安危為己任。 附會之者，謂元顯神武，有明帝之風。
Simao Yuanxian, heir apparent of Kuaiji, told Daozi: "We brought on today's crisis by failing to crush Wang Gong when we had the chance. If we submit to them again, the Grand Preceptor will share the same fate. Daozi, at a loss, handed all affairs to Yuanxian and spent his days in drink. Yuanxian was quick and clever, with a passing grasp of the classics, a fierce and decisive temperament, and a keen sense that the fate of the realm rested on his shoulders. Flatterers called him a warrior-sage in the mold of Emperor Ming.
40
殷仲堪聞恭舉兵，自以去歲後期，乃勒兵趣發。 仲堪素不習為將，悉以軍事委南郡相楊佺期兄弟，使佺期帥舟師五千為前鋒，桓玄次之，仲堪帥兵二萬，相繼而下。 佺期自以其先漢太尉震至父亮，九世皆以才德著名，矜其門地，謂江左莫及。 有以比王珣者，佺期猶恚恨。 而時流以其晚過江，婚宦失類，佺期及兄廣、弟思平、從弟孜敬皆粗獷，每排抑之。 佺期常慷慨切齒，欲因事際以逞其志，故亦贊成仲堪之謀。
When Yin Zhongkan heard that Wang Gong had taken up arms, mindful that he had missed last year's rendezvous, he mobilized and rushed to join the campaign. Yin Zhongkan was no natural general. He put the army in the hands of the Yang brothers of Nan Commandery: Qianqi led five thousand river troops as vanguard, Huan Xuan came next, and Yin himself brought twenty thousand men downriver in stages. Qianqi traced his line from the Han Grand Commandant Yang Zhen through his father Yang Liang — nine generations celebrated for talent and integrity — and considered his house unmatched in the Jiangzuo elite. Even when people likened him to Wang Xun, Qianqi remained bitter. The gentry, however, looked down on them as latecomers from the north with misaligned marriages and posts, and dismissed Qianqi, his brothers Guang and Siping, and his cousin Zijing as crude men — and snubbed them at every turn. Qianqi burned with humiliated rage and longed for any chance to prove himself — which is why he backed Yin Zhongkan's scheme.
41
八月，佺期、玄奄至湓口。 王愉無備，惶遽奔臨川，玄遣偏軍追獲之。
In the eighth month Yang Qianqi and Huan Xuan suddenly appeared at Pankou. Wang Yu, caught off guard, fled in panic toward Linchuan. Huan Xuan sent a flanking detachment that ran him down and took him prisoner.
42
燕以河間公熙為侍中、車騎大將軍、中領軍、司隸校尉，城陽公元為衛將軍。 元，寶之子也。 又以劉忠為左將軍，張豪為後將軍，並賜姓慕容氏。 李旱為中常侍、輔國將軍，衛雙為前將軍，張順為鎮西將軍、昌黎尹，張真為右將軍； 皆封公。
In Yan, Murong Xi, Duke of Hejian, was made Attendant-in-Ordinary, General of Chariots and Cavalry, Central Army Commander, and Colonel Director of Retainers; Murong Yuan, Duke of Chengyang, was made Defender-in-Chief. Yuan was the son of Murong Bao. Liu Zhong became General of the Left and Zhang Hao General of the Rear, and both received the surname Murong. Li Han was made Palace Attendant and General Who Stabilizes the State; Wei Shuang, General of the Van; Zhang Shun, General Who Pacifies the West and Prefect of Changli; and Zhang Zhen, General of the Right; all were enfeoffed as dukes.
43
乙亥，燕步兵校尉馬勤等謀反，伏誅； 事連驃騎將軍高陽公崇、崇弟東平公澄，皆賜死。
On the day yihai, Ma Qin, Infantry Commandant of Yan, and others plotted rebellion and were put to death on the spot; the conspiracy involved Murong Chong, Duke of Gaoyang and General of Fast Cavalry, and his brother Murong Cheng, Duke of Dongping — both were granted death by poison.
44
寧朔將國鄧啟方、南陽太守閭丘羨將兵二萬擊南燕，與南燕中軍將國法、撫軍將軍和戰於管城，啟方等兵敗，單騎走免。
Deng Qifang of Ningshuo and Qiuchi Xian, prefect of Nanyang, marched twenty thousand men against Southern Yan and met Fa and He of that court — Central Army General and Pacifying-Army General — at Guancheng. Deng's force was routed; he fled alone on horseback.
45
魏王珪命有司正封畿，標道裡，平權衡，審度量； 遣使循行郡國，舉奏守宰不法者，親考察黜陟之。
Tuoba Gui ordered his officials to fix the domain's boundaries, post distances along the roads, standardize weights, and inspect measures; and sent commissioners through the provinces to report corrupt officials and personally review promotions and dismissals.
46
九月，辛卯，加會稽王道子黃鉞，以世子元顯為征討都督，遣衛將軍王珣、右將軍謝琰將兵討王恭，譙王尚之將兵討庾楷。
In the ninth month, on the day xinmao, Simao Daozi received the yellow battle-axe of supreme command. His heir Yuanxian was named Grand Commander for the punitive campaign. Wang Xun, Defender-in-Chief, and Xie Yan, General of the Right, were dispatched against Wang Gong; Simao Shangzhi, Prince of Qiao, against Yu Kai.
47
乙未，燕以東陽公根為尚書令，張通為左僕射，衛倫為右僕射，慕容豪為幽州刺史，鎮肥如。
On the day yimi, Yan made Murong Gen, Duke of Dongyang, head of the Masters of Writing; Zhang Tong and Wei Lun its left and right vice directors; and Murong Hao Inspector of You, stationed at Feiru.
48
己亥，譙王尚之大破庾楷於牛渚，楷單騎奔桓玄。 會稽王道子以尚之為豫州刺史，弟恢之為驃騎司馬、丹楊尹，允之為吳國內史，休之為襄城太守，各擁兵馬以為己援。 乙巳，桓玄大破官軍於白石。 玄與楊佺期進至橫江，尚之退走，恢之所領水軍皆沒。 丙午，道子屯中堂，元顯守石頭，己酉，王珣守北郊，謝琰屯宣陽門，以備之。
On the day jihai, Simao Shangzhi crushed Yu Kai at Niuzhu. Kai escaped alone to join Huan Xuan. Daozi made Shangzhi Inspector of Yu and gave his brothers their own commands: Huizhi as chief clerk to the Fast Cavalry General and magistrate of Danyang; Yunzhi as administrator of Wu; Xiuzhi as prefect of Xiangcheng — each with military forces to serve as Daozi's private backing. On the day yisi, Huan Xuan routed the court army at Baishi. Huan Xuan and Yang Qianqi pushed to Hengjiang. Shangzhi fell back, and Huizhi's entire flotilla was lost. On the day bingwu Daozi took station at Zhongtang and Yuanxian held Shitou; on jiyou Wang Xun guarded the northern suburbs and Xie Yan the Xuanyang Gate — all bracing for the rebel advance.
49
王恭素以才地陵物，既殺王國寶，自謂威無不行，仗劉牢之為爪牙而但以部曲將遇之，牢之負其才，深懷恥恨。 元顯知之，遣廬江太守高素說牢之，使叛恭，許事成即以恭位號授之； 又以道子書遺牢之，為陳禍福。 牢子謂其子敬宣曰； 「王恭昔受先帝大恩，今為帝舅，不能翼戴王室，數舉兵向京師，吾不能審恭之志，事捷之日，必能為天子相王之下乎？ 吾欲奉國威靈，以順討逆，何如？」 敬宣曰：「朝廷雖無成、康之美，亦無幽、厲之惡； 而恭恃其兵威，暴蔑王室。 大人親非骨肉，義非君臣，雖共事少時，意好不協，今日討之，於情義何有！」
Wang Gong had always lorded his talent and birth over others. After the killing of Wang Guobao he believed his word was law. He leaned on Liu Laozhi as his enforcer yet treated him like a mere troop captain. Laozhi, confident in his own worth, seethed with humiliation. Yuanxian saw his opening and sent Gao Su, prefect of Lujiang, to tempt Laozhi into betraying Wang Gong, promising him Gong's titles once the coup succeeded; and forwarded a letter from Daozi laying out the stakes. Laozhi said to his son Jingxuan: "Wang Gong enjoyed the late emperor's deepest trust and is now the emperor's uncle. Instead of shielding the throne he keeps marching on the capital. I cannot read his mind — if he wins, will he truly stop short of ruling the emperor and the Prince Regent? I mean to serve the throne and punish rebellion in the name of the state. What say you?" Jingxuan replied: "The court is no golden age of Cheng and Kang, but neither is it the tyranny of You and Li; yet Gong abuses his arms to insult the throne. You are neither kin nor true liege and subject. You worked together only briefly and never liked each other — where is the breach of loyalty in striking him down now?"
50
恭參軍何澹之知其謀，以告恭。 恭以澹之素與牢之有隙，不信。 乃置酒請牢之，於眾中拜之為兄，精兵堅甲，悉以配之，使帥帳下督顏延為前鋒。 牢之至竹裡，斬延以降； 遣敬宣及其婿東莞太守高雅之還襲恭。 恭方出城曜兵，敬宣縱騎橫擊之，恭兵皆潰。 恭將入城，雅之已閉城門。 恭單騎奔曲阿，素不習馬，髀中生瘡。 曲阿人殷確，恭故吏也，以船載恭，將奔桓玄，至長塘湖，為人所告，獲之，送京師，斬於倪塘。 恭臨刑，猶理鬚鬢，神色自若，謂臨刑者曰：「我暗於信人，所以至此，原其本心，豈不忠於社稷邪！ 但令百世之下知有王恭耳。」 並其子弟黨與皆死。 以劉牢之為都督兗、表、冀、幽、并、徐、揚州、晉陵諸軍事以代恭。
He Tanzhi, an officer on Wang Gong's staff, learned of the plot and informed Gong. Wang Gong, knowing Tanzhi's old feud with Laozhi, refused to believe him. Instead he held a feast for Laozhi, hailed him before the whole camp as an elder brother, and entrusted him with his best troops and armor, with Yan Yan leading the vanguard under his command. At Zhuli, Laozhi killed Yan Yan and went over to the court; then sent Jingxuan and his son-in-law Gao Yazhi, prefect of Dongguan, to turn on Wang Gong. Wang Gong was reviewing his troops outside the walls when Jingxuan hit him with a cavalry charge. Gong's army broke and ran. When Gong raced for the gate, Yazhi had already barred it. Gong fled alone toward Qu'e. Unused to the saddle, he rubbed raw sores on his thighs. Yin Que, a former retainer of Gong's from Qu'e, hid him in a boat bound for Huan Xuan's lines. At Changtang Lake someone informed on them; Gong was seized, sent to the capital, and executed at Nitang. At the block Wang Gong still combed his beard, serene as ever. He told the executioners: "I was a poor judge of men, and that brought me here — but judge my intent: was I not loyal to the realm? Let only posterity remember that Wang Gong lived." His kin and followers were put to death with him. Liu Laozhi was appointed commander over Yan, Biao, Ji, You, Bing, Xu, Yang, and Jinling in Wang Gong's place.
51
俄而楊佺期、桓玄至石頭，殷仲堪至蕪湖。 元顯自竹裡馳還京師，遣丹楊尹王愷等發京邑士民數萬人據石頭以拒之。 佺期、玄等上表理王恭，求誅劉牢之。 牢之帥北府之眾馳赴京師，軍於新亭。 佺期、玄見之失色，回軍蔡洲。 朝廷未知西軍虛實，仲堪等擁眾數萬，充斥郊畿，內外憂逼。
Soon Yang Qianqi and Huan Xuan arrived at Shitou and Yin Zhongkan at Wuhu. Yuanxian galloped back from Zhuli and sent Wang Kai, magistrate of Danyang, to rally tens of thousands of townspeople to hold Shitou against them. Qianqi and Huan Xuan memorialized the throne to clear Wang Gong's name and demand Liu Laozhi's death. Liu Laozhi marched the Northern Headquarters army posthaste to the capital and camped at Xinting. At the sight of Laozhi's host, Qianqi and Huan Xuan lost their color and pulled back to Caizhou. The court still could not gauge the western army's strength. Yin Zhongkan's tens of thousands packed the capital's outskirts, and fear gripped city and palace alike.
52
左衛將軍桓修，沖之子也，言於道子曰：「西軍可說而解也，修知其情矣。 殷、桓之下，專恃王恭，恭既破滅，西軍沮恐。 今若以重利啖玄及佺期，二人必內喜； 玄能制仲堪，佺期可使倒戈，取仲堪矣。」 道子納之，以玄為江州刺史。 召郗恢為尚書，以佺期代恢為都督梁、雍、秦三州諸軍事、雍州刺史。 以修為荊州刺史，權領左衛文武之鎮，又令劉牢之以千人送之。 黜仲堪為廣州刺史，遣仲堪叔父太常茂宣詔，敕仲堪回軍。
Huan Xiu, Left Guard General and son of Huan Chong, told Daozi: "The western force can be talked apart — I know how they think. Yin and Huan counted on Wang Gong alone. With him gone, their army is demoralized. Offer Huan Xuan and Yang Qianqi rich rewards and both will jump at them inwardly; Xuan can hold Yin Zhongkan in check, and Qianqi can be turned to strike him down." Daozi took the advice and made Huan Xuan Inspector of Jiang. Chi Hui was recalled to the Masters of Writing, and Qianqi replaced him as commander of Liang, Yong, and Qin and Inspector of Yong. Huan Xiu became Inspector of Jing and acting commander of the Left Guard garrison, with a thousand of Liu Laozhi's men as escort. Yin Zhongkan was demoted to Inspector of Guang, and his uncle Mao, Grand Master of Ceremonies, was sent with an edict ordering him home.
53
張驤子超收合三千餘家據南皮，自號烏桓王，抄掠諸郡。 魏王珪命庾岳討之。
Zhang Chao, son of Zhang Qiang, mustered more than three thousand households, seized Nanpi, proclaimed himself King of the Wuhuan, and plundered the surrounding commanderies. Tuoba Gui, King of Wei, sent Yu Yue to put them down.
54
楊軌屯廉川，收集夷、夏，眾至萬餘。 王乞基謂軌曰：「禿髮氏才高而兵盛，且乞基之主也，不如歸之。」 軌乃遣使降於西平王烏孤。 軌尋為羌酋梁饑所敗，西奔人零海，襲乙弗鮮卑而據其地。 烏孤謂群臣曰：「楊軌、□乞基歸誠於我，卿等不速救，使為羌人所覆，孤甚愧之。」 平西將軍渾屯曰：「梁饑無經遠大略，可一戰擒也。」
Yang Gui held Lianchuan, rallied both tribal and Chinese followers, and mustered more than ten thousand men. Wang Qiji told Yang Gui, "The Tufa are able commanders with a strong army, and they are my lords besides. We would do better to join them." Yang Gui sent envoys to submit to Tufa Wugu, King of Xiping. Soon afterward Yang Gui was routed by the Qiang chieftain Liang Ji. He fled west into Linghai, fell upon the Yifu Xianbei, and took their lands. Wugu told his court, "Yang Gui and Wang Qiji pledged themselves to me, yet you failed to rescue them in time and let the Qiang destroy them. I am deeply ashamed." Hun Tun, the Pacifier of the West, said, "Liang Ji lacks any far-sighted plan. One battle will be enough to take him."
55
饑進攻西平，西平人田玄明執太守郭幸而代之，以拒饑，遣子為質於烏孤。 烏孤欲救之，群臣憚饑兵強，多以為疑。 左司馬趙振曰：「楊軌新敗，呂氏方強，洪池以北，未可冀也。 嶺南五郡，庶幾可取。 大王若無開拓之志，振不敢言； 若欲經營四方，此機不可失也。 使羌得西平，華、夷震動，非我之利也。」 烏孤喜曰：「吾亦欲乘時立功，安能坐守窮谷乎！」 乃謂群臣曰：「梁饑若得西平，保據山河，不可複製。 饑雖驍猛，軍令不整，易破也。」 遂進擊饑，大破之。 饑退屯龍支堡。 烏孤進攻，拔之，饑單騎奔澆河，俘斬數萬，以田玄明為四平內史。 樂都太守田瑤、湟河太守張裯、澆河太守王稚皆以郡降，嶺南羌、胡數萬落皆附於烏孤。
Liang Ji marched on Xiping. Tian Xuanming of that city arrested the prefect Guo Xing, took his place, and held Ji at bay, sending his son to Wugu as a hostage. Wugu wanted to go to their aid, but his ministers feared Liang Ji's strength and mostly urged caution. Zhao Zhen, the left major, said, "Yang Gui has just been beaten, the Lü are at their peak, and nothing north of Hongchi is within reach. The five commanderies south of the mountains, however, might yet be ours. If you have no mind to expand our domain, I have nothing more to say; but if you mean to build an empire in every quarter, this chance will not come again. Let the Qiang hold Xiping and every Chinese and tribal power will tremble. That does us no good." Wugu was delighted. "I mean to seize this moment and make my mark. How can I sit forever in this wretched gorge!" He told the court, "If Liang Ji takes Xiping and holds its mountains and rivers, we will never bring him to heel again. Ji is fierce, but his troops are undisciplined. They will break easily." He marched against Liang Ji and routed him. Liang Ji fell back to Longzhi Fort. Wugu stormed the fort and took it. Liang Ji escaped alone to Jiaohe. Tens of thousands were killed or captured, and Tian Xuanming was made administrator of Siping. Tian Yao of Ledu, Zhang Chou of Huanghe, and Wang Zhi of Jiaohe all surrendered their commanderies. Several tens of thousands of Qiang and Hu households south of the mountains submitted to Wugu.
56
西秦王乾是遣秦州牧益州、武衛將軍慕兀、冠軍將軍翟瑁帥騎二萬伐吐谷渾。
Qifu Gangui of Western Qin sent Qifu Yizhou, governor of Qin, along with Mu Wu, the martial guard general, and Zhai Mao, the champion general, at the head of twenty thousand cavalry against Tuyuhun.
57
冬，十月，癸酉，燕群臣復上尊號，丙子，長樂王盛始即皇帝位，大赦，尊皇后段氏曰皇太后，太妃丁氏曰獻莊皇后。 初，蘭汗之當國也，盛從燕主寶出亡，蘭妃奉事丁後愈謹。 及汗誅，盛以妃當從坐，欲殺之； 丁後以妃有保全之功，固爭之，得免，然終不為後。
In the tenth month of winter, on guiyou day the Yan ministers once more pressed a supreme title upon their ruler. On bingzi day Murong Sheng of Changle took the throne, declared a general amnesty, raised Empress Duan to empress dowager, and made Consort Dowager Lady Ding empress with the title Xianzhuang. When Lanhan had held the state, Sheng had fled with Murong Bao. The Lan consort had served Empress Dowager Ding with redoubled devotion. After Lanhan was put to death, Sheng judged the consort guilty by association and meant to kill her; Empress Dowager Ding pleaded that the consort had saved her life and would not let the matter rest. The woman was spared, but she was never raised to empress.
58
大赦。
A general amnesty was declared.
59
殷仲堪得詔書，大怒，趣桓玄、楊佺期進軍。 玄等喜於朝命，欲受之，猶豫未決。 仲堪聞之，遽自蕪湖南歸，遣使告諭蔡洲軍士曰：「汝輩不各自散歸，吾至江陵，盡誅汝餘口。 佺期部將劉系帥二千人先歸。 玄等大懼，狼狽西還，追仲堪至尋陽，及之。 仲堪既失職，倚玄等為援，玄等亦資仲堪兵，雖內相疑阻，勢不得不合。 乃以子弟交質，壬午，盟於尋陽，俱不受朝命，連名上疏申理王恭，求誅劉牢之及譙王尚之，並訴仲堪無罪，獨被降黜。 朝廷深憚之，內外騷然。 乃復罷桓修，以荊州還仲堪，優詔慰諭，以求和解，仲堪等乃受詔。 御史中丞江績劾奏桓修專為身計，疑誤朝廷，詔免修官。
When Yin Zhongkan received the edict he was furious and ordered Huan Xuan and Yang Qianqi to march. Huan Xuan and his allies welcomed the court's summons and were inclined to obey, but they wavered. Zhongkan heard of it and raced back south from Wuhu. He sent word to the troops at Cai Prefecture: "Unless you disband and go home at once, when I reach Jiangling I will kill every one of your families left behind. Liu Xi, a commander under Qianqi, withdrew first with two thousand men. Huan Xuan and his allies were terrified. They fled west in disorder, caught up with Zhongkan at Xunyang, and overtook him. Zhongkan, stripped of office, needed Huan Xuan's support, and Huan Xuan needed Zhongkan's troops. Though they mistrusted one another, circumstances forced them together. They exchanged sons as hostages. On renwu day they swore alliance at Xunyang, rejected the court's orders together, and submitted a joint petition defending Wang Gong, demanding the deaths of Liu Laozhi and Prince Shangzhi of Qiao, and protesting that Zhongkan alone had been punished without cause. The court was deeply alarmed, and the realm was in uproar. The court removed Huan Xiu, restored Jing Province to Zhongkan, and sent a conciliatory edict. At that Zhongkan and his allies accepted the imperial command. Jiang Ji, chief inspector of the censorate, impeached Huan Xiu for serving his own interests and misleading the court. An edict stripped Xiu of his post.
60
初，桓玄在荊州，所為豪縱。 仲堪親黨皆勸仲堪殺之，仲堪不聽。 及在尋陽，資其聲地，推玄為盟主，玄愈自矜倨。 楊佺期為人驕悍，玄每以寒士裁之。 佺期甚恨，密說仲堪以玄終為患，請於壇所襲之。 仲堪忌佺期兄弟勇健，恐既殺玄，不可複製，苦禁之。 於是各還所鎮。 玄亦知佺期之謀，陰有取佺期之志，乃屯於夏口，引始安太守濟陰卞范之為長史以為謀主。 是時，詔書獨不赦庾楷，玄以楷為武昌太守。
When Huan Xuan had held Jing Province, his conduct had been arrogant and lawless. Zhongkan's intimates all urged him to kill Huan Xuan, but he refused. At Xunyang, Zhongkan leaned on Huan Xuan's prestige and domain and made him head of the alliance. Huan Xuan grew prouder than ever. Yang Qianqi was proud and violent by nature, and Huan Xuan constantly put him down as a man of low birth. Qianqi hated this and secretly urged Zhongkan that Huan Xuan would prove a lasting menace, proposing to strike him at the altar where they had sworn alliance. Zhongkan feared the Qianqi brothers' martial prowess and worried that once Huan Xuan was dead he could not control them. He forbade the plot outright. Each man then returned to his own command. Huan Xuan learned of the plot and secretly resolved to destroy Qianqi. He encamped at Xiakou and took Bian Fanzhi of Jiyin, prefect of Shian, as his chief clerk and chief adviser. The amnesty edict alone excluded Yu Kai. Huan Xuan appointed him prefect of Wuchang.
61
初，郗恢為朝廷拒西軍，玄未得江州，欲奪恢雍州，以恢為廣州。 恢聞之，懼，詢於眾，眾皆曰：「楊佺期來者，誰不戮力； 若桓玄來，恐難與為敵。」 既而聞佺期代己，乃與閭丘羨謀阻兵拒之。 佺期聞之，聲言玄來入沔，以佺期為前驅。 恢眾信之，望風皆潰，恢請降。 佺期入府，斬閭丘羨，放恢還都，至楊口，殷仲堪陰使人殺之，及其四子，託言群蠻所殺。
Chi Hui had held the western armies at bay for the court. Huan Xuan, still without Jiang Province, meant to take Yong from him and reassign him to Guang. Chi Hui was alarmed and asked his officers. They said, "If Yang Qianqi comes, every man will fight to the last; but if Huan Xuan comes, I doubt we can stand against him." Soon afterward, learning that Qianqi was to replace him, he joined Lüqiu Xian in plotting armed resistance. Qianqi heard of it and spread word that Huan Xuan was advancing up the Mian with Qianqi in the van. Chi Hui's men believed him. They broke and fled at the rumor, and Chi Hui asked to surrender. Qianqi entered the headquarters, killed Lüqiu Xian, and let Chi Hui go home. At Yangkou, Yin Zhongkan secretly had him and his four sons murdered, then claimed that tribal rebels had done it.
62
西秦乞伏益州與吐谷渾王視羆戰於度周川，視羆大敗，走保白蘭山，遣子宕豈為質於西秦以請和，西秦王乾歸以宗女妻之。
Qifu Yizhou of Western Qin fought Shipi of Tuyuhun at the Duzhou River and routed him. Shipi fled to Mount Bailan, sent his son Dangqi to Western Qin as a hostage to sue for peace, and Qifu Gangui gave him a clanswoman in marriage.
63
涼建武將軍李鸞以興城降於禿髮烏孤。
Li Luan, the Establishing-Martial general of Liang, surrendered Xingcheng to Tufa Wugu.
64
十一月，以琅邪王德文為衛將軍、開府儀同三司，征虜將軍元顯為中領軍，領軍將軍王雅為尚書左僕射。
In the eleventh month Sima Dewen of Langye became Guard General with an imperial secretariat and honors equal to the Three Excellencies; Yuan Xian, the barbarian-conquering general, became central army commander; and Wang Ya, the army commander, became left vice director of the Masters of Writing.
65
辛亥，魏王珪命尚書吏部郎鄧淵立官制，協音律，儀曹郎清河董謐制禮儀，三公郎王德定律令，太史令晁崇考天象，吏部尚書崔宏總而裁之，以為永式。 淵，羌之孫也。
On xinhai day Tuoba Gui ordered Deng Yuan of the personnel directorate to establish the official system and harmonize pitch, Dong Mi of Qinghe of the ceremonial office to draft ritual, Wang De of the three excellencies office to codify law, Chao Chong the grand astrologer to chart the heavens, and Cui Hong the minister of personnel to supervise the whole as permanent law. Deng Yuan was descended from the Qiang.
66
楊軌、王氣基帥戶數千自歸於西平王烏孤。
Yang Gui and Wang Qiji brought several thousand households and submitted to Tufa Wugu, King of Xiping.
67
十二月，己丑，魏王基珪即皇帝位，大赦，改元天興。 命朝野皆束髮加帽； 追尊遠祖毛以下二十七人皆為皇帝； 謚六世祖力微曰神元皇帝，廟號始祖； 祖什翼犍曰昭成皇帝； 廟號高祖； 父寔曰獻神明皇帝。 魏之舊俗，孟夏祀天及東廟，季夏帥眾卻霜於陰山，孟秋祀天於西郊。 至是，始依仿古制，定郊廟朝饗禮樂，然惟孟夏祀天親行，其餘多有司攝事。 又用崔宏議，自謂黃帝之後，以土德王。 徙六州二十二郡守宰、豪傑二千家於代都，東至代郡，西及善無，南極陰館，北盡參合，皆為畿內，其外四方、四維置八部師以監之。
In the twelfth month, on jichou day, Tuoba Gui took the Wei throne, declared a general amnesty, and proclaimed the Tianxing era. He ordered court and country alike to bind their hair and wear caps; posthumously raised his remote ancestor Mao and twenty-six generations after him to the rank of emperor; gave his sixth-generation ancestor Liwei the posthumous title Emperor Shenyuan and the temple name Founding Ancestor; he named his ancestor Shiyijian Emperor Zhaocheng; and gave him the temple name High Ancestor; and his father Shi Emperor Xianshenming. By old Wei custom, in early summer they sacrificed to Heaven and the eastern temple; in late summer they led the people to ward off frost at Mount Yin; in early autumn they sacrificed to Heaven at the western suburb. Now, for the first time, they modeled themselves on antiquity and fixed the ritual and music for suburban, temple, court, and feast sacrifices. Only the early-summer sacrifice to Heaven did the emperor perform in person; officials handled the rest. On Cui Hong's advice he declared himself a descendant of the Yellow Emperor and adopted the virtue of Earth as his dynastic element. He relocated two thousand leading families and their officials from twenty-two commanderies in six provinces to the capital at Dai. From Dai Commandery in the east to Shanyang in the west, Yinguan in the south, and Canhe in the north, all became the inner domain. Beyond that he placed eight division commanders in the four directions and four corners to keep watch.
68
己亥，燕幽州刺史慕容豪、尚書左僕射張通、昌黎尹張順坐謀反誅。
On jihai day Murong Hao, inspector of You, Zhang Tong, left vice director of the Masters of Writing, and Zhang Shun, magistrate of Changli, were executed for plotting rebellion.
69
初，琅邪人孫泰學妖術於錢唐杜子恭，士民多奉之。 王珣惡之，流泰於廣州。 王雅薦泰於孝武帝，雲知養性之方，召還，累官至新安太守。 泰知晉祚將終，因王恭之亂，以討恭為名，收合兵眾，聚貨巨億，三吳之人多從之。 識者皆憂其為亂，以中領軍元顯與之善，無敢言者。 會稽內史謝輶發其謀，己酉，會稽王道子使元顯誘而斬之，並其六子。 兄子恩逃入海，愚民猶以為泰蟬蛻不死，就海中資給恩。 恩乃聚合亡命，得百餘人，以謀復仇。
Sun Tai of Langye had studied occult arts under Du Zigong of Qiantang, and many townspeople followed him. Wang Xun despised him and exiled Sun Tai to Guangzhou. Wang Ya recommended him to Emperor Xiaowu as a master of the arts of longevity. Sun Tai was recalled and eventually rose to prefect of Xin'an. Sun Tai saw that the Jin mandate was failing. Using Wang Gong's rebellion as his pretext, he raised troops to "punish Gong," amassed a fortune in the hundreds of millions, and won many followers across the Three Wu region. Men of judgment feared he would rebel, but because Yuan Xian, the central army commander, was his friend, no one dared report him. Xie You, internal administrator of Kuaiji, exposed the plot. On jiyou day Simao Daozi, Prince of Kuaiji, had Yuan Xian lure Sun Tai out and execute him along with his six sons. His nephew En fled to the sea. Simple folk still believed Sun Tai had shed his body like a cicada and lived on, and they took supplies to En by sea. En gathered more than a hundred outlaws and began plotting revenge.
70
西平王禿髮烏孤更稱武威王。
Tufa Wugu, King of Xiping, took the title King of Wuwei.
71
是歲，楊盛遣使附魏，魏以盛為仇池王。」」
That year Yang Sheng sent envoys to submit to Wei, and Wei made him King of Chouji.””