1
資治通鑑第223卷
Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance, Volume 223.
2
卷第二百二十三
Volume 223.
3
【唐紀三十九】起昭陽單瘀七月，盡旃蒙大荒落十月，凡二年有奇。
[Tang Annals 39] From the seventh month of Zhaoyang Danju through the tenth month of Zhanmeng Dahuangluo—a span of slightly more than two years.
4
代宗睿文孝武皇帝上之下廣德元年（ 癸卯，公元七六三年）
Emperor Daizong the Sagely, Cultured, Filial, and Martial (lower fascicle), first year of Guangde ( guimao, 763 CE).
5
秋，七月，壬寅，群臣上尊號曰寶應元聖文武孝皇帝。 壬子，赦天下，改元。 諸將討史朝義者進官階、加爵邑有差。 冊回紇可汗為頡咄登蜜施合俱錄英義建功毘伽可汗，可敦為娑墨光親麗華毘伽可敦； 左、右殺以下，皆加封賞。
In autumn, the seventh month, on renyin, the courtiers presented the honorific title Baoying Yuansheng Wenwu Xiao Emperor. On renzi he pardoned the empire and declared a new reign era. The generals who had suppressed Shi Chaoyi were advanced in office and ennobled with estates, each according to merit. The Uyghur qaghan was invested as Qiedudeng Mishigejulü Yingyi Jiangong Pijia Qaghan, and his consort as Suomoguangqin Lihua Pijia Kedun; All ranks from the Left and Right Shas down received further honors and gifts.
6
戊辰，楊綰上貢舉條目：秀才問經義二十條，對策五道； 國子監舉人，令博士薦於祭酒，祭酒試通者升之於省，如鄉貢法。 明法，委刑部考試。 或以為明經、進士，行之已久，不可遽改。 事雖不行。 識者是之。
On wuchen, Yang Wan proposed civil-service examination rules: candidates for xiucai would answer twenty questions on classical meaning and five policy essays; Imperial Academy students would be nominated by erudites to the libationer, who would test them and send those who passed on to the provincial examinations, following the same procedure as the local-recommendation system. Legal specialists would be examined by the Ministry of Justice. Some argued that the mingjing and jinshi tracks had been established for so long that they ought not be changed overnight. The reforms were not enacted. Men of discernment nevertheless approved of Yang Wan's plan.
7
以僕固瑒為朔方行營節度使。
Pugu Chang was made military commissioner of the Shuofang field command.
8
吐蕃入大震關，陷蘭、廓、河、鄯、洮、岷、秦、成、渭等州，盡取河西、隴右之地。 唐自武德以來，開拓邊境，地連西域，皆置都督、府、州、縣。 開元中，置朔方、隴右、河西、安西、北庭諸節度使以統之，歲發山東丁壯為戍卒，繒帛為軍資，開屯田，供糗糧，設監牧，畜馬牛，軍城戍邏，萬里相望。 及安祿山反，邊兵精銳者皆征發入援，謂之行營，所留兵單弱，胡虜稍蠶食之； 數年間，西北數十州相繼淪沒，自鳳翔以西，邠州以北，皆為左衽矣。
The Tibetans broke through Dazhen Pass and overran Lan, Kuo, He, Shan, Tao, Min, Qin, Cheng, Wei, and other prefectures, seizing the whole of the Hexi and Longyou regions. From the Wude reign onward the Tang had pushed the frontier westward until it met the Western Regions, dotting the borderlands with protectorates, prefectures, districts, and counties. Under Kaiyuan, commissioners for Shuofang, Longyou, Hexi, Anxi, and Beiting were appointed to govern the frontier. Each year able-bodied men from east of the mountains were drafted as garrison soldiers, silk allotted for military expenses, farms opened to feed the troops, and pasture offices established to breed horses and cattle. Fortresses and watchposts stretched along the border for thousands of li, each within sight of the next. When An Lushan rose in revolt, the best border troops were summoned east as field armies, leaving only thin garrisons behind; steppe peoples slowly gnawed away at the frontier; Within a few years dozens of northwestern prefectures fell one after another; from Fengxiang west and Binzhou north, the land passed entirely to foreign rule.
9
初，僕固懷恩受詔與回紇可汗相見於太原； 河東節度使辛雲京以可汗乃懷恩婿，恐其合謀襲軍府，閉城自守，亦不犒師。 及史朝義既平，詔懷恩送可汗出塞，往來過太原，雲京亦閉城不與相聞。 懷恩怒，具表其狀，不報。 懷恩將朔方兵數萬屯汾州，使其子御史大夫瑒將萬人屯榆次，裨將李光逸等屯祈縣，李懷光等屯晉州，張維岳等屯沁州。 懷光，本勃海靺鞨也，姓茹，為朔方將，以功賜姓。
Earlier, Pugu Huai'en had been ordered to meet the Uyghur qaghan at Taiyuan; Hedong commissioner Xin Yunjing, knowing the qaghan was Huai'en's son-in-law, feared a joint strike on his headquarters, barred the gates, and refused even to entertain the army. After Shi Chaoyi was crushed, Huai'en was commanded to escort the qaghan home; traveling through Taiyuan again in both directions, Yunjing once more shut the gates and refused all contact. Huai'en was furious and memorialized the court in full detail, but received no answer. Huai'en camped tens of thousands of Shuofang troops at Fenzhou, sent his son Chang, the chief censor, with ten thousand men to Yuci, and posted Li Guangyi and other lieutenants at Qixian, Li Huaiguang at Jinzhou, and Zhang Weiyue at Qinzhou. Huaiguang was a Bohai Mohe by origin, family name Ru; he served as a Shuofang general and was granted the imperial surname Li for his achievements.
10
中使駱奉仙至太原，雲京厚結之，為言懷恩與回紇連謀，反狀已露。 奉仙還，過懷恩，懷恩與飲於母前，母數讓奉仙曰：「汝與吾兒約為兄弟，今又親雲京，何兩面也！」 酒酣，懷恩起舞，奉仙贈以纏頭彩。 懷恩欲酬之，曰：「來日端午，當更樂飲一日。」 奉仙固請行，懷恩匿其馬，奉仙謂左右曰：「朝來責我，又匿我馬，將殺我也。」 夜，逾垣而走； 懷恩驚，遽以其馬追還之。 八月，癸未，奉仙至長安，奏懷恩謀反； 懷恩亦具奏其狀，請誅雲京、奉仙； 上兩無所問，優詔和解之。
When the palace envoy Luo Fengxian reached Taiyuan, Yunjing won him over with lavish favors and told him Huai'en was plotting with the Uyghurs and that treason was already plain. On his return Fengxian stopped at Huai'en's camp, where Huai'en entertained him in his mother's presence. The old lady rebuked Fengxian repeatedly: "You and my son swore brotherhood — yet now you cozy up to Yunjing. What double-dealing is this!" As the wine flowed, Huai'en rose to dance, and Fengxian presented him with a silk head-wrap. Huai'en meant to repay the gift and said, "Tomorrow is the Dragon Boat Festival — let us drink together once more." Fengxian insisted on departing, but Huai'en concealed his horse. Fengxian told his men, "They berated me this morning and now they hide my horse — they intend to kill me." That night he scaled the wall and fled; Huai'en was startled and at once sent his own horse after him to fetch him back. In the eighth month, on guiwei, Fengxian reached Chang'an and accused Huai'en of treason; Huai'en likewise memorialized in full and demanded the execution of Yunjing and Fengxian; the emperor took no action against either party and issued a gracious edict urging reconciliation.
11
懷恩自以兵興以來，所在力戰，一門死王事者四十六人，女嫁絕域，說諭回紇，再收兩京，平定河南、北，功無與比，而為人構陷，憤怨殊深，上書自訟，以為：「臣昨奉詔送可汗歸國，傾竭家資，俾之上道。 行至山北，雲京、奉仙閉城不出祗迎，仍令潛行竊盜。 回紇怨怒，亟欲縱兵，臣力為彌縫，方得出塞。 雲京、奉仙恐臣先有奏論，遂復妄稱設備，與李抱玉共相組織。 臣靜而思之，其罪有六：昔同羅叛亂，臣為先帝掃清河曲，一也； 臣男玢為同羅所虜，得間亡歸，臣斬之以令眾士，二也； 臣有二女，遠嫁外夷，為國和親，蕩平寇敵，三也； 臣與男瑒不顧死亡，為國效命，四也； 河北新附，節度使皆握強兵，臣撫綏以安反側，五也； 臣說諭回紇，使赴急難，天下既平，送之歸國，六也。 臣既負六罪，誠合萬誅，惟當吞恨九泉，銜冤千古，復何訴哉！ 臣受恩至重，夙夜思奉天顏，但以來瑱受誅，朝廷不示其罪，諸道節度，誰不疑懼！ 近聞詔追數人，盡皆不至，實畏中官讒口，虛受陛下誅夷； 豈惟群臣不忠，正為回邪在側。 且臣前後所奏駱奉仙，詞情非不摭實，陛下竟無處置，寵任彌深； 皆由同類比周，蒙蔽聖聽。 竊聞四方遣人奏事，陛下皆雲與驃騎議之，曾不委宰相可否，或稽留數月不還，遠近益加疑阻。 如臣朔方將士，功效最高，為先帝中興主人，乃陛下蒙塵故吏，曾不別加優獎，反信讒嫉之詞。 子儀先已被猜，臣今又遭詆毀，弓藏鳥盡，信匪虛言。 陛下信其矯誣，何殊指鹿為馬！ 倘不納愚懇，且貴因循，臣實不敢保家，陛下豈能安國！ 忠言利行，惟陛下圖之。 臣欲公然入朝，恐將士留沮。 今托巡晉、絳，於彼遷延，乞陛下特遣一介至絳州問臣，臣即與之同發。」
Huai'en felt that since the rebellion began he had fought everywhere with all his strength: forty-six of his household had died for the throne, his daughters had been married into distant lands, he had won over the Uyghurs, retaken both capitals, and pacified Henan and Hebei — feats without parallel — yet others had framed him, and his anger ran deep. He memorialized in his own defense: "When I was lately ordered to escort the qaghan home, I drained my family's wealth to speed him on his way. North of the mountains, Yunjing and Fengxian barred their gates and refused a proper welcome, and even sent thieves to plunder us in secret. The Uyghurs were enraged and eager to attack; only by my strenuous mediation did they consent to leave the frontier. Fearing I had already reported them, Yunjing and Fengxian invented tales of defensive preparations and conspired with Li Baoyu against me. On reflection, my offenses are six in number. When the Tongluo rebelled, I cleared the Qinghe bend for the late emperor — first; my son Bin was captured by the Tongluo and escaped when he could; I executed him to stiffen the troops' resolve — second; I gave two daughters in marriage to distant peoples for the state's alliances and to help crush the rebels — third; my son Chang and I have faced death without flinching in the state's service — fourth; when Hebei had just submitted and every commissioner held a strong army, I soothed them to quiet restless hearts — fifth; I persuaded the Uyghurs to answer the empire's call, and when peace returned, escorted them home — sixth. With six such crimes to my name, I deserve death a thousand times over; I can only choke on my grief in the grave and carry this injustice forever — to whom may I appeal? I owe Your Majesty boundless grace and long day and night to see your face; yet when Lai Tian was put to death without the court stating his crime, which commissioner in the land did not grow fearful? Lately several men were summoned by imperial edict and none obeyed — they truly dread the eunuchs' slanders and expect to die on Your Majesty's order without cause; it is not that your ministers lack loyalty, but that wicked counselors stand at your side. Moreover, my repeated memorials against Luo Fengxian were grounded in fact, yet Your Majesty took no action and his favor only deepened; all because their kind band together and blind Your Majesty to the truth. I hear that when envoys from the provinces come to report, Your Majesty always says you will consult the Biaoji, never leaving matters to the chancellors, and sometimes detains them for months — so that suspicion deepens everywhere. My Shuofang troops, whose merit stands highest, who restored the late emperor and served Your Majesty in your days of exile — have received no special favor, while slander is believed against them. Guo Ziyi was already suspected; now I too am slandered — when the bow is laid away the birds are done for: the proverb is no empty saying. If Your Majesty believes their fabrications, what difference is there from calling a deer a horse! If you will not heed this humble plea and prize delay instead, I dare not hope to keep my household safe — how then can Your Majesty keep the realm secure! Honest counsel serves the realm well — I beg Your Majesty to weigh it. I wish to come to court openly, but fear my soldiers will hold me back. I now plead a tour of Jin and Jiang and linger there; I beg Your Majesty to send a single envoy to Jiangzhou to summon me, and I will set out with him at once."
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九月，壬戌，上遣裴遵慶詣懷恩諭旨，且察其去就。 懷恩見遵慶，抱其足號泣拆冤。 遵慶為言聖恩優厚，諷令入朝，懷恩許諾。 副將范志誠以為不可，曰：「公信其甘言，入則為來瑱，不復還矣！」 明日，懷恩見遵慶，以懼死為辭，請令一子入朝，志誠又以為不可，遵慶乃還。 御史大夫王翊使回紇還，懷恩先與可汗往來，恐翊洩其事，遂留之。
In the ninth month, on renxu, the emperor sent Pei Zunqing to Huai'en to deliver the imperial message and gauge his intentions. Huai'en met Zunqing, clasped his feet, and wept aloud as he pleaded his innocence. Zunqing spoke of the emperor's gracious favor and urged him to come to court; Huai'en agreed. Deputy general Fan Zhicheng objected: "Your Lordship trusts their honeyed words — enter court and you will share Lai Tian's fate and never return!" The next day Huai'en met Zunqing, pleaded fear of death, and asked to send a son to court in his stead; Zhicheng again objected, and Zunqing returned. Chief censor Wang Yi returned from his mission to the Uyghurs; Huai'en, who had earlier dealt with the qaghan, feared Yi would reveal too much and detained him.
13
吐蕃之初入寇也，邊將告急，程元振皆不以聞。 冬，十月，吐蕃寇涇州，刺史高暉以城降之，遂為之鄉導，引吐蕃深入； 過邠州，上始聞之。 辛未，寇奉天、武功，京師震駭。 詔以雍王適為關內元帥，郭子儀為副元帥，出鎮咸陽以御之。
When the Tibetans first raided the frontier, border commanders sent urgent reports, but Cheng Yuanzhen suppressed them all. In winter, the tenth month, the Tibetans attacked Jingzhou; prefect Gao Hui surrendered the city and then guided them inland; only when they passed Binzhou did the emperor first learn of the invasion. On xinwei they struck Fengtian and Wugong, and the capital was convulsed with fear. The emperor appointed Prince Yong Shi commander-in-chief of Guannei and Guo Ziyi his deputy, and sent them to hold Xianyang against the invaders.
14
子儀閒廢日久，部曲離散，至是召募，得二十騎而行，至咸陽，吐蕃帥吐谷渾、党項、氐、羌二十餘萬眾，瀰漫數十里，已自司竹園渡渭，循山而東。 子儀使判官中書舍人王延昌入奏，請益兵，程元振遏之，竟不召見。 癸酉，渭北行營兵馬使呂月將將精卒二千，破吐蕃於盩厔之西。 乙亥，吐蕃寇盩厔，月將復與力戰，兵盡，為虜所擒。
Guo Ziyi had long been sidelined and his followers scattered; he now scraped together only twenty horsemen. At Xianyang he faced more than two hundred thousand Tibetans, Tuyuhun, Tangut, Di, and Qiang spread across dozens of li — they had already crossed the Wei at Sizhu Garden and were marching east along the foothills. Guo Ziyi sent his aide, Secretariat drafter Wang Yanchang, to request reinforcements; Cheng Yuanzhen blocked the message, and the emperor never granted an audience. On guiyou, Lü Yuejiang of the Weibei field command, with two thousand elite troops, routed the Tibetans west of Zhouzhi. On yihai the Tibetans attacked Zhouzhi; Yuejiang fought again until his men were spent and he was taken prisoner.
15
上方治兵，而吐蕃已度便橋，倉猝不知所為。 丙子，出幸陝州，官吏藏竄，六軍逃散。 郭子儀聞之，遽自咸陽歸長安，比至，車駕已去。 上才出苑門，渡滻水，射生將王獻忠擁四百騎叛還長安，脅豐王珙等十王西迎吐蕃。 遇子儀於開遠門內，子儀叱之，獻忠下馬，謂子儀曰：「今主上東遷，社稷無主，令公身為元帥，廢立在一言耳。」 子儀未應。 珙越次言曰：「公何不言！」 子儀責讓之，以兵援送行在。 丁丑，車駕至華州，官吏奔散，無復供擬，扈從將士不免凍餒。 會觀軍容使魚朝恩將神策軍自陝來迎，上乃幸朝恩營。 豐王珙見上於潼關，上不之責，退至幕中，有不遜語； 群臣奏請誅之，乃賜死。
The emperor was still mustering troops when the Tibetans had already crossed Bian Bridge; caught off guard, he did not know what to do. On bingzi he fled to Shazhou; officials went into hiding and the Six Armies broke apart. Guo Ziyi heard the news and rushed from Xianyang to Chang'an, but by the time he arrived the emperor had already fled. The emperor had barely left the park gate and crossed the Ba River when hunting general Wang Xianzhong, with four hundred horsemen, mutinied, returned to Chang'an, and forced Prince Feng Gong and nine other princes to ride west and welcome the Tibetans. They met Guo Ziyi inside the Kaiyuan Gate. Guo Ziyi rebuked him; Xianzhong dismounted and said, "The sovereign has fled east and the throne stands empty; you are the commander — deposition and enthronement rest on a single word from you." Guo Ziyi did not answer. Gong broke in: "Why do you not speak!" Guo Ziyi rebuked him sharply and sent troops to escort the imperial party. On dingchou the imperial party reached Huazhou; officials had fled and no provisions could be found; the escorting troops went hungry and cold. Army-inspecting commissioner Yu Chao'en arrived from Shan with the Shence Army to welcome him, and the emperor took refuge in Chao'en's camp. Prince Feng Gong met the emperor at Tong Pass; the emperor did not rebuke him, but in his tent afterward the prince spoke insolently; the ministers memorialized for his execution, and he was ordered to take his own life.
16
戊寅，吐蕃入長安，高暉與吐蕃大將馬重英等立故邠王守禮之孫廣武王承宏為帝，改元，置百官，以前翰林學士於可封等為相。 吐蕃剽掠府庫市裡，焚閭捨，長安中蕭然一空。 苗晉卿病臥家，遣人輿入，迫脅之，晉卿閉口不言，虜不敢殺。 於是六軍散者所在剽掠，士民避亂，皆入山谷。
On wuyin the Tibetans occupied Chang'an; Gao Hui and the Tibetan general Ma Chongying installed Guangwu Prince Chenghong, grandson of the former Prince of Bin Shouli, as emperor, proclaimed a new reign era, set up a full bureaucracy, and appointed the former Hanlin academician Yu Kefeng and others as chancellors. The Tibetans looted the treasuries and markets, burned neighborhoods, and Chang'an was left utterly desolate. Miao Jinqing lay ill at home; they had him carried in on a litter and tried to coerce him, but he would not speak, and the invaders did not dare kill him. Scattered soldiers of the Six Armies then looted everywhere; soldiers and civilians fleeing the chaos took refuge in the hills.
17
辛巳，上至陝，百官稍有至者。 郭子儀引三十騎自御宿川循山而東，謂王延昌曰：「六軍將士逃潰者多在商州，今速往收之，並發武關防兵，數日間，北出藍田以向長安，吐蕃必遁。」 過藍田，遇元帥都虞候臧希讓、鳳翔節度使高昇，得兵近千人。 子儀與延昌謀曰：「潰兵至商州，官吏必逃匿而人亂。」 使延昌自直徑入商州撫諭之。 諸將方縱兵暴掠，聞子儀至，皆大喜聽命。 子儀恐吐蕃逼乘輿，留軍七盤，三日乃行，比至商州，行收兵，並武關防兵合四千人，軍勢稍振。 子儀乃泣諭將士以共雪國恥，取長安，皆感激受約束。 子儀請太子賓客第五琦為糧料使，給軍食。 上賜子儀詔，恐吐蕃東出潼關，征子儀詣行在。 子儀表稱：「臣不收京城無以見陛下，若出兵藍田，虜必不敢東向。」 上許之。 鄜坊節度判官段秀實說節度使白孝德引兵赴難，孝德即日大舉，南趣京畿，與蒲、陝、商、華合勢進擊。
On xinsi the emperor reached Shan, and a few court officials had begun to rejoin him. Guo Ziyi led thirty horsemen east along the mountains from Yusu River and told Wang Yanchang, "Most of the routed Six Armies soldiers are at Shangzhou — go quickly to rally them and call out the Wu Pass garrison; in a few days we can march north from Lantian on Chang'an, and the Tibetans will surely flee." At Lantian he met chief adjutant Zang Xirang and Fengxiang commissioner Gao Sheng and gathered nearly a thousand men. Guo Ziyi said to Yanchang, "When routed troops reach Shangzhou, officials will flee and the people will panic." He sent Yanchang straight into Shangzhou to calm them. The generals had been letting their men loot freely; when they heard Guo Ziyi had arrived, they rejoiced and submitted to his command. Fearing the Tibetans might close on the emperor's party, Guo Ziyi held his army at Qipan for three days before moving on. By the time he reached Shangzhou he had rallied troops along the route; with the Wuguan garrison included, he now had about four thousand men, and his force began to recover its footing. Guo Ziyi wept as he addressed his officers and men, urging them to share in redeeming the nation's humiliation and retaking Chang'an. Deeply stirred, they all submitted to his command. Guo Ziyi asked that Diwu Qi, a guest of the crown prince, be appointed commissary officer to supply the army with food. The emperor issued an edict to Guo Ziyi. Fearing a Tibetan thrust east through Tong Pass, he ordered Guo Ziyi to come to the imperial camp. Guo Ziyi memorialized the throne: "Your servant cannot face Your Majesty unless I retake the capital. If I move troops into Lantian, the enemy will not dare march east." The emperor granted his request. Duan Xiushi, an aide on the staff of Bianfang's military governor Bai Xiaode, persuaded Xiaode to march to the emperor's aid. That very day Xiaode mobilized in force, drove south toward the capital, and combined with troops from Pu, Shaan, Shang, and Hua for a joint advance.
18
吐蕃既立廣武王承宏，欲掠城中士、女、百工，整眾歸國。 子儀使左羽林大將軍長孫全緒將二百騎出藍田觀虜勢，令第五琦攝京兆尹，與之偕行，又令寶應軍使張知節將兵繼之。 全緒至韓公堆，晝則擊鼓張旗幟，夜則多燃火，以疑吐蕃。 前光祿卿殷仲卿聚眾近千人，保藍田，與全緒相表裡，帥二百餘騎直度滻水。 吐蕃懼，百姓又紿之曰：「郭令公自商州將大軍不知其數至矣！」 虜以為然，稍稍引軍去。 全緒又使射生將王甫入城陰結少年數百，夜擊鼓大呼於朱雀街，吐蕃惶駭，庚寅，悉眾遁去。 高暉聞之，帥麾下三百餘騎東走，至潼關，守將李日越擒而殺之。
Now that they had set up Prince of Guangwu Cheng Hong as a puppet ruler, the Tibetans planned to loot the city's scholars, women, and craftsmen before gathering their army and marching home. Guo Ziyi dispatched Zhangsun Quanxu, general of the Left Feathered Forest Guard, with two hundred horsemen from Lantian to scout the enemy. He put Diwu Qi in charge of Jingzhao as acting governor and sent him along, and ordered Zhang Zhijie of the Baoying Army to bring up reinforcements. At Hangong Dui, Quanxu kept up a show of strength by day—drums, banners, and marching—and by night he lit bonfires across the hills to confuse the Tibetans about his numbers. Yin Zhongqing, former director of the imperial sacrificial office, rallied nearly a thousand men and held Lantian. Working in concert with Quanxu, he led more than two hundred horsemen in a dash across the Chan River. The Tibetans grew alarmed, and the townspeople fed them a lie: "Commander Guo is marching from Shangzhou at the head of a huge army—no one knows how many—and he is already here!" Believing the story, the invaders began pulling their troops away. Quanxu also sent Wang Fu, an archer captain, into the city to organize several hundred youths in secret. That night they pounded drums and raised a clamor along Zhuque Street. Panic-stricken, the Tibetans withdrew in full force on gengyin. When Gao Hui heard the news, he fled east with some three hundred horsemen. At Tong Pass the garrison commander Li Riyue seized him and put him to death.
19
壬辰，詔以元載判元帥行軍司馬，以第五琦為京兆尹。 癸巳，以郭子儀為西京留守。 甲午，子儀發商州。 巳亥，以魚朝恩部將皇甫溫為陝州刺史，周智光為華州刺史。
On renchen the emperor ordered Yuan Zai to serve as deputy marshal and chief of staff of the field army, and appointed Diwu Qi governor of Jingzhao. On guisi Guo Ziyi was made commander of the Western Capital garrison. On jiawu Guo Ziyi marched out from Shangzhou. On jihai Huangfu Wen, a subordinate of Yu Chao'en, was appointed prefect of Shaanzhou, and Zhou Zhiguang was appointed prefect of Huazhou.
20
驃騎大將軍、判元帥行軍司馬程元振專權自恣，人畏之甚於李輔國。 諸將有大功者，元振皆忌疾欲害之。 吐蕃入寇，元振不以時奏，致上狼狽出幸。 上發詔征諸道兵，李光弼等皆忌元振居中，莫有至者，中外鹹切齒而莫敢發言。 太常博士柳伉上疏，以為：「犬戎犯關度隴，不血刃而入京師，劫宮闈，焚陵寢，武士無一人力戰者，此將帥叛陛下也。 陛下疏元功，委近習，日引月長，以成大禍，群臣在廷，無一人犯顏回慮者，此公卿叛陛下也。 陛下始出都，百姓填然，奪府庫，相殺戮，此三輔叛陛下也。 自十月朔召諸道兵，盡四十日，無只輪入關，此四方叛陛下也。 內外離叛，陛下以今日之勢為安邪，危邪？ 若以為危，豈得高枕，不為天下討罪人乎！ 臣聞良醫療疾，當病飲藥，藥不當病，猶無益也。 陛下視令日之病，何繇至此乎？ 必欲存宗廟社稷，獨斬元振首，馳告天下，悉出內使隸諸州，持神策兵付大臣，然後削尊號，下詔引咎，曰：『天下其許朕自新改過，宜即募士西赴朝廷； 若以朕惡未悛，則帝王大器，敢妨聖賢，其聽天下所往。』 如此，而兵不至，人不感，天下不服，臣請闔門寸斬以謝陛下。」 上以元振嘗有保護功，十一月，辛丑，削元振官爵，放歸田裡。
Cheng Yuanzhen, cavalry general and deputy chief of staff to the field marshal, ruled as he pleased, and the court feared him more than it had feared Li Fuguo. Yuanzhen envied every general of real achievement and looked for ways to destroy them. When the Tibetans invaded, Yuanzhen delayed reporting the crisis, leaving the emperor to flee the capital in confusion. The emperor called up troops from every circuit, but Li Guangbi and the other great generals resented Yuanzhen's hold on the center and stayed away. Across the empire people seethed with anger, yet no one dared say a word. Liu Kang, an academician in the Directorate of Rites, submitted a memorial arguing: "The barbarians broke through the frontier, crossed Long, and took the capital without a real fight. They plundered the palace and burned the imperial tombs, yet not one soldier stood firm in battle. That means your generals have betrayed you. You have pushed aside men of real merit and put your trust in favorites, and day by day that mistake has grown into catastrophe. Not one minister in court has had the courage to speak plainly to your face. That means your chief ministers have betrayed you. When you first fled the capital, the people rose in chaos, looted the treasury, and turned on one another. That means the capital region has betrayed you. You called up the armies on the first day of the tenth month, yet in forty days not one unit crossed the passes. That means the empire in every direction has betrayed you. Court and country alike have turned away from you. Do you think your position today is safe, or in grave danger? If you see the danger, how can you sleep easy instead of holding the guilty to account for the whole realm! A skilled physician treats the sickness at hand with the right medicine. The wrong prescription does no good at all. Look at the sickness of the present day. How did it ever come to this? If you mean to save the dynasty, begin by executing Yuanzhen and proclaiming it to the empire. Turn the inner eunuchs out to the provinces, place the Shence Army under senior ministers, renounce your inflated titles, and issue a confession of fault, saying: 'Will the realm allow me to mend my ways? Let loyal men rally at once and march west to the court; If my faults remain unreformed, I will not cling to the throne and stand in the way of worthier men. Let the realm choose where its loyalty shall lie.' Do that, and if the armies still fail to come, the people remain unmoved, and the realm refuses to follow, then let my whole family be put to death inch by inch as my apology to you." The emperor, remembering Yuanzhen's past service in protecting him, stopped short of execution. In the eleventh month, on xinchou, he stripped Yuanzhen of rank and office and sent him home to his estate.
21
王甫自稱京兆尹，聚眾二千餘人，署置官屬，暴橫長安中。 壬寅，郭子儀至滻水西，甫按兵不出。 或謂子儀，城不可入。 子儀不聽，引三十騎徐進，使人傳呼召甫； 甫失據，出迎拜伏，子儀斬之，其兵盡散。 白孝德與邠寧節度使張蘊琦將兵屯畿縣，子儀召之入城，京畿遂安。
Wang Fu proclaimed himself governor of Jingzhao, raised more than two thousand followers, set up a shadow administration, and terrorized Chang'an. On renyin Guo Ziyi arrived west of the Chan River, but Wang Fu kept his men in camp and refused to come out. Some advisers warned Guo Ziyi that it was unsafe to enter the city. Guo Ziyi ignored them. With only thirty horsemen he advanced slowly and sent a herald to summon Wang Fu. Wang Fu, losing his nerve, came out to bow before Guo Ziyi, who had him executed on the spot. His followers scattered at once. Bai Xiaode and Zhang Yunqi, military governor of Binning, were encamped at Jixian. Guo Ziyi called them into the city, and order was restored in the capital region.
22
宦官廣州市舶使呂太一發兵作亂，節度使張休棄城奔端州。 太一縱兵焚掠，官軍討平之。
Lu Taiyi, the eunuch in charge of Guangzhou's maritime trade office, raised a revolt. Military governor Zhang Xiu abandoned the city and fled to Duanzhou. Taiyi's men looted and burned at will until imperial forces put the uprising down.
23
吐蕃還至鳳翔，節度使孫志直閉城拒守，吐蕃圍之數日。 鎮西節度使馬璘聞車駕幸陝，將精騎千餘自河西入赴難； 轉斗至鳳翔，值吐蕃圍城，璘帥眾持滿外向，突入城中，不解甲，背城出戰，單騎先士卒奮擊，俘斬千計而歸。 明日，虜復逼城請戰，璘開懸門以待之。 虜引退，曰：「此將軍不惜死，宜避之。」 遂去，居於原、會、成、渭之地。
On their withdrawal the Tibetans came to Fengxiang. Military governor Sun Zhizhi shut the gates and held out, and they besieged the city for days. When Ma Lin, military governor of Zhenxi, learned that the emperor had withdrawn to Shanzhou, he led more than a thousand picked cavalry from Hexi eastward to answer the crisis. He fought through to Fengxiang, where the Tibetans were already besieging the city. Lin led his men with arrows nocked and bows drawn outward, burst through the lines into the city, and without doffing his armor sallied from the walls with the city at his back. He spurred ahead of the ranks alone and drove hard at the enemy, capturing and killing nearly a thousand before he came back in. The next day the raiders once more came up to challenge the city. Lin had the portcullis raised and waited for them. They fell back, saying, "This general has no regard for his own life. We had best stay clear of him." Then they withdrew for good and camped in the Yuan, Hui, Cheng, and Wei districts.
24
十二月，丁亥，車駕發陝州。 左丞顏真卿請上先謁陵廟，然後還宮，元載不從，真卿怒曰：「朝廷豈堪相公再壞邪！」 載由是銜之。 甲午，上至長安，郭子儀帥城中百官及諸軍迎於滬水東，伏地待罪。 上勞之曰：「用卿不早，故及於此。」
In the twelfth month, on dinghai, the emperor left Shaanzhou. Yan Zhenqing, left vice minister, urged the emperor to pay his respects at the imperial tombs before returning to the palace. Yuan Zai refused. In anger Zhenqing cried: "Can the court survive being wrecked by you again!" From that day Yuan Zai nursed a grievance against him. On jiawu the emperor entered Chang'an. Guo Ziyi led the city's officials and garrison troops to meet him east of the Hu River and prostrated himself to accept blame. The emperor comforted him, saying: "Had I used you sooner, we would never have come to this pass."1
25
以魚朝恩為天下觀軍容宣慰處置使，總禁兵，權寵無比，築城於鄠縣及中渭橋，屯兵以備吐蕃，以駱奉仙為鄠縣築城使，遂將其兵。
Yu Chao'en was made inspector-general of armies and pacification commissioner with overall command of the palace guard. His power and favor were unmatched. He built fortresses at Huxian and Zhongwei Bridge, garrisoned them against the Tibetans, put Luo Fengxian in charge of construction at Huxian, and thereby took Luo's troops under his own command.
26
乙未，以苗晉卿為太保，裴遵慶為太子少傅，並罷政事； 以宗正卿李峴為黃門侍郎、同平章事。 遵慶既去，元載權益盛，以貨結內侍董秀，使主書卓英倩潛與往來，上意所屬，載必先知之，承意探微，言無不合； 上以是愈愛之。 英倩，金州人也。
On yiwei Miao Jinqing was made grand preceptor and Pei Zunqing crown prince's junior tutor; both were dismissed from the chief council. Li Kui, director of the imperial clan office, was appointed vice director of the Chancellery and chief councilor. Once Pei Zunqing was gone, Yuan Zai's influence swelled. He bribed the eunuch Dong Xiu and used chief clerk Zhuo Yingqian as a secret go-between. Whatever the emperor had in mind, Zai learned of it first and shaped his replies so that nothing he said missed the mark. The emperor came to favor him even more. Yingqian came from Jinzhou.
27
吐蕃既去，廣武王承宏逃匿草野； 上赦下誅，丙申，放之於華州。
When the Tibetans withdrew, Prince of Guangwu Cheng Hong fled into hiding in the countryside. The emperor revoked the death sentence, and on bingshen exiled him to Huazhou.
28
程元振既得罪，歸三原，聞上還宮，衣婦人服，私入長安，復規任用，京兆府擒之以聞。
After his fall from power Cheng Yuanzhen went home to Sanyuan. When he heard the emperor was back in the capital, he disguised himself as a woman, slipped into Chang'an, and tried once more to regain office. The Jingzhao authorities seized him and reported the matter.
29
吐蕃陷松、維、保三州及雲山新築二城，西川節度使高適不能救，於是劍南西山諸州亦入於吐蕃矣。
The Tibetans took Song, Wei, and Bao and two new fortresses at Yunshan. Gao Shi, military governor of Xichuan, could not relieve them, and the western districts of Jiannan passed into Tibetan hands.
30
代宗睿文孝武皇帝上之下廣德二年（ 甲辰，公元七六四年）
Emperor Daizong the Sagely, Cultured, Filial, and Martial (lower fascicle), second year of Guangde ( jiachen, 764 CE).
31
春，正月，壬寅，敕稱程元振變服潛行，將圖不軌，長流溱州。 上念元振之功。 尋復令於江陵安置。
In spring, the first month, on renyin, an edict declared that Cheng Yuanzhen, having disguised himself and moved in secret with treasonous intent, was exiled to distant Qinzhou. The emperor still recalled Yuanzhen's earlier merits. Before long he had Yuanzhen reassigned to Jiangling instead.
32
癸卯，合劍南東、西川為一道，以黃門侍郎嚴武為節度使。
On guimao the Eastern and Western Jiannan circuits were combined into one command, with Yan Wu, vice director of the Chancellery, as military governor.
33
丙午，遣檢校刑部尚書顏真卿宣慰朔方行營。 上之在陝也，真卿請奉詔召僕固懷恩，上不許。 至是，上命真卿說諭懷恩入朝。 對曰：「陛下在陝，臣往，以忠義責之，使之赴難，彼猶有可來之理； 今陛下還宮，彼進不成勤王，退不能釋眾，召之，庸肯至乎！ 且言懷恩反者，獨辛雲京、駱奉仙、李抱玉、魚朝恩四人耳，自外群臣皆言其枉。 陛下不若以郭子儀代懷恩，可不戰而服也。」 時汾州別駕李抱真，抱玉之從父弟也，知懷恩有異志，脫身歸京師。 上方以懷恩為憂，召見抱真問計，對曰：「此不足憂也。 朔方將士思郭子儀，如子弟之思父兄。 懷恩欺其眾云『郭子儀已為魚朝恩所殺』，眾信之，故為其用耳。 陛下誠以子儀領朔方，彼皆不召而來耳。」 上然之。
On bingwu Yan Zhenqing, acting minister of justice, was sent to reassure the Shuofang field army. While the emperor was at Shaan, Zhenqing had asked to carry an edict summoning Pugu Huai'en, but the emperor refused. Now the emperor ordered Zhenqing to go and persuade Huai'en to come to court. He answered: "When Your Majesty was at Shaan, I could still have gone, appealed to his loyalty, and called him to the emperor's aid. In that situation he might have come. But now that you are back in the capital, he cannot advance as a loyal rescuer nor retreat without abandoning his army. Summon him now—why would he ever come! Besides, only Xin Yunjing, Luo Fengxian, Li Baoyu, and Yu Chao'en accuse Huai'en of rebellion. Every other minister in court says he has been wronged. Better yet, put Guo Ziyi in Huai'en's place. The army will submit without a battle." About then Li Baozhen, vice-prefect of Fenzhou and a younger cousin of Li Baoyu, realized Huai'en was turning against the throne and fled back to the capital. The emperor, deeply troubled by Huai'en, summoned Baozhen for advice. He replied: "There is no need for alarm. The Shuofang troops long for Guo Ziyi as children long for their fathers and elder brothers. Huai'en has lied to them, saying 'Guo Ziyi was killed by Yu Chao'en.' They believed him, and that is the only reason they still follow him. If you put Guo Ziyi back in command of Shuofang, they will rally to him without even being called." The emperor agreed.
34
甲寅，禮儀使杜鴻漸奏：「自今祀圜丘、方丘請以太祖配，祈谷以高祖配，大雩以大宗配，明堂以肅宗配。」 從之。
On jiayin Du Hongjian, director of rites, proposed: "Henceforth, at the Round Mound and Square Mound sacrifices let the Great Ancestor be the associate spirit; at the Praying-for-Grain rite let the High Ancestor be associated; at the Great Rain-Prayer let the Great Lineage Ancestor be associated; and at the Bright Hall let Emperor Suzong be associated." The emperor accepted it.
35
乙卯，立雍王適為太子。
On yimao Prince of Yong Li Shi was made crown prince.
36
吐蕃之入長安也，諸軍亡卒及鄉曲無賴子弟相聚為盜； 吐蕃既去，猶竄伏南山子午等五穀，所在為患。 丁巳，以太子賓客薛景仙為南山五穀防禦使，以討之。
During the Tibetan occupation of Chang'an, army deserters and local troublemakers banded together as robbers. Even after the Tibetans left, these men remained hidden in the five valleys of the Southern Mountains, including Ziwu, plaguing the countryside. On dingsi Xue Jingxian, a guest of the crown prince, was made commissioner for suppressing bandits in the five valleys of the Southern Mountains.
37
魏博節度使田承嗣奏名所管曰天雄軍，從之。
Tian Chengsi, military governor of Weibo, asked that his command be named the Tianxiong Army, and the request was granted.
38
僕固懷恩既不為朝廷所用，遂與河東都將李竭誠潛謀取太原； 辛雲京覺之，殺竭誠，乘城設備。 懷恩使其子瑒將兵攻之，雲京出與戰，瑒大敗而還，遂引兵圍榆次。 上謂郭子儀曰：「懷恩父子負朕實深。 聞朔方將士思公如枯旱之望雨，公為朕鎮撫河東，汾上之師必不為變。」 戊午，以子儀為關內、河東副元帥、河中節度等使。 懷恩將士聞之，皆曰：「吾輩從懷恩為不義，何面目見汾陽王！」
Cut off from favor at court, Pugu Huai'en secretly joined Hedong commander Li Jiechen in a plot to take Taiyuan. Xin Yunjing uncovered the plot, executed Jiechen, and put the city on alert. Huai'en sent his son Yang against the city. Xin Yunjing marched out to meet him and routed the attack. Yang withdrew and then laid siege to Yuci instead. The emperor told Guo Ziyi: "Huai'en and his son have betrayed me utterly. I am told the Shuofang troops yearn for you as drought-stricken fields yearn for rain. Go pacify Hedong for me, and the armies on the Fen will not turn against us." On wuwu Guo Ziyi was made deputy marshal of Guannei and Hedong and military governor of Hedongzhong, among other posts. When Huai'en's troops heard the news, they said among themselves: "We followed him into wrongdoing. What shame could we show before the Prince of Fenyang!"2
39
癸亥，以劉晏為太子賓客，李峴為詹事，並罷政事。 晏坐與程元振交通； 元振獲罪，峴有力焉，由是為宦官所疾，故與晏皆罷。 以右散騎常侍王縉為黃門侍郎，太常卿杜鴻漸為兵部侍郎，並同平章事。
On guihai Liu Yan was made a guest of the crown prince and Li Kui crown prince's household superintendent; both left the chief council. Liu Yan, though removed from office, kept up ties with Cheng Yuanzhen. Li Kui had helped bring Yuanzhen down. The eunuchs hated him for it, and both he and Liu Yan were removed from their posts. Wang Jin, right regular attendant of the Palace Censorate, was appointed vice director of the Yellow Gate Department, and Du Hongjian, minister of rites, was made vice minister of war. Both joined the chief council.
40
丁卯，以郭子儀為朔方節度大使。 二月，子儀至河中。 雲南子弟萬人戍河中，將貪卒暴，為一府患，子儀斬十四人，杖三十人，府中遂安。
On dingmao Guo Ziyi was named grand ambassador of the Shuofang headquarters. In the second month Guo Ziyi arrived at Hezhong. Ten thousand Yunnan conscripts garrisoned the city. Their commanders were rapacious and the men unruly, and the whole prefecture suffered for it. Guo Ziyi beheaded fourteen and had thirty flogged, and order returned.
41
癸酉，上朝獻太清宮； 甲戌，享太廟； 乙亥，祀昊天上帝於圜丘。
On guiyou the emperor went to court and offered sacrifice at the Grand Supreme Palace. On jiaxu he offered at the Imperial Ancestral Temple. On yihai he sacrificed to Heaven on the round altar.
42
僕固瑒圍榆次，旬餘不拔； 遣使急發祁縣兵，李光逸盡與之。 士卒未食，行不能前，十將白玉、焦暉緊鳴鏑射其後者，軍士曰：「將軍何乃射人？」 玉曰：「今從人反，終不免死； 死一也，射之何傷！」 至榆次，瑒責期遲，胡人曰：「我乘馬，乃漢卒不行耳。」 瑒捶漢卒，卒皆怨怒，曰：「節度使黨胡人。」 其夕，焦暉、白玉帥眾攻瑒，殺之。 僕固懷恩聞之，入告其母。 母曰：「吾語汝勿反，國家待汝不薄，今眾心既變，禍必及我，將如之何！」 懷恩不對，再拜而出。 母提刀逐之曰：「吾為國家殺此賊，取其心以射三軍。」 懷恩疾走，得免，遂與麾下三百渡河北走。
Pugu Chang laid siege to Yuci but could not storm it for more than ten days. Chang sent urgent messengers to Qi county for reinforcements, and Li Guangyi sent every man he had. The men had not been fed and could barely march. Subordinate commanders Bai Yu and Jiao Hui kept sounding signal arrows and shooting stragglers. The troops cried out, "General, why are you shooting your own men?" Bai Yu replied, "We are already following a rebel. Sooner or later we die for it. Death is death either way. A few more corpses will not hurt!" When they reached Yuci, Chang rebuked them for being late. One of the non-Han officers said, "We came on horseback. It was the Han soldiers who would not march." Chang had the Han troops beaten. They seethed with anger. "The commissioner takes the side of the barbarians," they said." That night Jiao Hui and Bai Yu led the men in a surprise attack on Chang and killed him. Pugu Huai'en heard the news and went to tell his mother. She said, "I warned you not to rebel. The court has been generous to you. Now the troops have turned, and disaster will surely come to me as well. What are we to do!" Huai'en said nothing. He bowed twice and left. She seized a knife and ran after him, shouting, "I will kill this traitor for the empire and cut out his heart to show the army!" Huai'en ran for his life and got away. With three hundred followers he crossed the Yellow River northward and fled.
43
時朔方將渾釋之守靈州，懷恩檄至，雲全軍歸鎮，釋之曰：「不然，此必眾潰矣。」 將拒之，其甥張韶曰：「彼或翻然改圖，以眾歸鎮，何可不納也！」 釋之疑未決。 懷恩行速，先候者而至，釋之不得已納之。 張韶以其謀告懷恩，懷恩以韶為間，殺釋之而收其軍，使韶主之； 既而曰：「釋之，舅也，彼尚負之，安有忠於我哉！」 他日，以事杖之，折其脛，置於彌峨城而死。
The Shuofang officer Hun Shizhi was then holding Lingzhou. When Huai'en's notice arrived proclaiming that the entire army was coming back to its post, Shizhi said, "That cannot be right. The men must have broken and scattered." He was about to shut them out when his nephew Zhang Shao said, "They may yet change their minds and march back under command. How can we refuse to let them in!" Shizhi wavered, unable to decide. Huai'en moved fast. His advance parties arrived ahead of the main body, and Shizhi had no choice but to let them in. Zhang Shao told Huai'en what he had done. Huai'en treated Shao as a traitor, killed Shizhi, took over his troops, and put Shao in command; then said, "Shizhi was his uncle, and Shao betrayed even him. How could he ever be loyal to me!" Later he had Shao flogged on some pretext, broke both his legs, and left him at Miyi to die.
44
都虞候張維岳在沁州，聞懷恩去，乘傳至汾州，撫定其眾，殺焦暉、白玉而竊其功，以告郭子儀。 子儀使牙官盧諒至汾州，維岳賂諒，使實其言。 子儀奏維岳殺瑒，傳首詣闕。 群臣入賀，上慘然不悅，曰：「朕信不及人，致勳臣顛越，深用為愧，又何賀焉！」 命輦懷恩母至長安，給待優厚，月餘，以壽終； 以禮葬之，功臣皆感歎。
Chief army supervisor Zhang Weiyue was at Qinzhou. When he learned Huai'en had fled, he rode by post relay to Fenzhou, rallied the troops, killed Jiao Hui and Bai Yu, stole the glory for himself, and reported all this to Guo Ziyi. Guo Ziyi sent staff officer Lu Liang to Fenzhou. Weiyue bribed Liang to confirm his story. Guo Ziyi reported that Weiyue had killed Chang and forwarded the head to court. When the ministers came to congratulate him, the emperor looked grim. "I have been too slow to trust my men," he said, "and a meritorious servant has come to ruin. I am deeply ashamed. What is there to celebrate!" He had Huai'en's mother brought to Chang'an by imperial carriage and treated her with every mark of honor. After a month or so she died peacefully in old age. She was buried with full honors, and every distinguished officer was moved.
45
戊寅，郭子儀如汾州，懷恩之眾數萬悉歸之，鹹鼓舞涕泣，喜其來而悲其晚也。 子儀知盧諒之詐，杖殺之。 上以李抱真言有驗，遷殿中少監。
On wuyin Guo Ziyi went to Fenzhou. Tens of thousands of the men who had followed Huai'en rallied to him. They cheered and wept together, glad he had come and sorry he had come so late. Guo Ziyi saw through Lu Liang's deception and had him flogged to death. Because Li Baozhen's warning had proved true, the emperor made him assistant director of the Palace Directorate.
46
上之幸陝也，李光弼竟遷延不至； 上恐遂成嫌隙，其母在河中，數遣中使存問之。 吐蕃退，除光弼東都留守以察其去就； 光弼辭以就江、淮糧運，引兵歸徐州。 上迎其母至長安，厚加供給，使其弟光進掌禁兵，遇之加厚。
When the emperor withdrew to Shanzhou, Li Guangbi kept putting off his arrival and never came. The emperor feared a lasting breach. Guangbi's mother was at Hezhong, and he sent palace envoys again and again to show her care. After the Tibetan withdrawal the emperor named Guangbi regent of the eastern capital, the better to see whether he would come or stay away. Guangbi excused himself on the ground of overseeing grain convoys on the Yangzi and Huai and marched his army back to Xuzhou. The emperor brought Guangbi's mother to Chang'an and lavished gifts on her. He put Guangbi's younger brother Guangjin in command of the palace guard and showed him even more favor than before.
47
戊子，赦天下。
On wuzi the empire was granted a general amnesty.
48
自喪亂以來，汴水堙廢，漕運者自江、漢抵梁、洋，迂險勞費。 三月，己酉，以太子賓客劉晏為河南、江、淮以來轉運使，議開汴水。 庚戌，又命晏與諸道節度使均節賦役，聽從便宜行畢以聞。 時兵火之後，中外艱食，關中米斗千錢，百姓挼穗以給禁軍，宮廚無兼時之積。 晏乃疏浚汴水，遺元載書，具陳漕運利病，令中外相應。 自是每歲運米數十萬石以給關中，唐世稱漕運之能者，推晏為首，後來者皆遵其法度雲。
Since the rebellion the Bian Canal had silted up and fallen into disuse. Grain had to be shipped from the Yangzi and Han to Liang and Yang by long, dangerous detours at enormous cost. In the third month, on jiyou, Liu Yan, guest of the crown prince, was appointed transport commissioner for the lands south of Henan and the Jiang and Huai, with orders to study reopening the Bian Canal. On gengxu he was further instructed, together with the circuit military governors, to balance taxes and corvée across the empire, acting as circumstances required and reporting afterward. After years of war the empire starved. In Guanzhong a dou of rice cost a thousand cash. Farmers stripped standing grain by hand to feed the palace guard, and the imperial kitchens could not stock even a day's surplus. Yan dredged the Bian Canal, wrote Yuan Zai a detailed account of the costs and benefits of canal transport, and coordinated court and provinces in the effort. Thereafter several hundred thousand shi of grain reached Guanzhong every year. Tang historians rank Liu Yan first among masters of canal transport; later generations followed his methods.
49
甲子，盛王琦薨。
On jiazi Prince Sheng Qi died.
50
党項寇同州，郭子儀使開府儀同三司李國臣擊之，曰：「虜得間則出掠，官軍至則逃入山，宜使羸師居前以誘之，勁騎居後以覆之。」 國臣與戰於澄城北，大破之，斬首捕虜千餘人。
Tangut raiders struck Tongzhou. Guo Ziyi sent Li Guochen against them with this instruction: "They slip out to loot whenever they see a gap, then vanish into the hills when troops appear. Put a thin screen of men out front as bait and hold your best cavalry in reserve to fall on them from behind." Guochen met them north of Chengcheng and broke them utterly, killing or capturing more than a thousand.
51
夏，五月，癸丑，初行《五紀歷》。
In the fifth month, on guichou, the court began using the Five Records Calendar.
52
庚申，禮部侍郎楊綰奏歲貢教弟力田無實狀，及童子科皆僥倖； 悉罷之。
On gengshen Vice Minister of Rites Yang Wan memorialized that the annual quotas for filial sons and diligent farmers were empty formalities and that the prodigy examination was nothing but a shortcut to office. The emperor abolished them all.
53
郭子儀以安、史昔據洛陽，故諸道置節度使以制其要衝； 今大盜已平，而所在聚兵，耗蠹百姓，表請罷之，仍自河中為始。 六月，庚辰，敕罷河中節度及耀德軍。 子儀復請罷關內副元帥； 不許。
Guo Ziyi argued that circuit military commissioners had been created to hold the key passes while An Lushan and Shi Siming held Luoyang. Now the great rebellion was over, yet armies still crowded every province and bled the people dry. He petitioned to abolish the commissions, beginning at Hezhong. In the sixth month, on gengchen, an edict dissolved the Hezhong commission and the Yaode Army. Guo Ziyi again asked to be relieved of the deputy marshalship over Guannei. The request was denied.
54
僕固懷恩至靈武，收合散亡，其眾復振。 上厚撫其家，癸未，下詔，稱其「勳勞著於帝室，及於天下。 疑隙之端，起自群小，察其深衷，本無他志； 君臣之義，情實如初。 但以河北既平，朔方已有所屬，宜解河北副元帥、朔方節度等使，其太保兼中書令、大寧郡王如故。 但當詣闕，更勿有疑。」 懷恩竟不從。 秋，七月，庚子，稅天下青苗錢以給百官俸。
Pugu Huai'en reached Lingwu, reassembled his broken bands, and his force revived. The emperor continued to show his family every kindness. On guimwei he issued an edict declaring, "His services stand recorded in the annals of the dynasty and of the realm. The seeds of mistrust were sown by petty men. Look closely at his heart, and he never meant treason. The bond between ruler and subject is unchanged in spirit and truth. But Hebei is pacified and Shuofang already has its commander. Relieve him of the deputy marshalship of Hebei, the Shuofang commission, and like posts. Let his grand guardian rank, chief councilorship, and title as Prince of Daining stand unchanged. Let him come to court and put doubt aside." Huai'en still refused. In the seventh month, on gengzi, the court levied a green-crop tax empire-wide to pay official salaries.
55
大尉兼侍中、河南副元帥、臨淮武穆王李光弼，治軍嚴整，指顧號令，諸將莫敢仰視，謀定而後戰，能以少制眾，與郭子儀齊名。 及在徐州，擁兵不朝，諸將田神功等不復稟畏，光弼愧恨成疾，己酉，薨。 八月，丙寅，以王縉代光弼都統河南、淮西、山南東道諸行營。
Li Guangbi, Grand Marshal, Palace Secretary, deputy marshal of Henan, and Prince Linhuai the Martial and Solemn, ran an army of iron discipline. At a glance or a shouted order his generals kept their eyes down. He fought only after careful planning and could defeat larger forces with smaller ones. His fame matched Guo Ziyi's. At Xuzhou he held his army and stayed away from court. Generals like Tian Shengong no longer feared him. Shame and bitterness consumed him until, on jiyou, he died. In the eighth month, on bingyin, Wang Jin replaced Guangbi as overall commander of the field camps on the Henan, Huaixi, and Shannan East circuits.
56
郭子儀自河中入朝，會涇原奏僕固懷恩引回紇、吐蕃十萬眾將入寇，京師震駭，詔子儀帥諸將出鎮奉天。 上召問方略，對曰：「懷恩無能為也。」 上曰：「何故？」 對曰：「懷恩勇而少恩，士心不附，所以能入寇者，因思歸之士耳。 懷恩本臣偏裨，其麾下皆臣部曲，必不忍以鋒刃相向，以此知其無能為也。」 辛巳，子儀發，赴奉天。
Guo Ziyi came to court from Hezhong just as Jingyuan reported that Pugu Huai'en was marching on the capital at the head of a hundred thousand Uyghurs and Tibetans. Chang'an panicked. The emperor ordered Guo Ziyi to lead the generals out to hold Fengtian. The emperor asked his plan. He answered, "Huai'en can do nothing serious." "Why?" the emperor asked." "He is brave but never shows grace," Guo Ziyi said. "The men do not love him. They follow him only because they want to go home. Huai'en was once my junior officer. The troops at his back are still my own old commands. They will not willingly cut one another down. That is how I know he cannot succeed." On xinsi Guo Ziyi marched for Fengtian.
57
甲午，加王縉東都留守。
On jiawu Wang Jin was also named regent of the eastern capital.
58
河中尹兼節度副使崔□發鎮兵西御吐蕃，為法不一。 九月，丙申，鎮兵作亂，掠官府及居民，終夕乃定。
Cui Yu, governor of Hezhong and deputy military commissioner, sent garrison troops west against the Tibetans, but enforced the rules unevenly. In the ninth month, on bingchen, the garrison mutinied and looted government offices and private homes. The disturbance lasted until dawn.
59
丙午，加河東節度使辛雲京同平章事。
On bingwu Hedong military commissioner Xin Yunjing was added to the chief council.
60
辛亥，以郭子儀充北道邠寧、涇原、河西以來通和吐蕃使，以陳鄭?□舐航躎度使李抱玉充南道通和吐蕃使。 子儀聞吐蕃逼邠州，甲寅，遣其子朔方兵馬使晞將兵萬人救之。
On xinhai Guo Ziyi was appointed envoy to negotiate peace with Tibet along the northern line from Binning, Jingyuan, and Hexi, and Li Baoyu, commissioner of Chen-Zheng and Zelu, was named envoy on the southern line. Hearing that the Tibetans were closing on Binzhou, on jiayin Guo Ziyi sent his son Guo Xi, Shuofang cavalry officer, with ten thousand men to its relief.
61
己未，劍南節度使嚴武破吐蕃七萬眾，拔當狗城。
On jiwei Jiannan military commissioner Yan Wu broke seventy thousand Tibetans and captured Danggou.
62
關中蟲蝗、霖雨，米斗千餘錢。
Locusts and floods ravaged Guanzhong, and a dou of rice cost more than a thousand cash.
63
僕固懷恩前軍至宜祿，郭子儀使右兵馬使本國臣將兵為郭晞後繼。 邠寧節度使白孝德敗吐蕃於宜祿。 冬，十月，懷恩引回紇、吐蕃至晞州，白教德、郭晞閉城拒守。
Pugu Huai'en's vanguard reached Yilu. Guo Ziyi sent Li Guochen, right cavalry commander, with troops to support Guo Xi from behind. Binning military commissioner Bai Xiaode routed the Tibetans at Yilu. In the tenth month Huai'en brought his Uyghurs and Tibetans to Binzhou. Bai Xiaode and Guo Xi shut the gates and held the city.
64
庚午，嚴武拔吐蕃鹽川城。
On gengwu Yan Wu captured Yanchuan from the Tibetans.
65
僕固懷恩與回紇、吐蕃進逼奉天，京師戒嚴。 諸將請戰，郭子儀不許，曰：「虜深入吾地，利於速戰，吾堅壁以待之，彼以吾為怯，必不戒，乃可破也。 若遽戰而不利，則眾心離矣。 敢言戰者斬！」 辛未夜，子儀出陳於乾陵之南，壬申未明，虜眾大至。 虜始以子儀為無備，欲襲之，忽見大軍，驚愕，遂不戰而退。 子儀使裨將李懷光等將五千騎追虜，至麻亭而還。 虜至邠州，丁丑，攻之，不克； 乙酉，虜涉涇而遁。
Pugu Huai'en and his Uyghur and Tibetan allies pressed Fengtian, and Chang'an went on full alert. His generals begged to attack. Guo Ziyi refused. "The enemy is deep in our country and wants a quick fight," he said. "I will hold fast behind the walls and wait. They will think us timid and drop their guard. That is when we can break them. If we rush into battle and lose, the army's heart will break. Whoever urges battle will be executed!" On the night of xinwei Guo Ziyi drew up his ranks south of Qianling. Before dawn on renshen the enemy host appeared in full force. They had assumed Guo Ziyi was unprepared and meant to rush him. When the full host materialized they recoiled in shock and withdrew without giving battle. Guo Ziyi sent his lieutenants Li Huai'guang and others with five thousand cavalry in pursuit. They rode as far as Mating, then turned back. The enemy reached Binzhou. On dingchou they assaulted the city without success; On yiyou they forded the Jing and withdrew.
66
懷恩之南寇也，河西節度使楊志烈發卒萬千，謂監軍柏文達曰：「河西銳卒，盡於此矣。 君將之以攻靈武，則懷恩有返顧之慮，此亦救京師之一奇也！」 文達遂將其眾擊摧砂堡、靈武縣，皆下之，進攻靈州。 懷恩聞之，自永壽遽歸，使蕃、渾二千騎夜襲文達，大破之，士卒死者殆半。 文達將餘眾歸涼州，哭而入。 志烈迎之曰：「此行有安京室之功，卒死何傷。」 士卒怨其言。 未幾，吐蕃圍涼州，士卒不為用； 志烈奔甘州，為沙陀所殺，涼州遂陷。 沙陀姓朱耶，世居沙陀磧，因以為名。
During Huai'en's southern raid, Yang Zhilie, military governor of Hexi, mustered ten thousand men and told the army overseer Bai Wenda: "Every elite soldier Hexi can field is in this force. Lead them against Lingwu and Huai'en will have to look over his shoulder—that would be one bold stroke to relieve the capital!" Bai Wenda marched his men against Cuisha Fort and Lingwu County, captured both, and pressed on toward Lingzhou. Huai'en heard the news, rushed back from Yongshou, and sent two thousand Tibetan and Hun cavalry to strike Bai Wenda by night. The rout was devastating—nearly half his men were killed. Bai Wenda withdrew what was left of his army to Liangzhou and came through the gates in tears. Yang Zhilie greeted him and said: "This mission served the dynasty. What does it matter if some men fell?" The troops seethed at his remark. Soon afterward the Tibetans besieged Liangzhou, and the troops refused to fight for him; Yang Zhilie fled to Ganzhou, where the Shatuo killed him, and Liangzhou fell. The Shatuo took the surname Zhuye. They had lived for generations in the Shatuo Desert, and from that tract they took their name.
67
十一月，丁未，郭子儀自行營入朝。 郭晞在邠州，縱士卒為暴，節度使白孝德患之，以子儀故，不敢言； 涇州剌史段秀實自請補都虞侯，孝德從之。 既署一月，晞軍士十七人入市取酒，以刃刺酒翁，壞釀器，秀實列卒取十七人首注槊上，植市門。 晞一營大噪，盡甲。 孝德震恐，召秀實曰：「奈何？」 秀實曰：「無傷也，請往解之。」 孝德使數十人從行，秀實盡辭去，選老躄者一人持馬至晞門下。 甲者出，秀實笑且入，曰：「殺一老卒，何甲也！ 吾戴吾頭來矣。」 甲者愕。 因諭曰：「尚書負若屬邪，副元帥負若屬邪？ 奈何欲以亂敗郭氏！」 晞出，秀實讓之曰：「副元帥勳塞天地，當念始終。 今尚書恣卒為暴，行且致亂，亂則罪及副元帥； 亂由尚書出，然則郭氏功名，其存者幾何！」 言未畢，晞再拜曰：「公幸教晞以道，恩甚大，敢不從命！」 顧叱左右：「皆解甲，散還火伍中，敢嘩者死！」 秀實因留宿軍中。 晞通夕不解衣，戒候卒擊柝衛秀實。 旦，俱至孝德所，謝不能，請改。 邠州由是無患。
In the eleventh month, on dingwei, Guo Ziyi came to court from his headquarters. Guo Xi was stationed at Binzhou, where he allowed his men to run riot. Military governor Bai Xiaode was appalled but held his tongue out of deference to Guo Ziyi; Jingzhou prefect Duan Xiushi volunteered for the post of chief law officer, and Bai Xiaode agreed. Within a month of his appointment, seventeen of Guo Xi's soldiers went into town for wine, stabbed the vintner, and smashed his equipment. Duan Xiushi had his men decapitate all seventeen and mounted the heads on spears at the market gate. Guo Xi's entire unit erupted in uproar and every man donned armor. Bai Xiaode was terrified. He summoned Duan Xiushi and asked: "What now?" Duan Xiushi said: "It is nothing serious. Let me go and calm them." Bai Xiaode offered him an escort of several dozen men. Duan Xiushi refused them all, took only one elderly lame attendant to hold his horse, and rode alone to Guo Xi's gate. Armed soldiers came out to meet him. Duan Xiushi smiled as he entered and said: "You arm yourselves to kill one old man? I have brought my own head with me." The soldiers stood frozen. He reasoned with them: "Has Governor Guo wronged you? Has the Deputy Marshal wronged you? Why would you destroy the Guo family's honor by rebellion!" Guo Xi came out. Duan Xiushi rebuked him: "The Deputy Marshal's achievements fill heaven and earth. Think of what is at stake from first to last. Your father lets his men run wild. That will soon bring disorder—and when it does, the blame will fall on the Deputy Marshal; If the trouble starts with the Governor, how much of the Guo family's glory will survive!" Before he could finish, Guo Xi bowed deeply and said: "You have instructed me most kindly. The debt is great—I will not fail you!" He turned and shouted to his men: "Strip your armor and return to your units! Anyone who raises a clamor will die!" Duan Xiushi spent the night in the camp. Guo Xi did not undress all night. He ordered the guards to keep watch and protect Duan Xiushi. At dawn both men went to Bai Xiaode to apologize and pledge reform. Binzhou was untroubled from that day on.
68
五穀防禦使薛景仙討南山群盜，連月不克，上命李抱玉討之。 賊帥高玉最強，抱玉遣兵馬使李崇客將四百騎自洋州入，襲之於桃虢川，大破之； 玉走成固。 庚申，山南西道節度使張獻誠擒玉，獻之，餘盜皆平。
Xue Jingxian, commissioner for the defense of Wugu, had been fighting the bandit gangs of the Southern Mountains for months without success. The emperor ordered Li Baoyu to take over the campaign. The strongest of the bandit leaders was Gao Yu. Li Baoyu sent his cavalry commander Li Chongke with four hundred horsemen from Yangzhou to ambush them at Taoguochuan and broke them utterly; Gao Yu fled to Chenggu. On gengshen Zhang Xiancheng, military governor of the Western Mountain-South Circuit, seized Gao Yu and sent him to the throne. The remaining outlaws were wiped out.
69
十二月，乙丑，加郭子儀尚書令。 子儀以為：「自太宗為此官，累聖不復置，近皇太子亦嘗為之，非微臣所宜當。」 固辭不受，還鎮河中。
In the twelfth month, on yichou, Guo Ziyi was named Director of the Secretariat. Guo Ziyi argued: "Emperor Taizong was the last sovereign to hold this title; no later emperor revived it. Even the crown prince once occupied it. The post is not for a subject such as I." He steadfastly refused the appointment and returned to his command at Hezhong.
70
是歲，戶部奏：戶二百九十餘萬，口一千六百九十餘萬。
That year the Ministry of Revenue reported 2.9 million registered households and 16.9 million persons.
71
上遣于闐王勝還國，勝固請留宿衛，以國授其弟曜； 上許之，加勝開府儀同三司，賜爵武都王。
The emperor sent the King of Khotan, Sheng, home. Sheng begged to stay on as a palace guard and entrusted his kingdom to his younger brother Yao; The emperor agreed, made Sheng an honorary third-rank grand dignitary, and ennobled him as Prince of Wudu.
72
代宗睿文孝武皇帝上之下永泰元年（ 乙巳，公元七六五年）
Emperor Daizong the Sagely, Cultured, Filial, and Martial (lower fascicle), first year of Yongtai ( yisi, AD 765).
73
春，正月，癸卯朔，改元，赦天下。
In spring, on the first day of the first month (guimao), the era name was changed and a general amnesty was proclaimed.
74
戊申，加陳鄭、澤潞節度使李抱玉鳳翔、隴右節度使，以其從弟殿中少監抱真為澤潞節度副使。 抱真以山東有變，上黨為兵沖，而荒亂之餘，土瘠民困，無以贍軍，乃籍民，每三丁選一壯者，免其租徭，給弓矢，使農隙習射，歲暮都試，行其賞罰。 比三年，得精兵二萬，既不費廩給，府庫充實，遂雄視山東。 由是天下稱澤潞步兵為諸道最。
On wushen Li Baoyu, military governor of Chen-Zheng and Ze-Lu, was also made military governor of Fengxiang and Longyou. His younger cousin Li Baozhen, minor inspector of the palace directorate, was appointed his deputy at Ze-Lu. With Shandong in turmoil and Shangdang on the main military route, Li Baozhen faced a land ruined by war, soil exhausted and people impoverished, with no way to feed his troops. He registered the population and selected one able-bodied man from every three households, exempting him from rent and labor service and arming him with bow and arrows. In the slack season between harvests the men trained in archery; at year's end the whole command was tested and rewards and punishments meted out. Within three years he had twenty thousand elite troops. Because he did not drain the granaries, his stores stayed full, and he came to dominate Shandong. From then on the Ze-Lu foot soldiers were reckoned the finest in the empire.
75
二月，戊寅，党項寇富平，焚定陵殿。
In the second month, on wuyin, Tangut raiders struck Fuping and burned the hall at Emperor Ding's mausoleum.
76
庚辰，儀王璲薨。
On gengchen Prince Yi, Li Lin, died.
77
三月，壬辰朔，命左僕射裴冕、右僕射郭英乂等文武之臣十三人於集賢殿待制。 左拾遺洛陽獨孤及上疏曰：「陛下召冕等待制以備詢問，此五帝盛德也。 頃者陛下雖容其直，而不錄其言，有容下之名，無聽諫之實，遂使諫者稍稍鉗口飽食，相招為祿仕，此忠鯁之人所以竊歎，而臣亦恥之。 今師興不息十年矣，人之生產，空於杼軸。 擁兵者第館亙街陌，奴婢厭酒肉，而貧人羸餓就役，剝膚及髓。 長安城中白晝椎剽，吏不敢詰，官亂職廢，將惰卒暴，百揆隳剌，如沸粥紛麻，民不敢訴於有司，有司不敢聞於陛下，茹毒飲痛，窮而無告。 陛下不以此時思所以救之之術，臣實懼焉。 今天下惟朔方、隴西有吐蕃、僕固之虞，邠涇、鳳翔之兵足以當之矣。 自此而往，東洎海，南至番禺，西盡巴、蜀，無鼠竊之盜而兵不為解。 傾天下之貨，竭天下之谷，以給不用之軍，臣不知其故。 假令居安思危，自可厄要害之地，俾置屯御，悉休其餘，以糧儲屝屨之資充疲人貢賦，歲可減國租之半。 陛下豈可持疑於改作，使率土之患日甚一日乎！」 上不能用。
In the third month, on the first day (renchen), thirteen civil and military officials including left vice director Pei Mian and right vice director Guo Yingyi were ordered to stand ready for imperial consultation in the Hall of Assembled Worthies. Du Guji of Luoyang, left remonstrance official, submitted a memorial: "Your Majesty has called Pei Mian and the others to stand ready for consultation. That is the virtue of the sage rulers of antiquity. Yet lately, though Your Majesty has tolerated blunt counsel, you have not acted on it. You have the reputation of openness but not the practice of listening. Remonstrators have gradually fallen silent, content to draw their salaries and invite one another into office for pay alone. That is why honest men sigh in private—and why I am ashamed as well. War has not ceased for ten years. The people's labor is exhausted at the loom and spindle. Men who hold armies live in mansions that line whole streets. Their servants glut themselves on wine and meat, while the poor, gaunt and starving, are pressed into service until flesh is flayed to the bone. In broad daylight Chang'an is plagued by robbery, and officials dare not intervene. Government is in chaos, duties abandoned, commanders slack and soldiers brutal. The ministries are in shambles, tangled like hemp in boiling porridge. The people dare not appeal to the authorities; the authorities dare not bring their cries to Your Majesty. They swallow bitterness with no one to hear them. If Your Majesty does not now devise a way to rescue them, I am truly afraid. Today only Shuofang and Longxi face real danger from Tibetans and Pugu Huai'en. The forces at Bin-Jing and Fengxiang are enough to hold them. From there east to the sea, south to Panyu, and west through Ba and Shu, there are no bandits worth the name—yet the armies remain mobilized. The empire's wealth is poured out and its grain consumed to feed armies with no enemy to fight. I do not understand why. Even in peace one should prepare for danger: hold the strategic passes, garrison what must be held, and stand down the rest. Use the savings from grain stores and straw sandals to ease the people's tax burden, and land tax could be cut by half within the year. How can Your Majesty hesitate to act, while the suffering of the realm grows worse with every passing day!" The emperor did not adopt his advice.
78
丙午，以李抱玉同平章事，鎮鳳翔如故。
On bingwu Li Baoyu joined the chief council while remaining military governor of Fengxiang.
79
庚戌，吐蕃遣使請和，詔元載、杜鴻漸與盟於興唐寺。 上問郭子儀：「吐蕃請盟，何如？」 對曰：「吐蕃利我不虞，若不虞而來，國不可守矣。」 乃相繼遣河中兵戍奉天，又遣兵巡涇原以覘之。
On gengxu Tibet sent envoys seeking peace. The emperor ordered Yuan Zai and Du Hongjian to treat with them at Xingtang Temple. The emperor asked Guo Ziyi: "Tibet wants a peace treaty. What do you think?" He answered: "Tibet thrives on catching us off guard. If they strike when we are not ready, the realm cannot be held." He then sent Hedong troops to garrison Fengtian in succession, and dispatched patrols into Jingyuan to watch the frontier.
80
是春不雨，米斗千錢。
That spring brought no rain, and rice sold for a thousand cash per dou.
81
夏，四月，丁丑，命御史大夫王翊充諸道稅錢使。 河東道租庸、鹽鐵使裴諝入奏事，上問：「榷酤之利，歲入幾何？」 諝久之不對。 上復問之，對曰：「臣自河東來，所過見菽粟未種，農夫愁怨，臣以為陛下見臣，必先問人之疾苦，乃責臣以營利，臣是以未敢對也。」 上謝之，拜左司郎中。 諝，寬之子也。
In summer, the fourth month, on dingchou Censor-in-chief Wang Yi was made commissioner for circuit tax collection. Pei Xu, Hedong commissioner for rent, corvée, salt, and iron, came to report. The emperor asked: "How much does the liquor monopoly bring in each year?" Pei Xu was silent for a long time. The emperor pressed him again. Pei Xu replied: "Coming from Hedong, I saw fields where beans and millet had not even been sown and farmers full of grief and anger. I expected Your Majesty to ask first about the people's suffering before questioning me about profits. That is why I did not dare answer." The emperor apologized and made him director of the left bureau of the Ministry of Revenue. Pei Xu was the son of Pei Kuan.
82
辛卯，劍南節度使嚴武薨。 武三鎮劍南，厚賦斂以窮奢侈，梓州剌史章彝小不副意，召而杖殺之； 然吐蕃畏之，不敢犯其境。 母數戒其驕暴，武不從； 及死，母曰：「吾今始免為官婢矣！」
On xinmao Yan Wu, military governor of Jiannan, died. Yan Wu had governed Jiannan three times, squeezing heavy taxes from the people to fund his extravagance. Zhang Yi, prefect of Zizhou, displeased him in a small matter; Yan Wu had him summoned and beaten to death; Yet the Tibetans feared him and did not dare cross his borders. His mother repeatedly warned him against arrogance and cruelty, but Yan Wu would not listen; When he died his mother said: "At last I am free from being the mother of an official's slave!3
83
五月，癸丑，以右僕射郭英又為劍南節度使。
In the fifth month, on guichou, right vice director Guo Yingyi was appointed military governor of Jiannan.
84
畿內麥稔，京兆尹第五琦請稅百姓田，十畝收其一，曰：「此古什一之法也。」 上從之。
When the wheat ripened in the capital region, Diwu Qi, metropolitan governor of Jingzhao, proposed taxing farmland at one tenth of every ten mu. "This is the ancient tithe," he said." The emperor agreed.
85
平盧節度使侯希逸鎮淄青，好游畋，營塔寺，軍州苦之。 兵馬使懷玉得眾心，希逸忌之，因事解其軍職。 希逸與巫宿於城外，軍士閉門不納，奉懷玉為帥。 希逸奔滑州上表待罪，詔赦之，召還京師。 秋，七月，壬辰，以鄭王邈為平盧、淄青節度大使，以懷玉知留後，賜名正己。 時成德節度使李寶臣，魏博節度使田承嗣，相衛節度使薛嵩，盧龍節度使李懷仙，收安、史餘黨，各擁勁卒數萬，治兵完城，自署文武將吏，不供貢賦，與山南東道節度使梁崇義及正己皆結為婚姻，互相表裡。 朝廷專事姑息，不能複製，雖名籓臣，羈縻而已。
Hou Xiyi, military governor of Pinglu, held Zi and Qing. He loved hunting and touring and built pagodas and temples, to the misery of troops and prefectures alike. His cavalry commander Li Huaiyu had won the troops' loyalty. Hou Xiyi envied him and found a pretext to strip him of his command. When Hou Xiyi was staying with a shaman outside the walls, the soldiers shut the gates against him and proclaimed Li Huaiyu their leader. Hou Xiyi fled to Huazhou and submitted a memorial accepting blame. The emperor pardoned him and recalled him to the capital. In autumn, the seventh month, on renchen Prince of Zheng Li Miao was named grand ambassador of Pinglu and Zi-Qing. Li Huaiyu was made acting regent and given the name Zhengji. At the time Li Baochen of Chengde, Tian Chengsi of Weibo, Xue Song of Xiang-Wei, and Li Huaixian of Lulong had absorbed the remnants of An Lushan and Shi Siming's forces. Each commanded tens of thousands of elite troops, drilled armies, fortified cities, appointed their own officials, and withheld tribute. They intermarried with Liang Chongyi of the Eastern Mountain-South Circuit and with Li Zhengji, backing one another openly and in secret. The court could only indulge them and no longer control them. They were called vassal generals in name, but in fact were barely held in check.
86
甲午，以上女昇平公主嫁郭子儀之子暖。
On jiawu the emperor's daughter Princess Shengping was married to Guo Ziyi's son Guo Nuan.
87
太子母沈氏，吳興人也； 安祿山之陷長安也，掠送洛陽宮。 上克洛陽，見之，未及迎歸長安； 會史思明再陷洛陽，遂失所在。 上即位，遣使散求之，不獲。 己亥，壽州崇善寺尼廣澄詐稱太子母，按驗，乃故少陽院乳母也，鞭殺之。
The crown prince's mother, Lady Shen, came from Wuxing; When An Lushan took Chang'an, she was seized and sent to the Luoyang palace. When the emperor recaptured Luoyang he saw her but had not yet brought her back to Chang'an; Then Shi Siming retook Luoyang, and she vanished without trace. After his accession the emperor dispatched agents far and wide to find her, without success. On jihai, Guangcheng, a nun at Chongshan Monastery in Shou Prefecture, impersonated the crown prince's mother; when the claim was investigated she turned out to be a former wet nurse of the Shaoyang Hall, and she was beaten to death.
88
九月，庚寅朔，置百高座於資聖、西明兩寺，講仁王經，內出經二寶輿，以人為菩薩、鬼神之狀，導以音樂鹵簿，百官迎於光順門外，從至寺。
In the ninth month, on the first day gengyin, a hundred lofty preaching seats were erected at Zisheng and Ximing monasteries for lectures on the Humane Kings Sutra. The palace sent out two jeweled palanquins bearing the sutras, with performers dressed as bodhisattvas and spirits and preceded by a musical guard of honor; officials welcomed the procession outside Guangshun Gate and escorted it to the temples.
89
僕固懷恩誘回紇、吐蕃、吐谷渾、党項、奴剌數十萬眾俱入寇，令吐蕃大將尚結悉贊磨、馬重英等自北道趣奉天，党項帥任敷、鄭庭、郝德等自東道趣同州，吐谷渾、奴剌之眾自西道趣盩厔，回紇繼吐蕃之後，懷恩又以朔方兵繼之。
Pugu Huai'en persuaded the Uyghurs, Tibetans, Tuyuhun, Tangut, and Nula — several hundred thousand men in all — to raid together. He sent the Tibetan generals Shang Jiesi Zanmo and Ma Chongying by the northern route toward Fengtian; the Tangut chiefs Ren Fu, Zheng Ting, and Hao De by the eastern route toward Tong Prefecture; the Tuyuhun and Nula by the western route toward Zhouzhi; the Uyghurs followed the Tibetans, and Huai'en brought up the rear with Shuofang troops.
90
郭子儀使行軍司馬趙復入奏曰：「虜皆騎兵，其來如飛，不可易也。 請使諸道節度使鳳翔李抱玉、滑濮李光庭、邠寧白孝德、鎮西馬璘、河南郝庭玉、淮西李忠臣各出兵以扼其衝要。」 上從之。 諸道多不時出兵； 李忠臣方與諸將擊球，得詔，亟命治行。 諸將及監軍皆曰：「師行必擇日。」 忠臣怒曰：「父母有急，豈可擇日而後救邪！」 即日勒兵就道。
Guo Ziyi sent his chief of staff Zhao Fu to court with a memorial: "The enemy is all cavalry; they will arrive like a wind — we must not underestimate them. I ask that the circuit commissioners be ordered to march — Li Baoyu of Fengxiang, Li Guangting of Hua-Pu, Bai Xiaode of Binning, Ma Lin of Zhenxi, Hao Tingyu of Henan, and Li Zhongchen of Huai-Hsi — each to deploy troops and hold the enemy's vital passes." The emperor approved. Most circuits failed to march promptly; Li Zhongchen was in the middle of a cuju match with his generals when the edict arrived; he immediately ordered his men to prepare to march. The generals and army supervisors all protested: "An army must choose an auspicious day before setting out." Zhongchen snapped: "When your parents are in danger, do you pick a lucky day before you go to save them!" That same day he mustered his troops and took the road.
91
懷恩中途遇暴疾而歸； 丁酉，死於鳴沙。 大將張韶代領其眾，別將徐璜玉殺之，范志誠又殺璜玉而領其眾。 懷恩拒命三年，再引胡寇，為國大患，上猶為之隱，前後制敕未嘗言其反； 及聞其死，憫然曰：「懷恩不反，為左右所誤耳！」
Huai'en fell gravely ill on the march and turned back; On dingyou he died at Mingsha. The senior general Zhang Shao assumed command of his army; the deputy Xu Huangyu killed him, and Fan Zhicheng then killed Huangyu and seized command in turn. Huai'en had defied the throne for three years and twice brought barbarian armies against the empire, yet the emperor still shielded him: no edict before or since ever called it rebellion; When word of his death reached the emperor, he said with sorrow: "Huai'en never meant to rebel — his advisers led him astray!4
92
吐蕃至邠州，白孝德嬰城自守。 甲辰，上命宰相及諸司長官於西明寺行香設素饌，奏樂。 是日，吐蕃十萬眾至奉天，京城震恐。 朔方兵馬使渾瑊、討擊使白元光先戍奉天，虜始列營，瑊帥驍騎二百直衝之，身先士卒，虜眾披靡。 瑊挾虜將一人躍馬而還，從騎無中鋒鏑者。 城上士卒望之，勇氣始振。 乙巳，吐蕃進攻之，虜死傷甚眾，數日，斂眾還營； 瑊夜引兵襲之，殺千餘人，前後與虜戰二百餘合，斬首五千級。 丙午，罷百高座講； 召郭子儀於河中，使屯涇陽。 己酉，命李忠臣屯東渭橋，李光進屯雲陽，馬璘、郝庭玉屯便橋，李抱玉屯鳳翔，內侍駱奉仙、將軍李日越屯盩厔，同華節度使周智光屯同州，鄜坊節度使杜冕屯坊州，上自將六軍屯苑中。
The Tibetans reached Bin Prefecture; Bai Xiaode shut the gates and held the city. On jiachen the emperor ordered the chancellors and bureau heads to burn incense and serve a vegetarian meal at Ximing Monastery, with music. That day a hundred thousand Tibetans reached Fengtian, and the capital was convulsed with fear. Hun Jian, Shuofang cavalry commissioner, and Bai Yuanguang, strike commissioner, were already stationed at Fengtian. When the enemy first pitched camp, Jian led two hundred elite horsemen in a headlong charge at the front of his men, and the barbarian ranks broke and scattered. Jian grabbed a barbarian officer, tucked him under his arm, and galloped back; not one of his escort took an arrow. The defenders on the walls saw it, and their spirits rose for the first time. On yisi the Tibetans pressed the assault; enemy dead and wounded were very heavy; after several days they drew off and returned to camp; Jian led a night raid that killed more than a thousand; in over two hundred clashes with the enemy before and after, he took five thousand heads. On bingwu the hundred-seat sutra lectures were suspended; Guo Ziyi was recalled from Hezhong and ordered to encamp at Jingyang. On jiyou Li Zhongchen was posted at East Wei Bridge, Li Guangjin at Yunyang, Ma Lin and Hao Tingyu at Bian Bridge, Li Baoyu at Fengxiang, the palace eunuch Luo Fengxian and general Li Riyue at Zhouzhi, Tong-Hua commissioner Zhou Zhiguang at Tong Prefecture, Yingfang commissioner Du Mian at Fang Prefecture, and the emperor himself led the Six Armies into camp within the palace grounds.
93
庚戌，下制親征。 辛亥，魚朝恩請索城中，括士民私馬，令城中男子皆衣皁，團結為兵，城門皆塞二開一。 士民大駭，逾垣鑿竇而逃者甚眾，吏不能禁。 朝恩欲奉上幸河中以避吐蕃，恐群臣論議不一； 一旦百官入朝，立班久之，閣門不開，朝恩忽從禁軍十餘人操白刃而出，宣言：「吐蕃數犯郊畿，車駕欲幸河中，何如？」 公卿皆錯愕不知所對。 有劉給事者，獨出班抗聲曰：「敕使反邪！ 今屯軍如雲，不戮力扞寇，而遽欲脅天子棄宗廟社稷而去，非反而何！」 朝恩驚沮而退，事遂寢。
On gengxu an edict declared that the emperor would take the field in person. On xinhai Yu Chaoen proposed searching the city and seizing private horses from citizens, ordering every man to wear black and be mustered as militia, and leaving each gate two-thirds barred and one-third open. Citizens were terrified; crowds scaled walls and dug through barriers to escape, and the authorities could not restrain them. Chaoen wanted the emperor to move to Hezhong to escape the Tibetans, but feared the court would not fall in line; One morning the officials entered court and stood waiting a long time, but the privy chamber gate never opened. Chaoen suddenly appeared with a dozen armored guards bearing naked blades and announced: "The Tibetans have struck the capital suburbs again; the emperor wishes to go to Hezhong — what say you?" The high ministers were stunned and had no answer. One attendant, Liu, stepped alone from the ranks and shouted: "Commissioner — are you in rebellion! Our armies stand massed like clouds, yet instead of uniting to beat back the invaders you would coerce the Son of Heaven to abandon the ancestral temples and the realm — if that is not treason, what is!" Chaoen, shaken, withdrew, and the plan died.
94
自丙午至甲寅，大雨不止，故虜不能進。 吐蕃移兵攻醴泉，党項西掠白水，東侵蒲津。 丁巳，吐蕃大掠男女數萬而去，所過焚廬舍，蹂禾嫁殆盡。 周智光引兵邀擊，破之於澄城北，因逐北至邠州。 智光素與杜冕不協，遂殺鄜州剌史張麟，坑冕家屬八十一人，焚坊州廬舍三千餘家。
From bingwu through jiayin torrential rain never let up, and the enemy could not advance. The Tibetans redeployed to attack Liquan; the Tangut plundered Baishui in the west and struck east at Pu Ford. On dingsi the Tibetans carried off tens of thousands of men and women and withdrew, burning houses along their route and trampling the harvest nearly bare. Zhou Zhiguang intercepted them, routed them north of Chen Prefecture, and pursued them as far as Bin Prefecture. Zhiguang had long been at odds with Du Mian; he killed Yong Prefecture prefect Zhang Lin, buried alive eighty-one members of Mian's household, and burned more than three thousand homes in Fang Prefecture.
95
冬，十月，己未，復講經於資聖寺。
In winter, the tenth month, on jiwei, sutra lectures resumed at Zisheng Monastery.
96
吐蕃退至邠州，遇回紇，復相與入寇，辛酉，至奉天。 癸亥，党項焚同州官廨、民居而去。
The Tibetans fell back to Bin Prefecture, joined forces with the Uyghurs, and raided again; on xinyou they reached Fengtian. On guihai the Tangut burned Tong Prefecture's government offices and private homes and withdrew.
97
丙寅，回紇、吐蕃合兵圍涇陽，子儀命諸將嚴設守備而不戰。 及幕，二虜退屯北原，丁卯，復至城下。 是時，回紇與吐蕃聞僕固懷恩死，已爭長，不相睦，分營而居，子儀知之。 回紇在城西，子儀使牙將李光瓚等往說之，欲與之共擊吐蕃。 回紇不信，曰：「郭公固在此乎？ 汝紿我耳。 若果在此，可得見乎？」 光瓚還報，子儀曰：「今眾寡不敵，難以力勝。 昔與回紇契約甚厚，不若挺身往說之，可不戰而下也。」 諸將請選鐵騎五百為衛從，子儀曰：「此適足為害也。」 郭晞扣馬諫曰：「彼，虎狼也； 大人，國之元帥，奈何以身為虜餌！」 子儀曰：「今戰，則父子俱死而國家危； 往以至誠與之言，或幸而見從，則四海之福也！ 不然，則身沒而家全。」 以鞭擊其手曰：「去！」 遂與數騎開門而出，使人傳呼曰：「令公來！」 回紇大驚。 其大帥合胡祿都督藥葛羅，可汗之弟也，執弓注矢立於陣前。 子儀免冑釋甲投槍而進，回紇諸酋長相顧曰：「是也！」 皆下馬羅拜。 子儀亦下馬，前執藥葛羅手，讓之曰：「汝回紇有大功於唐，唐之報汝亦不薄，奈何負約，深入吾地，侵逼畿縣，棄前功，結怨仇，背恩德而助叛臣，何其愚也！ 且懷恩叛君棄母，於汝國何有！ 今吾挺身而來，聽汝執我殺之，我之將士必致死與汝戰矣。」 藥葛羅曰：「懷恩欺我，言天可汗已晏駕，令公亦捐館，中國無主，我是以敢與之來。 今知天可汗在上都，令公復總兵於此，懷恩又為天所殺，我曹豈肯與令公戰乎！」 子儀因說之曰：「吐蕃無道，乘我國有亂，不顧舅甥之親，吞噬我邊鄙，焚蕩我畿甸，其所掠之財不可勝載，馬牛雜畜，長數百里，彌溫在野，此天以賜汝也。 全師而繼好，破敵以取富，為汝計，孰便於此！ 不可失也。」 藥葛羅曰：「吾為懷恩所誤，負公誠深，今請為公盡力，擊吐蕃以謝過。 然懷恩之子，可敦兄弟也，願捨之勿殺。」 子儀許之。 回紇觀者左右為兩翼，稍前，子儀麾下亦進，子儀揮手卻之，因取酒與其酋長共飲。 藥葛羅使子儀先執酒為誓，子儀酹地曰：「大唐天子萬歲！ 回紇可汗亦萬歲！ 兩國將相亦萬歲！ 有負約者，身殞陳前，家族滅絕。」 杯至藥葛羅，亦酹地曰：「如令公誓！」 於是諸酋長皆大喜曰：「向以二巫師從軍，巫言此行甚安穩，不與唐戰，見一大人而還，今果然矣。」 子儀遺之彩三千匹，酋長分以賞巫。 子儀竟與定約而還。 吐蕃聞之，夜，引兵遁去。 回紇遣其酋長石野那等六人入見天子。
On bingyin the Uyghurs and Tibetans joined to besiege Jingyang; Ziyi ordered his generals to fortify the defenses and hold their fire. At dusk both enemy armies withdrew to camp on the North Plain; on dingmao they returned beneath the walls. By then the Uyghurs and Tibetans, learning of Pugu Huai'en's death, were already quarreling over precedence and encamped apart; Ziyi knew it. The Uyghurs were camped west of the city; Ziyi sent his staff officer Li Guangzan and others to win them over and propose a joint strike against the Tibetans. The Uyghurs did not believe him and said: "Is Duke Guo really here? You are lying to us. If he truly is here, may we see him?" Guangzan returned with their answer; Ziyi said: "We are too few to match them — force will not prevail. Our old bond with the Uyghurs runs deep; better I go alone and speak to them face to face — we may win them over without a battle." The generals offered five hundred armored horsemen as escort; Ziyi said: "That would only make things worse." Guo Xi caught his bridle and pleaded: "They are wolves; Father, you are the empire's commander-in-chief — how can you offer yourself as bait to the barbarians!" Ziyi replied: "If we fight now, father and son die together and the realm is lost; If I go and speak with complete sincerity, perhaps they will listen — that would be a blessing for the whole empire! If not, I die alone and the house survives." He lashed his hand with the whip and cried: "Away!" Then, with only a few horsemen, he opened the gate and rode out; heralds cried: "The Duke is coming!" The Uyghurs were stunned. Their leader, Heluhulu Tutuqu Yaogeluo, the qaghan's younger brother, stood at the front of the line with bow drawn and arrow nocked. Ziyi doffed helmet and armor, cast aside his spear, and walked forward; the Uyghur chiefs looked at one another and exclaimed: "It is he!" All dismounted and bowed to the ground in ranks. Ziyi dismounted too, took Yaogeluo by the hand, and rebuked him: "Your Uyghurs have served Tang with great merit, and Tang has repaid you generously — why break your oath, march deep into our land, press on the capital counties, throw away past glory, make enemies, turn against kindness, and help a rebel minister? How foolish! And Huai'en betrayed his sovereign and abandoned his mother — what was that to your nation! Now I have come unarmed; if you seize me and kill me, my officers and men will fight you to the death." Yaogeluo said: "Huai'en deceived us, claiming the Heavenly Qaghan was dead, that you too had perished, and that China had no master — that is why we dared march with him. Now we know the Heavenly Qaghan is at the Upper Capital and you command troops here again; Heaven has already taken Huai'en — why would we fight you!" Ziyi pressed on: "The Tibetans are lawless; they seized our disorder, ignored the uncle-nephew bond, swallowed our frontiers, and burned the capital region. The loot they carry countless; horses and cattle stretch for hundreds of li across the fields — Heaven has put this in your hands. Keep your army whole, renew the friendship, crush the enemy, and take the wealth — for you, what bargain could be better! Do not let it slip away." Yaogeluo said: "Huai'en misled me, and I have wronged you deeply; let me now do my utmost for you and strike the Tibetans to make amends. But Huai'en's son is the qaghan's brother-in-law; I ask that you spare him." Ziyi consented. Uyghur spectators closed in on both flanks; Ziyi's men started forward too, but Ziyi waved them back, then shared wine with the chieftains. Yaogeluo had Ziyi drink first and swear; Ziyi poured a libation and said: "Long live the Son of Heaven of Great Tang! Long live the Uyghur qaghan! Long live the generals and ministers of both realms! Whoever breaks this oath — let him die on the field and his clan be wiped out." When the cup came to Yaogeluo, he too poured a libation and said: "As the Duke swears!" Then the chiefs rejoiced and said: "We brought two shamans with us; they said this march would be safe, that we would not fight Tang but would see a great man and return — and so it has proved." Ziyi gave them three thousand bolts of colored silk; the chiefs divided it among the shamans as reward. Ziyi sealed the pact and returned. When the Tibetans heard, they withdrew by night. The Uyghurs sent six chieftains, including Shiyena, to audience with the emperor.
98
藥葛羅帥眾追吐蕃，子儀使白元光帥精騎與之俱； 癸酉，戰於靈台西原，大破之，殺吐蕃萬計，得所掠士女四千人。 丙子，又破之於涇州東。
Yaogeluo pursued the Tibetans, and Ziyi sent Bai Yuanguang with elite cavalry to join him; On guiyou they fought on the west plain of Lingtai and routed the enemy; Tibetan dead ran into the tens of thousands, and four thousand captives were recovered. On bingzi they defeated them again east of Jing Prefecture.
99
丁丑，僕固懷恩將張休藏等降。 辛巳，詔罷親征，京城解嚴。
On dingchou Zhang Xiucang and other generals of Pugu Huai'en surrendered. On xinsi an edict ended the emperor's personal campaign and the capital stood down from alert.
100
初，肅宗以陝西節度使郭英乂領神策軍，使內侍魚朝恩監其軍； 英乂入為僕射，朝恩專將之。 及上幸陝，朝恩舉在陝兵與神策軍迎扈，悉號神策軍，天子幸其營。 及京師平，朝恩遂以軍歸禁中，自將之，然尚未得與北軍齒。 至是，朝恩以神策軍從上屯苑中，其勢浸盛，分為左、右廂，居北軍之右矣。
Earlier, Emperor Suzong had placed the Shaanxi commissioner Guo Yingyi in command of the Shence Army, with the palace eunuch Yu Chaoen as army supervisor; When Yingyi entered court as vice director, Chaoen took sole command. When the emperor fled to Shaan, Chaoen combined the troops there with the Shence Army to escort him; all were called Shence troops, and the emperor lodged in their camp. After the capital was recovered, Chaoen brought the army into the inner palace and kept personal command, though it had not yet won equal standing with the Northern Army. Now Chaoen followed the emperor into camp in the palace grounds with the Shence Army; its power swelled, it was split into left and right wings, and it took its place to the right of the Northern Army.
101
郭子儀以僕固名臣、李建忠等皆懷恩驍將，恐逃入外夷，請招之。 名臣，懷恩之侄也，時在回紇營。 上敕並舊將有功者皆赦其罪，令回紇送之。 壬午，名臣以千餘騎來降。 子儀使開府儀同三司慕容休貞以書諭党項帥鄭庭、郝德等，皆詣鳳翔降。
Guo Ziyi, knowing that Pugu Mingchen, Li Jianzhong, and others had been Huai'en's fiercest generals, feared they might flee to the barbarians and asked that they be offered surrender. Mingchen, Huai'en's nephew, was at that time in the Uyghur camp. The emperor pardoned the crimes of all former generals who had served with merit and ordered the Uyghurs to send them to court. On renwu Mingchen surrendered with more than a thousand cavalry. Guo Ziyi sent Murong Xiuzhen, honorary Kaifu Yitong Sansi, with letters urging the Tangut chiefs Zheng Ting, Hao De, and others to submit; they all came to Fengxiang and surrendered.
102
甲申，周智光詣闕獻捷，再宿歸鎮。 智光負專殺之罪未治，上既遣而悔之。
On jiashen Zhou Zhiguang came to court to report his victory; he stayed two nights and then returned to his post. Zhiguang had committed unauthorized killings that had gone unpunished; after letting him depart, the emperor regretted his leniency.
103
乙酉，回紇胡祿都督等二百餘人入見，前後贈賚繒帛十萬匹； 府藏空竭，稅百官俸以給之。
On yiyou more than two hundred Uyghur chiefs including the Heluhulu Tutuq were received in audience; in all, one hundred thousand bolts of silk were lavished on them as gifts; the treasury was exhausted, and officials' salaries were taxed to pay for it.
Footnotes
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