1
資治通鑑第232卷
Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance, Volume 232
2
【唐紀四十八】起旃蒙赤奮若八月，盡強圉單閼七月，凡二年。
[Tang Records 48] The span runs from the eighth month of Zhanmeng Chifenruo through the seventh month of Qiangyu Shanyan—two years in all.
3
德宗神武聖文皇帝七貞元元年（ 乙丑，公元七八五年）
Emperor Dezong of Tang, seventh reign year, first year of Zhenyuan ( yichou, AD 785)
4
八月，甲子，詔凡不急之費及人冗食者皆罷之。
In the eighth month, on the day jiazi, an edict abolished every nonessential expense and every post burdened with redundant personnel.
5
馬燧至行營，與諸將謀曰：「長春宮不下，則懷光不可得。 長春宮守備甚嚴，攻之曠日持久，我當身往諭之。」 遂徑造城下，呼懷光守將徐庭光，庭光帥將士羅拜城上。 燧知其心屈，徐謂之曰：「我自朝廷來，可西向受命。」 庭光等復西向拜。 燧曰：「汝曹自祿山已來，徇國立功四十餘年，何忽為滅族之計！ 從吾言，非止免禍，富貴可圖也。」 眾不對。 燧披襟曰：「汝不信吾言，何不射我！」 將士皆伏泣。 燧曰：「此皆懷光所為，汝曹無罪。 第堅守勿出。」 皆曰：「諾。」
When Ma Sui reached the field headquarters, he told the generals in council, "Unless we take Changchun Palace, we will never get Huai'guang. Changchun Palace is heavily defended, and an assault would drag on for days. I will go there myself and talk them around." With that he went straight to the foot of the wall and called up to Huai'guang's defender Xu Tingguang, who lined his officers and men along the ramparts and bowed to him in ranks. Sui could see their will was breaking. He said calmly, "I have come from the court. Face west and receive your orders." Tingguang and the others bowed westward again. Sui said, "Since the days of Lushan you have served the state and won merit for more than forty years. Why turn now to a course that will wipe out your families? Do as I say, and you will not only escape ruin—you can still win wealth and rank." No one answered. Sui threw open his robe. "If you do not believe me," he said, "why not shoot me?" The officers and men all prostrated themselves and wept. Sui said, "All of this is Huai'guang's doing. You are not guilty. Just hold the walls and do not come out." They all said, "Yes."
6
壬申，燧與渾瑊、韓游瑰軍逼河中，至焦籬堡。 守將尉珪以七百人降。 是夕，懷光舉火，諸營不應。 駱元光在長春宮下，使人招徐庭光。 庭光素輕元光，遣卒罵之，又為優胡於城上以侮之，且曰：「我降漢將耳！」 元光使白燧，燧還至城下，庭光開門降。 燧以數騎入城慰撫，其眾大呼曰：「吾輩復為王人矣！」 渾瑊謂僚佐曰：「始吾謂馬公用兵不吾遠也，今乃知吾不逮多矣！」 詔以庭光試殿中監兼御史大夫。
On renshen, Sui marched with the armies of Hun Jian and Han Yougui against Hezhong and came to Jiaoli Fort. The defending general Wei Gui surrendered with seven hundred men. That night Huai'guang lit signal fires, but none of the camps answered. Luo Yuanguang was camped below Changchun Palace and sent a man to summon Xu Tingguang. Tingguang had always despised Yuanguang. He sent soldiers to curse him, staged a Hu clown play on the wall to mock him, and said, "I will surrender only to a Han general!" Yuanguang sent word to Sui, who returned to the foot of the wall. Tingguang opened the gate and surrendered. Sui entered the city with a few horsemen to reassure the garrison, and the men shouted, "We are the emperor's men again!" Hun Jian told his staff, "At first I thought Lord Ma's way of war was not far from mine. Now I see how far short I fall!" An edict made Tingguang acting Director of the Palace Secretariat and concurrent Censor-in-Chief.
7
甲戌，燧帥諸軍至河西，河中軍士自相驚曰：「西城擐甲矣！」 又曰：「東城娖隊矣！」 須臾，軍中皆易其號為「太平」字。 懷光不知所為，乃縊而死。 初，懷光之解奉天圍也，上以其子璀為監察御史，寵待甚厚。 及懷光屯咸陽不進，璀密言於上曰：「臣父必負陛下，願早為之備。 臣聞君、父一也，但今日之勢，陛下未能誅臣父，而臣父足以危陛下。 陛下待臣厚，臣胡人，性直，故不忍不言耳。」 上驚曰：「知卿大臣愛子，當為朕委曲彌縫，而密奏之！」 對曰：「臣父非不愛臣，臣非不愛其父與宗族也； 顧臣力竭，不能回耳。」 上曰：「然則卿以何策自免？」 對曰：「臣之進言，非苟求生，臣父敗，則臣與之俱死矣，復有何策哉！ 使臣賣父求生，陛下亦安用之！」 上曰：「卿勿死，為朕更至咸陽諭卿父，使君臣父子俱全，不亦善乎！」 璀至咸陽而還，曰：「無益也，願陛下備之，勿信人言。 臣今往，說諭萬方，臣父言：『汝小子何知！ 主上無信，吾非貪寶貴也，直畏死耳，汝豈可陷吾入死地邪！』」 及李泌赴陝，上謂之曰：「朕所以再三欲全懷光者，誠惜璀也。 卿至，試為朕招之。」 對曰：「陛下未幸梁、洋，懷光猶可降也。 今則不然，豈有人臣迫逐其君，而可復立於其朝乎！ 縱彼顏厚無慚，陛下每視朝，何心見之！ 臣得入陝，借使懷光請降，臣不敢受，況招之乎！ 李璀固賢者，必與父俱死矣，若其不死，則亦無足貴也。」 及懷光死，璀先刃其二弟，乃自殺。 朔方將牛名俊斷懷光首出降。 河中兵猶萬六千人，燧斬其將閻晏等七人，餘皆不問。 燧自辭行至河中平，凡二十七日。 燧出高郢、李鄘於獄，皆奏置幕下。
On jiaxu, Sui led the armies to the west bank of the river. The Hezhong troops panicked one another, crying, "They are arming on the western wall!" Then they cried, "They are forming ranks on the eastern wall!" In a moment the whole army had changed its battle cry to "Peace." Huai'guang did not know what to do and hanged himself. Earlier, when Huai'guang had lifted the siege of Fengtian, the emperor had made his son Cui a supervising censor and treated him with great favor. When Huai'guang camped at Xianyang and would not advance, Cui told the emperor in secret, "My father is sure to betray you. Please prepare while there is still time. I know that sovereign and father are one in principle, but in today's situation you cannot kill my father, while my father can still endanger you. You have treated me generously. I am a Hu by birth and blunt by nature, so I could not keep silent." The emperor said in alarm, "Knowing you are a great minister's beloved son, you should smooth things over for me in private and report in secret!" He replied, "My father does love me, and I do love my father and my clan. But my strength is spent, and I cannot turn him back." The emperor said, "Then how do you plan to save yourself?" He replied, "I did not speak out merely to save my own skin. If my father falls, I will die with him. What plan could there be? If I sold out my father to live, would you still want me?" The emperor said, "Do not die. Go again to Xianyang for me and persuade your father, so that sovereign and minister, father and son, may all be preserved. Would that not be best?" Cui went to Xianyang and returned. "It is no use," he said. "Please prepare, and do not believe what people tell you. I have just gone and argued every way I could. My father said, 'You little fool—what do you know? The sovereign is faithless. I am not greedy for treasure and rank—I only fear death. How can you trap me in a place of death?' When Li Bi went to Shan, the emperor told him, "The reason I kept trying to spare Huai'guang was that I pitied Cui. When you arrive, try to bring him in for me." He replied, "Before you took refuge at Liang and Yang, Huai'guang might still have submitted. That is no longer possible. How can a subject who drove his sovereign into flight stand again in that court? Even if he were shameless, how could you bear to see him at every audience? If I reach Shan and Huai'guang asks to surrender, I would not dare accept it—how much less summon him! Li Cui is a worthy man and will surely die with his father. If he did not, he would not be worth honoring anyway." When Huai'guang died, Cui first killed his two younger brothers and then took his own life. The Shuofang general Niu Mingjun cut off Huai'guang's head and came out to surrender. The Hezhong army still numbered sixteen thousand men. Sui executed seven of its generals, including Yan Yan, and questioned no one else. From the day Sui set out until Hezhong was pacified took twenty-seven days in all. Sui released Gao Ying and Li Yong from prison and memorialized to place both on his staff.
8
韓游瑰之攻懷光也，楊懷賓戰甚力，上命特原其子朝晟，游環遂以朝晟為都虞侯。
When Han Yougui attacked Huai'guang, Yang Huaibin fought with great vigor. The emperor ordered his son Chaocheng specially pardoned, and Yougui then made Chaocheng chief adjutant.
9
上使問陸贄：「河中既平，復有何事所宜區處？」 令悉條奏。 贄以河中既平，慮必有希旨生事之人，以為王師所向無敵，請乘勝討淮西者。 李希烈必誘諭其所部及新附諸帥曰：「奏天息兵之旨，乃因窘急而言，朝廷稍安，必復誅伐。」 如此，則四方負罪者孰不自疑，河朔、青齊固當響應，兵連禍結，賦役繁興，建中之憂，行將復起。 乃上奏，其略曰：』福不可以屢徼，幸不可以常覬。 又曰：「臣姑以生禍為憂，而未敢以獲福為賀。」 又曰：「陛下懷悔過之深誠，降非常之大號，所在宣揚之際，聞者莫不涕流。 假王叛換之夫，削偽號以請罪。 觀釁首鼠之次，一純誠以效勤。」 又曰：「曩討之而愈叛，今釋之而畢來。 曩以百萬之師而力殫，今以咫尺之詔而化洽。 是則聖王之敷理道，服暴人，任德而不任兵，明矣； 群帥之悖臣禮，拒天誅，圖活而不圖王，又明矣。 是則好生以及物者，乃自生之方； 施安以及物者，乃自安之術。 擠彼於死地而求此之久生也，措彼於危地而求此之久安也，從古及今，未之有焉。」 又曰：「一夫不率，闔境罹殃； 一境不寧，普天致擾。」 又曰：「億兆污人，四三叛帥，感陛下自新之旨，悅陛下盛德之言，革面易辭，且修臣禮，其於深言密議固亦未盡坦然，必當聚心而謀，傾耳而聽，觀陛下所行之事，考陛下所誓之言。 若言與事符，則遷善之心漸固； 儻事與言背，則慮禍之態復興。」 又「朱泚滅而懷光戮，懷光戮而希烈征，希烈儻平，禍將次及，則彼之蓄素疑而懷宿負者，能不為之動心哉！」 又曰：「今皇運中興，天禍將悔，以逆泚之偷居上國，以懷光之竊保中畿，歲未再周，相次梟殄，實眾慝驚心之日，群生改觀之時。 威則已行，惠猶未洽。 誠宜上副天眷，下收物情，布恤人之惠以濟威，乘滅賊之威以行惠。」 又曰：「臣所未敢保其必從，唯希烈一人而已。 揆其私心，非不願從也； 想其潛慮，非不追悔也。 但以猖狂失計，已竊大號，雖荷陛下全宥之恩，然不能不自面見於天地之間耳。 縱未順命，斯為獨夫，內則無辭以起兵，外則無類以求助，其計不過厚撫部曲，偷容歲時，心雖陸梁，勢必不致。 陛下但敕諸鎮各守封疆，彼既氣奪算窮，是乃狴牢之類，不有人禍，則當鬼誅。 古之不戰而屈人之兵者，斯之謂歟！
The emperor sent to ask Lu Zhi, "Now that Hezhong is pacified, what further matters ought to be arranged?" He ordered him to set everything out in a memorial. Because Hezhong was pacified, Zhi feared that flatterers would stir up trouble, claiming the imperial armies were invincible and urging a victorious advance against Huaixi. Li Xilie would surely tell his subordinates and the newly submitted commanders, "The edict to cease arms at Fengtian was spoken only in distress. Once the court is a little settled, it will punish us again." Then every guilty man in the realm would grow suspicious, Heshuo and Qingqi would surely rise in turn, war would link with disaster, levies and corvée would multiply, and the troubles of the Jianzhong era would soon return. He then submitted a memorial that said, in summary, "Fortune cannot be courted again and again, and luck countless on forever." He also said, "Your servant ventures to worry about fresh disaster and does not yet dare to congratulate you on gained fortune." He also said, "Your Majesty bears deep repentance and has issued an extraordinary proclamation. Wherever it was proclaimed, none who heard it failed to weep. Men who had taken royal titles in rebellion cast off their false designations to beg pardon. Watching for openings, they wavered like mice at a threshold, then offered their service with single-hearted sincerity." He also said, "Before, when they were punished they rebelled all the more; now, when they are released, they all come in. Before, a million troops exhausted their strength; now, a proclamation within arm's reach brings universal harmony. This shows clearly that the sage king spreads the Way of governance, subdues violent men, and relies on virtue rather than arms. It is equally clear that the commanders violated the minister's rites, defied heaven's punishment, and sought life rather than kingship. Cherishing life and extending it to others is the way to preserve one's own life. Bestowing peace and extending it to others is the art of securing one's own peace. To drive others to death and seek long life for yourself, to place others in peril and seek lasting peace for yourself—from antiquity to the present there has never been such a thing." He also said, "When one man does not lead aright, the whole region suffers calamity. When one region is not at peace, the whole realm is thrown into turmoil." He also said, "The myriad people were stained, and three or four rebel commanders, moved by your call to renew yourselves and pleased by your words of great virtue, changed their faces and altered their speech and began to observe the minister's rites. Yet in their secret counsels they are surely not fully at ease. They will gather their hearts to plot and incline their ears to listen, watching what you do and testing what you have sworn. If words match deeds, the heart to turn toward good will gradually firm. If deeds contradict words, the mood of fearing disaster will rise again." He also said, "Zhu Ci was destroyed and Huai'guang executed; Huai'guang executed and Xilie campaigned against. If Xilie should be pacified, disaster will reach them next. Then those who have long nursed suspicion and old grievances—can they fail to be stirred?" He also said, "Now the imperial fortune is reviving and heaven's disaster is turning back. The rebel Ci usurped the upper realm and Huai'guang clung to the central capital—within less than two years they were executed in succession. This is truly the day when evildoers are startled at heart and the people change how they look on things. Might has already been shown, but grace has not yet fully spread. It is truly fitting to answer heaven's favor above and win the people's hearts below—to spread the grace that comforts men to balance might, and use the might that destroyed the rebels to carry out grace." He also said, "What I do not dare guarantee will surely follow is only Xilie alone. Judging his private heart, he is not unwilling to submit. Considering his hidden thoughts, he is not without regret. Only because he lost his wits in rashness and has already usurped the great title, though he owes you full pardon, he must feel shame before heaven and earth. Even if he does not obey orders, he is a lone man. Within he has no grounds to raise troops; without he has no ally to seek aid. His plan can be no more than richly comforting his troops and stealing years of respite. His heart may be defiant, but the situation will surely not allow it. You need only order the various circuits each to hold its borders. Once his spirit is broken and his schemes exhausted, he is a man in a cage—if no human disaster strikes, ghostly punishment will. Of old they spoke of subduing another's army without fighting—this is what they meant!
10
丁卯，詔以「李懷光嘗有功，宥其一男，使續其後，賜之田宅，歸其首及屍使葬。 加馬燧兼侍中，渾瑊檢校司空，餘將卒賞賚各有差。 諸道與淮西連接者，宜各守封疆，非彼侵軼，不須進討。 李希烈若降，當待以不死，自餘將士百姓，一無所問。」
On dingmao, an edict stated, "Li Huai'guang once had merit. Spare one of his sons to continue his line, grant him fields and a residence, and return his head and corpse for burial. Ma Sui was promoted to concurrent Palace Attendant, Hun Jian was made acting Minister of Works, and the remaining officers and soldiers received rewards in varying measure. The circuits bordering Huaixi should each hold its borders. Unless the other side encroaches, there is no need to advance in attack. If Li Xilie submits, he shall be spared death. As for the rest of the officers, soldiers, and common people, none shall be questioned."
11
初，李晟嘗將神策軍戍成都，及還，以營妓高洪自隨。 西川節度使張延賞怒，追而還之，由是有隙。 至是，劉從一有疾，上召延賞入相。 晟表陳其過惡，上重違其意，以延賞為左僕射。
Earlier, Li Sheng had once led the Shence Army to garrison Chengdu. On his return he took with him the camp courtesan Gao Hong. The Xichuan military governor Zhang Yanshang was angry, pursued her, and recovered her. From this a rift arose. At this time Liu Congyi fell ill, and the emperor summoned Yanshang to enter the government as chief minister. Sheng submitted a memorial detailing his crimes and faults. The emperor, reluctant to go against his wishes, made Yanshang Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs.
12
駱元光將殺徐庭光，謀於韓游瑰曰：「庭光辱吾祖考，吾欲殺之，馬公必怒，公能救其死乎！」 游瑰曰：「諾。」 壬午，遇庭光於軍門之外，揖而數其罪，命左右碎斬之。 入見馬燧，頓首請罪，燧大怒曰：「庭光已降，受朝廷官爵，公不告輒殺之，是無統帥也」欲斬之。 游瑰曰：「元光殺裨將，公猶怒如此。 公殺節度使，天子其謂何！」 燧默然。 渾瑊亦為之請，乃捨之。
Luo Yuanguang was about to kill Xu Tingguang and took counsel with Han Yougui. "Tingguang disgraced my forefathers," he said. "I want to kill him, and Lord Ma is sure to be furious. Can you save me from death?" Yougui said, "Yes." On renwu he encountered Tingguang outside the army gate, bowed to him, recited his crimes, and ordered his men to hack him to pieces. He went in to see Ma Sui, prostrated himself, and begged pardon. Sui erupted in fury. "Tingguang had already submitted and received office and rank from the court," he said. "You killed him without reporting—this is contempt for command!" He wanted Yuanguang executed. Yougui said, "Yuanguang killed an assistant general, and you are this angry. If you execute a military governor, what will the Son of Heaven say!" Sui fell silent. Hun Jian also pleaded for him, and Sui let him go.
13
渾瑊鎮河中，盡得李懷光之眾，朔方軍自是分居邠、蒲矣。
Hun Jian took command at Hezhong and absorbed Li Huai'guang's entire force. From then on the Shuofang Army was split between Bin and Pu.
14
盧龍節度使劉怦疾病，九月，己亥，詔以其子行軍司馬濟權知節度事。 怦尋薨。
Liu Ping, military governor of Lulong, fell ill. In the ninth month, on jihai, an edict put his son Ji, chief of staff, in charge of the circuit as acting governor. Ping soon died.
15
己未，中書侍郎、同平章事劉從一罷為戶部尚書； 庚申，薨。
On jiwei, Associate Director of the Secretariat and Grand Councilor Liu Congyi was dismissed and made Minister of Revenue; On gengshen, he died.
16
冬，十月，上祀圜丘，赦天下。
In winter, the tenth month, the emperor sacrificed at the Round Altar and granted amnesty to the realm.
17
十二月，甲戌，戶部奏今歲入貢者凡百五十州。
In the twelfth month, on jiaxu, the Ministry of Revenue reported that one hundred and fifty circuits sent tribute this year.
18
于闐王曜上言：「兄勝讓國於臣，今請復立勝子銳。」 上以銳檢校光祿卿，還其國。 勝固辭曰：「曜久行國事，國人悅服。 銳生長京華，不習其俗，不可往。」 上嘉之，以銳為韶王咨議。
Yutian King Yao submitted a memorial. "My elder brother Sheng yielded the throne to me," he wrote. "I now ask to reinstall Sheng's son Rui." The emperor made Rui acting Director of the Imperial Household Food Service and sent him back to Yutian. Sheng firmly declined. "Yao has long administered the kingdom's affairs," he said, "and the people are pleased and submit. Rui grew up in the capital. He does not know local customs and cannot go." The emperor praised his response and made Rui Adviser to the Prince of Shao.
19
德宗神武聖文皇帝七貞元二年（ 丙寅，公元七八六年）
Emperor Dezong of Tang, seventh reign year, second year of Zhenyuan ( bingyin, AD 786)
20
春，正月，壬寅，以吏部侍郎劉滋為左散騎常侍，與給事中崔造、中書舍人齊映並同平章事。 滋，子玄之孫也。 造少居上元，與韓會、盧東美、張正則為友，以王佐自許，時人謂之「四夔」。 上以造在朝廷敢言，故不次用之。 滋、映多讓事於造。 造久在江外，疾錢穀諸使罔上之弊，奏罷水陸運使、度支巡院、江、淮轉運使等，諸道租賦悉委觀察使、刺史遣官部送詣京師。 令宰相分判尚書六曹：齊映判兵部，李勉判刑部，劉滋判吏部、禮部，造判戶部、工部，又以戶部侍郎元琇判諸道鹽鐵、榷酒，吉中孚判度支兩稅。
In spring, the first month, on renyin, Vice Minister of Personnel Liu Zi was made Left Regular Attendant and, together with Supervising Secretary Cui Zao and Drafting Secretary Qi Ying, appointed Grand Councilor. Zi was the grandson of Zixuan. In youth Zao lived at Shangyuan and was friends with Han Hui, Lu Dongmei, and Zhang Zhengze. He styled himself a king's assistant, and people of the time called them the "Four Kuai." Because Zao spoke boldly at court, the emperor promoted him out of turn. Zi and Ying often deferred affairs to Zao. Zao had long served south of the Yangzi and hated how the grain-and-funds commissioners deceived the throne. He memorialized to abolish the land-and-water transport commissioner, the revenue circuit inspection offices, the Jiang-Huai transport commissioner, and the like, and to have every circuit's rents and levies delivered to the capital by officials dispatched by the observation commissioners and prefects. He ordered the chief ministers to divide supervision of the Six Ministries: Qi Ying over War, Li Mian over Justice, Liu Zi over Personnel and Rites, Zao over Revenue and Works. Yuan Xiu, Vice Minister of Revenue, was also put in charge of salt-and-iron and wine monopolies in all circuits, and Ji Zhongfu in charge of the two-tax revenue bureau.
21
李希烈將杜文朝寇襄州，二月，癸亥，山南東道節度使樊澤擊擒之。
Li Xilie's general Du Wenchao raided Xiang Prefecture. In the second month, on guihai, Fan Ze, military governor of Shannan East Circuit, attacked and captured him.
22
崔造與元琇善，故使判鹽鐵。 韓滉奏論鹽鐵過失； 甲戌，以琇為尚書右丞。 陝州水陸運使李泌奏：「自集津至三門，鑿山開車道十八里，以避底柱之險。」 是月道成。
Cui Zao was on good terms with Yuan Xiu, so he put him in charge of salt-and-iron. Han Huang submitted a memorial discussing faults in salt-and-iron administration; On jiaxu, Xiu was made Right Assistant Director of the Department of State Affairs. Li Bi, land-and-water transport commissioner of Shan Prefecture, submitted a memorial. "From Jijin to Sanmen," he wrote, "we carved through the mountains and opened an eighteen-li cart road to avoid the peril of Dizhu." That month the road was completed.
23
三月，李希烈別將寇鄭州，義成節度使李澄擊破之。 希烈兵勢日蹙，會有疾。 夏，四月，丙寅，大將陳仙奇使醫陳山甫毒殺之。 因以兵悉誅其兄弟妻子，舉眾來降。 甲申，以仙奇為淮西節度使。
In the third month, one of Li Xilie's other generals raided Zheng Prefecture. Li Cheng, military governor of Yicheng, attacked and defeated him. Xilie's military position grew tighter day by day, and then he fell ill. In summer, the fourth month, on bingyin, the great general Chen Xianqi had the physician Chen Shanfu poison and kill him. He then had troops execute all of Xilie's brothers, wives, and children and came in surrender with the whole host. On jiashen, Xianqi was made military governor of Huaixi.
24
關中倉廩竭，禁軍或自脫巾呼於道曰：「拘吾於軍而不給糧，吾罪人也！」 上憂之甚，會韓滉運米三萬斛至陝，李泌即奏之。 上喜，遽至東宮，謂太子曰：「米已至陝，吾父子得生矣！」 時禁中不釀，命於坊市取酒為樂。 又遣中使諭神策六軍，軍士皆呼萬歲。 時比歲饑饉，兵民率皆瘦黑，至是麥始熟，市有醉人，當時以為嘉瑞。 人乍飽食，死者復伍之一。 數月，有膚色乃復故。
The granaries of Guanzhong were exhausted. Some of the imperial guard stripped off their headcloths and cried in the streets, "You keep us bound in the army and give us no grain—we are treated like criminals!" The emperor was deeply worried. Just then Han Huang transported thirty thousand hu of grain to Shan, and Li Bi immediately reported it. The emperor rejoiced, hurried to the Eastern Palace, and told the crown prince, "The grain has reached Shan—father and son can live!" Brewing was forbidden in the palace precincts at the time, so he ordered wine fetched from the wards and markets for celebration. He also sent palace envoys to announce it to the six Shence armies, and the soldiers all shouted "Long live the emperor!" For years there had been famine, and soldiers and common people were mostly thin and dark-skinned. Now the wheat had just ripened, and there were drunk men in the markets—people at the time took this as an auspicious sign. When people suddenly ate their fill again, one in five died. After several months those who survived saw their skin color return to normal.
25
以橫海軍使程日華為節度使。
Cheng Rihua, commissioner of the Henghai Army, was made military governor.
26
秋，七月，淮西兵馬使吳少誠殺陳仙奇，自為留後。 少誠素狡險，為李希烈所寵任，故為之報仇。 己酉，以虔王諒為申、光、隨、蔡節度大使，以少誠為留後。 以隴右行營節度使曲環為陳許節度使。 陳許荒亂之餘，戶口流散。 曲環以勤儉率下，政令寬簡，賦役平均，數年之間，流亡復業，兵食皆足。
In autumn, the seventh month, Wu Shaoqian, Huai West army-and-horse commissioner, killed Chen Xianqi and made himself acting governor. Shaoqian was by nature crafty and treacherous and had been favored and trusted by Li Xilie, so he avenged him. On jiyou, Prince of Qian Liang was made grand commissioner of the Shen-Guang-Sui-Cai circuit, and Shaoqian was made acting governor. Qu Huan, military governor of the Longyou field headquarters, was made military governor of Chenxu. After the desolation and disorder of Chenxu, households and population had scattered. Qu Huan led his subordinates in diligence and frugality. Government orders were broad and simple, and levies and corvée were even. Within a few years the displaced returned to their occupations, and both troops and provisions were sufficient.
27
八月，癸未，義成節度使李澄薨，其子克寧謀總軍務，秘不發喪。
In the eighth month, on guiwei, Li Cheng, military governor of Yicheng, died. His son Ke'ning plotted to take overall command of military affairs and secretly withheld news of the death.
28
丙戌，吐蕃尚結贊大舉寇涇、隴、邠、寧，掠人畜，芟禾稼，西鄙騷然，州縣各城守，詔渾將萬人，駱元光將八千人屯咸陽以備之。
On bingxu, Shang Jiezan of Tibet launched a great raid against Jing, Long, Bin, and Ning, plundering people and livestock and cutting down grain crops. The western frontier was in uproar, and prefectures and counties each walled themselves for defense. An edict ordered Hun Jian to lead ten thousand men and Luo Yuanguang eight thousand to encamp at Xianyang in preparation.
29
初，上與常侍李泌議復府兵，泌因為上歷敘府兵自西魏以來興廢之由，且言：「府兵平日皆安居田畝，每府有折衝領之，折衝以農隙教習戰陳。 國家有事征發，則以符契下其州及府，參驗發之，至所期處。 將帥按閱，有教習不精者，罪其折衝，甚者罪及刺史。 軍還，則賜勳加賞，便道罷之。 行者近不逾時，遠不經歲。 高宗以劉仁軌為洮河鎮守使以圖吐蕃，於是始有久戍之役。 武後以來，承平日久，府兵浸墮，為人所賤，百姓恥之，至蒸熨手足以避其役。 又，牛仙客以積財得宰相，邊將效之。 山東戍卒多繼繒帛自隨，邊將誘之寄於府庫，晝則若役，夜縶地牢，利其死而沒入其財。 故自天寶以後，山東戍卒還者什無二三，其殘虐如此。 然未嘗有外叛內侮，殺帥自擅者，誠以顧戀田園，恐累宗族故也。 自開元之末，張說始募長徵兵，謂之弓廣騎，其後益為六軍。 及李林甫為相，奏諸軍皆募人為之。 兵不土著，又無宗族，不自重惜，忘身徇利，禍亂遂生，至今為梗。 曏使府兵之法常存不廢，安有如此下陵上替之患哉！ 陛下思復府兵，此乃社稷之福，太平有日矣。」 上曰：「俟平河中，當與卿議之。」 九月，丁亥，詔十六衛各置上將軍，以寵功臣。 改神策左、右廂為左、右神策軍，殿前射生左、右廂為殿前左、右射生軍，各置大將軍二人、將軍二人。
Earlier, the emperor discussed restoring the militia system with Regular Attendant Li Bi. Bi then narrated for him the reasons for the rise and fall of the militia from the Western Wei onward and said, "In ordinary times militia soldiers all lived peacefully on their fields. Each militia district had a frontier-stand commander to lead them, and in the gaps between farm work the commander taught battle formations. When the state mobilized, tally-documents were sent down to the prefecture and militia district, verified, and the men were dispatched to arrive at the appointed place. The commanding general inspected them. If training was not thorough, the frontier-stand commander was punished, and in serious cases the punishment reached the prefect. When the army returned, merit was granted and rewards added, and they were dismissed by the nearest route. Those who went out on campaign, if near, did not exceed the season; if far, did not pass a year. Emperor Gaozong made Liu Ren'gui frontier commander of the Tao River to scheme against Tibet, and from this there first arose long-term garrison service. From Empress Wu onward, peace lasted long and the militia gradually decayed. Men were despised for it, common people were ashamed of it, and some even steamed and pressed their hands and feet to evade the service. Moreover, Niu Xianke became chief minister through amassed wealth, and frontier generals imitated him. Shandong garrison soldiers often carried silk goods with them. Frontier generals enticed them to deposit the goods in treasury stores, by day treated them like corvée labor, and by night bound them in underground cells, profiting from their deaths to confiscate their property. Therefore from after the Tianbao era, of Shandong garrison soldiers who returned, not two or three in ten survived—such was the cruelty. Yet there were never cases of outward rebellion or inward insolence, of killing commanders and seizing power for themselves—truly because they cherished their fields and gardens and feared harm to their clans. From the end of the Kaiyuan era, Zhang Yue first recruited long-service soldiers, calling them expanded cavalry (kuo cavalry). They were later expanded further into the Six Armies. When Li Linfu became chief minister, he memorialized that all armies should recruit men for service. The soldiers were not rooted to the soil and had no clans. They did not value themselves, forgot their persons and pursued profit, and disaster and disorder arose—down to the present they remain an obstruction. If only the militia law had always remained and not been abolished, how could there be such a calamity of subordinates overbearing and superiors displaced! Your Majesty thinks to restore the militia—this is the fortune of the altars of soil and grain; peace will come in its day." The emperor said, "Wait until Hezhong is pacified; then I shall discuss it with you." In the ninth month, on dinghai, an edict ordered each of the Sixteen Guards to appoint a senior general, to honor meritorious officials. The left and right wings of the Shence Army were changed to the Left and Right Shence Armies. The left and right wings of the Palace Front Archery Guard were changed to the Left and Right Palace Front Archery Armies. Each was given two great generals and two generals.
30
庚寅，李克寧始發父澄之喪，殺行軍司馬馬鉉，墨縗出視事，增兵城門。 劉玄佐出師屯境上以制之，且使告諭切至，克寧乃不敢襲位。 丁酉，以東都留守賈耽為義成節度使，。 克寧悉取府庫之財夜出，軍士從而剽之，比明殆盡。 淄青兵數千自行營歸，過滑州，將佐皆曰：「李納雖外奉朝命，內畜兼併之志，請館其兵於城外。」 賈耽曰：「奈何與人鄰道而野處其將士乎！」 命館於城中。 耽時引百騎獵於納境，納聞之，大喜，服其度量，不敢犯也。
On gengyin, Li Ke'ning at last announced his father Cheng's death, killed Chief of Staff Ma Xuan, came out in unbleached mourning garb to conduct affairs, and increased troops at the city gates. Liu Xuanzuo marched out and encamped on the border to restrain him and also sent envoys with urgent admonition. Ke'ning then did not dare seize the post. On dingyou, Eastern Capital Regent Jia Dan was made military governor of Yicheng. Ke'ning took all the wealth of the treasury stores out by night. Soldiers followed and plundered it, and by dawn it was nearly gone. Several thousand Ziqing troops were returning from their own encampment and passed through Hua Prefecture. The officers all said, "Although Li Na outwardly follows the court's orders, inwardly he harbors designs of annexation. Please quarter his troops outside the city." Jia Dan said, "How can we share a neighboring road and leave their officers and soldiers to camp in the open!" He ordered them quartered inside the city. Dan at times led a hundred horsemen to hunt in Na's territory. Na heard of it, rejoiced greatly, admired his magnanimity, and did not dare encroach.
31
吐蕃游騎及好畤。 乙巳，京城戒嚴，復遣左金吾將軍張獻甫屯咸陽。 民間傳言復欲出幸以避吐蕃，齊映見上言曰：「外間皆言陛下已理裝，具糗糧，人情心兇懼。 夫大福不再，陛下奈何不與臣等熟計之！」 因伏地流涕，上亦為之動容。
Tibetan raiding cavalry reached Haozhi. On yisi, the capital was placed under martial law, and Left Golden Guard General Zhang Xianfu was again sent to encamp at Xianyang. Among the people rumor spread that the emperor again intended to go on tour to escape the Tibetans. Qi Ying saw the emperor and said, "Outside everyone says you have already packed baggage and prepared dry rations. Hearts among the people are fearful and alarmed. Great fortune does not come twice—why not discuss this thoroughly with your ministers!" He then prostrated himself and wept, and the emperor too was moved.
32
李晟遣其將王佖將驍勇三千伏於汧城，戒之曰：「虜過城下，勿擊其首； 首雖敗，彼全軍而至，汝弗能當也。 不若俟前軍已過，見五方旗，虎豹衣，乃其中軍也，出其不意擊之，必大捷。」 佖用其言，尚結贊敗走。 軍士不識尚結贊，僅而獲免。 尚結贊謂其徒曰：「唐之良將，李晟、馬燧、渾瑊而已，當以計去之。」 入鳳翔境內，無所俘掠，以兵二萬直抵城下曰：「李令公召我來，何不出犒我！」 經宿，乃引退。 冬，十月，癸亥，李晟遣蕃落使野詩良輔與王佖將步騎五千襲吐蕃摧砂堡。 壬申，遇吐蕃眾二萬，與戰，破之，乘勝逐北，至堡下，攻拔之，斬其將扈屈律悉蒙，焚其蓄積而還。 尚結贊引兵自寧、慶北去，癸酉，軍於合水之北。 邠寧節度使韓游瑰遣其將史履程夜襲其營，殺數百人。 吐蕃追之，游瑰陳於平川，潛使人鼓於西山。 虜驚，棄所掠而去。
Li Sheng sent his general Wang Bi with three thousand fierce warriors to lie in ambush at Qian City and warned him, "When the barbarians pass below the city, do not strike their vanguard. Even if the vanguard is defeated, their whole army will arrive and you will not be able to withstand them. Better to wait until the forward army has passed. When you see the five-direction banners and tiger-and-leopard garb—that is their center army—strike them by surprise and you will surely win a great victory." Bi followed his advice, and Shang Jiezan was defeated and fled. The soldiers did not recognize Shang Jiezan, and he barely escaped capture. Shang Jiezan said to his followers, "Tang's good generals are only Li Sheng, Ma Sui, and Hun Jian. We should use stratagem to remove them." Entering Fengxiang territory, he plundered nothing. With twenty thousand troops he went straight to the foot of the wall and said, "Marshal Li summoned me here—why do you not come out and reward my troops!" After one night he then withdrew. In winter, the tenth month, on guihai, Li Sheng sent Tribal Affairs Commissioner Ye Shiliangfu and Wang Bi to lead five thousand infantry and cavalry in a raid on the Tibetan fortress of Cuisha. On renshen, they encountered twenty thousand Tibetans, fought them, and defeated them. Pursuing the fleeing enemy in victory to the foot of the fortress, they stormed and took it, beheaded the general Hu Qulü Ximeng, burned its stores, and returned. Shang Jiezan led his army north from Ning and Qing. On the day guiyou, he encamped north of Heshui. Han Yougui, military governor of Binning, sent his general Shi Lücheng to raid the enemy camp by night and killed several hundred men. The Tibetans gave chase. Yougui formed his line on open ground and secretly had men beat drums on the western hills. The enemy panicked, dropped their loot, and fled.
33
十一月，甲午，立淑妃王氏為皇后。
In the eleventh month, on the day jiawu, the Elegant Consort Lady Wang was elevated to empress.
34
乙未，韓滉入朝。 丁酉，皇后崩。
On yiwei, Han Huang came to court. On dingyou, the empress died.
35
辛丑，吐蕃寇鹽州，謂刺史杜彥光曰：「我欲得城，聽爾率人去。」 彥光悉眾奔鄜州，吐蕃入據之。
On xinchou, the Tibetans attacked Yan Prefecture and said to Prefect Du Yanguang, "I want the city. Take your people and go." Du Yanguang led all his people in flight to Bin Prefecture, and the Tibetans entered and took the city.
36
劉玄佐在汴，習鄰道故事，久未入朝。 韓滉過汴，玄佐重其才望，以屬吏禮謁之。 滉相約為兄弟，請拜玄佐母。 其母喜，置酒見之。 酒半，滉曰：「弟何時入朝？」 玄佐曰：「久欲入朝，但力未辦耳。」 滉曰：「滉力可及，弟宜早入朝。 丈母垂白，不可使更帥諸婦女往填宮也！」 母悲泣不自勝。 滉乃遺玄佐錢二十萬緡，備行裝。 滉留大梁三日，大出金帛賞勞，一軍為之傾動。 玄佐驚服，既而遣人密聽之，滉問孔目吏，「今日所費幾何？」 詰責甚細。 玄佐笑曰：「吾知之矣！」 壬寅，玄佐與陳許節度使曲環俱入朝。
Liu Xuanzuo was stationed at Bian. Following the old custom of neighboring circuits, he had long stayed away from court. When Han Huang passed through Bian, Xuanzuo, impressed by his talent and standing, received him with the ceremony owed a subordinate officer. Huang proposed they become sworn brothers and asked to pay his respects to Xuanzuo's mother. His mother was delighted and set out wine to receive him. When they were halfway through the wine, Huang said, "Brother, when do you plan to come to court?" Xuanzuo said, "I have long wanted to come to court, but I have not had the means to do it." Huang said, "I can help with that. Brother, you ought to come to court soon. Your mother-in-law's hair is already white. You cannot make her lead the other women to court again!" The mother wept until she could no longer bear it. Huang then gave Xuanzuo two hundred thousand strings of cash to cover his travel expenses. Huang remained at Daliang for three days and distributed gold and silk in lavish rewards, stirring the entire army. Xuanzuo was astonished and impressed. Then he secretly sent someone to eavesdrop. Huang was questioning the ledger clerk: "How much was spent today?" He pressed the accounting in minute detail. Xuanzuo laughed and said, "Now I understand!" On renyin, Xuanzuo and Chenxu military governor Qu Huan both came to court.
37
崔造改錢穀法，事多不集。 諸使之職，行之已久，中外安之。 元琇既失職，造憂懼成疾，不視事。 既而江、淮運米大至，上嘉韓滉之功。 十二月，丁巳，以滉兼度支、諸道鹽鐵，轉運等使，造所條奏皆改之。
Cui Zao reformed the fiscal and grain laws, but many of his plans never took hold. The commissioner posts had long been in place, and both court and provinces had grown used to them. After Yuan Heng lost his post, Zao fell ill with worry and fear and stopped attending to business. Before long, transport grain from the Jiang and Huai regions arrived in great quantity, and the emperor praised Han Huang's achievement. In the twelfth month, on dingsi, Huang was made commissioner of revenue, salt and iron for all circuits, and transport as well. Every proposal Zao had submitted was reversed.
38
吐蕃又寇夏州，亦令刺史托跋乾暉帥眾去，遂據其城。 又寇銀州，州素無城，吏民皆潰。 吐蕃亦棄之，又陷麟州。
The Tibetans attacked Xia Prefecture again, likewise ordering Prefect Toba Qianhui to lead his people away, then seized the city. They also attacked Yin Prefecture. The prefecture had never had walls, and officials and commoners alike fled in panic. The Tibetans abandoned Yin as well and then captured Lin Prefecture.
39
韓滉屢短元琇於上。 庚申，崔造罷為右庶子，琇貶雷州司戶。 以吏部侍郎班宏為戶部侍郎、度支副使。
Han Huang repeatedly slandered Yuan Heng before the emperor. On gengshen, Cui Zao was dismissed and made Right Household Companion; Heng was demoted to registrar of Leizhou. Ban Hong, vice minister of the Ministry of Personnel, was appointed vice minister of revenue and deputy commissioner of revenue.
40
韓游瑰奏請發兵攻鹽州，吐蕃救之，則使河東襲其背。 丙寅，詔駱元光及陳許兵馬使韓全義將步騎萬二千人會邠寧軍，趣鹽州，又使馬燧以河東軍擊吐蕃。 燧至右州，河曲六胡州皆降，遷於雲、朔之間。
Han Yougui memorialized asking that troops be sent to attack Yan Prefecture. If the Tibetans came to its rescue, Hedong forces should strike them from behind. On bingyin, an edict ordered Luo Yuanguang and Chenxu military commissioner Han Quanyi to lead twelve thousand infantry and cavalry to join the Binning army and march on Yan Prefecture. Ma Sui was also ordered to strike the Tibetans with the Hedong army. Sui reached You Prefecture. The six Hu prefectures in the river bend all surrendered and were relocated between Yun and Shuo.
41
工部侍郎張彧，李晟之婿也。 晟在鳳翔，以女嫁慕客崔樞，禮重樞過於彧。 彧怒，遂附於張延賞； 給事中鄭雲逵嘗為晟行軍司馬，失晟意，亦附延賞。 上亦忌晟功名。 會吐蕃有離間之言，延賞等騰謗於朝，無所不至。 晟聞之，晝夜泣，目為之腫，悉遣子弟詣長安，表請削髮為僧，上慰諭，不許。 辛未，於朝，見上，自陳足疾，懇辭方鎮，上不許。 韓滉素與晟善，上命滉與劉玄佐諭旨於晟，使與延賞釋怨。 晟奉詔，滉等引延賞詣晟第謝，結為兄弟，因宴飲盡歡。 又宴於滉、玄佐之第，亦如之。 滉因使晟表薦延賞為相。
Zhang Yu, vice minister of the Ministry of Works, was Li Sheng's son-in-law. While Sheng was at Fengxiang, he married his daughter to the guest-official Cui Shu and treated Shu with greater honor than Yu. Yu was enraged and threw in his lot with Zhang Yanshang; Supervising Secretary Zheng Yunkui had once served as Sheng's army camp adjutant but lost Sheng's favor and also joined Yanshang. The emperor also grew wary of Sheng's achievements and renown. Just then the Tibetans spread words meant to sow discord, and Yanshang and others broadcast slanders at court without restraint. When Sheng heard of it, he wept day and night until his eyes swelled. He sent all his sons and younger brothers to Chang'an with a memorial asking to shave his head and become a monk. The emperor comforted him and refused. On xinwei, at court, he saw the emperor, pleaded foot ailment, and earnestly asked to be relieved of his regional command. The emperor would not agree. Han Huang had long been on good terms with Sheng. The emperor ordered Huang and Liu Xuanzuo to convey the imperial will to Sheng and have him reconcile with Yanshang. Sheng obeyed the edict. Huang and the others brought Yanshang to Sheng's residence to apologize. They became sworn brothers and feasted together in full good cheer. They held feasts again at the residences of Huang and Xuanzuo in the same manner. Huang then had Sheng submit a memorial recommending Yanshang for the chancellorship.
42
德宗神武聖文皇帝七貞元三年（ 丁卯，公元七八七年）
Emperor Dezong the Divine Martial Sage Literary, seventh reign year, third year of Zhenyuan ( dingmao, AD 787)
43
春，正月，壬寅，以左僕射張延賞同平章事。 李晟為其子請婚於延賞，延賞不許。 晟謂人曰：「武夫性快，釋也於杯酒間，則不復貯胸中矣。 非如文士難犯，外雖和解，內蓄憾如故，吾得無懼哉！」
In spring, the first month, on renyin, Left Pushe Zhang Yanshang was appointed co-chief minister. Li Sheng asked Yanshang to marry his son to Yanshang's daughter. Yanshang refused. Sheng said to others, "A fighting man is quick-tempered. Once anger is released over wine, it is not stored in the breast again. Literary men are not like that—they are hard to offend. Outwardly reconciled, inwardly resentful as before—how can I not fear!"
44
初，李希烈據淮西，選騎兵尤精者為左、右門槍、奉國四將，步兵尤精者為左、右克平十將。 淮西少馬，精兵皆乘騾，謂之騾軍。 陳仙奇舉淮西降，才數月，詔發其兵於京西防秋。 仙奇遣都知兵馬使蘇浦悉將淮西精兵五千人以行。 會仙奇為吳少誠所殺，少誠密遣人召門槍兵馬使吳法超等使引兵歸。 浦不之知。 法超等引步騎四千自鄜州叛歸，渾瑊使其將白娑勒追之，反為所敗。 丙午，上急遣中使敕陝虢觀察使李泌發兵防遏，勿令濟河。 泌遣押牙唐英岸將兵趣靈寶，淮西兵已陳於河南矣。 泌乃命靈寶給其食，淮西兵亦不敢剽掠。 明日，宿陝西七里。 泌不給其食，遣將將選士四百人分為二隊，伏於太原倉之隘道，令之曰：「賊十隊過，東伏則大呼擊之，西伏亦大呼應之，勿遮道，勿留行，常讓以半道，隨而擊之。」 又遣虞侯集近村少年各持弓、刀、瓦石躡賊後，聞呼亦應而追之。 又遣唐英岸將千五百人夜出南門，陳於澗北。 明日四鼓，淮西兵起行入隘，兩伏發。 賊眾驚亂，且戰且走，死者四之一。 進遇唐英岸，邀而擊之，賊眾大敗，擒其騾軍兵馬使張崇獻。 泌以賊必分兵自山路南遁，又遣都將燕子楚將兵四百自炭竇谷趣長水。 賊二日不食，屢戰皆敗，英岸追至永寧東，賊皆潰入山谷。 吳法超果帥其眾太半趣長水，燕子楚擊之，斬法超，殺其士卒三分之二。 上以陝兵少，發神策軍步騎五千往助泌，至赤水，聞賊已破而還。 上命劉玄佐乘驛歸汴，以詔書緣道誘之，得百三十餘人，至汴州，盡殺之。 其潰兵在道，復為村民所殺，得至蔡者，才四十七人。 吳少誠以其少，悉斬之以聞。 且遣使以幣謝李泌，為其破叛卒也。 泌執張崇獻等六十餘人送京師，詔悉腰斬於鄜州軍門，以令防秋之眾。
Earlier, when Li Xilie held Huai West, he selected the finest cavalry for the four Left and Right Gate-Spear and Serving-the-State commands, and the finest infantry for the ten Left and Right Ke-ping commands. Huai West had few horses, so elite troops all rode mules. They were called the Mule Army. Chen Xianqi had surrendered Huai West only a few months before when an edict ordered his troops sent west for autumn frontier defense. Xianqi sent Chief Military Commissioner Su Pu to lead all five thousand elite Huai West troops on the march. Just then Xianqi was killed by Wu Shaocheng. Shaocheng secretly sent men to summon Gate-Spear military commissioner Wu Fachao and others to lead the troops back. Pu knew nothing of this. Fachao and others led four thousand infantry and cavalry in mutiny from Bin Prefecture homeward. Hun Jian sent his general Bai Suole to pursue them but was defeated instead. On bingwu, the emperor urgently sent an imperial messenger ordering Shan-Guo Observation Commissioner Li Bi to mobilize troops to block them and not let them cross the river. Bi sent his yamen officer Tang Ying'an with troops toward Lingbao. The Huai West army was already drawn up south of the Yellow River. Bi then ordered Lingbao to supply them with food, and the Huai West troops did not dare to plunder. The next day they encamped seven li west of Shan Prefecture. Bi did not supply them with food. He sent a general to lead four hundred picked men in two teams to lie in ambush in the narrow pass at Taiyuan Granary, instructing them, "When ten enemy columns have passed, the eastern ambush is to shout and strike; the western ambush is also to shout in response. Do not block the road. Do not hold up their march. Always yield half the road, then strike as you follow." He also sent runners to gather youths from nearby villages, each armed with bow, knife, and stones, to trail behind the enemy. When they heard the shouts, they too responded and pursued. He also sent Tang Ying'an with fifteen hundred men out the south gate at night to draw up north of the stream. At the fourth watch the next day, the Huai West troops set out and entered the pass. Both ambushes sprang. The enemy force panicked and scattered, fighting as they fled. One in four was killed. Advancing, they met Tang Ying'an, who intercepted and struck them. The enemy force was routed, and their Mule Army military commissioner Zhang Chongxian was captured. Bi judged that the enemy would surely split forces and flee south by mountain paths. He also sent Chief Commander Yan Zichu with four hundred men through Tandou Valley toward Changshui. The enemy had gone two days without food and lost battle after battle. Ying'an pursued them to east of Yongning, and the enemy all fled in rout into the valleys. Wu Fachao indeed led the greater part of his force toward Changshui. Yan Zichu struck them, beheaded Fachao, and killed two-thirds of his soldiers. Because Shan troops were few, the emperor dispatched five thousand Shence Army infantry and cavalry to assist Bi. They reached Chishui, heard the enemy was already broken, and returned. The emperor ordered Liu Xuanzuo to ride post-horses back to Bian and, with edicts posted along the route, lure them in. He got more than one hundred thirty men and, upon reaching Bian Prefecture, had them all killed. The scattered troops still on the road were again killed by villagers. Only forty-seven reached Cai. Wu Shaocheng, finding them too few, had them all beheaded and reported it. He also sent an envoy with gifts to thank Li Bi for breaking the mutinous troops. Bi detained Zhang Chongxian and more than sixty others and sent them to the capital. An edict ordered them all beheaded at the waist at the army gate in Bin Prefecture, as a warning to the autumn-defense troops.
45
初，雲南王閤羅鳳陷巂州，獲西瀘令鄭回。 回，相州人，通經術，閤羅鳳愛重之。 其子鳳迦異及孫異牟尋、曾孫尋夢湊皆師事之，每授學，回得撻之。 及異牟尋為王，以回為清平官。 清平官者，蠻相也，凡有六人，而國事專決於回。 五人者事回甚卑謹，有過，則回撻之。 雲南有眾數十萬，吐蕃每入寇，常以雲南為前鋒，賦斂重數，又奪其險要立城堡，歲徵兵助防，雲南苦之。 回因說異牟尋復自歸於唐，曰：「中國尚禮義，有惠澤，無賦役。」 異牟尋以為然，而無路自致，凡十餘年。 及西川節度使韋皋至鎮，招撫境上群蠻，異牟尋潛遣人因諸蠻求內附。 皋奏：「今吐蕃棄好，暴亂鹽、夏，宜因雲南及八國生羌有歸化之心招納之，以離吐蕃之黨，分其勢。」 上命皋先作邊將書以諭之，微觀其趣。
Earlier, Piluoge, king of Yunnan, took Xi Prefecture and captured Xilu Prefect Zheng Hui. Hui was from Xiang Prefecture and versed in the classics. Piluoge cherished and honored him. His son Fengjiayi, grandson Yimouxun, and great-grandson Xunmengcou all studied under him as disciples. Whenever he taught, Hui was allowed to beat them. When Yimouxun became king, he made Hui a Qingping official. Qingping officials were barbarian chancellors. There were six in all, and state affairs were decided exclusively by Hui. The five others served Hui with great humility and care. If they erred, Hui beat them. Yunnan had a population of several hundred thousand. Whenever the Tibetans raided, they always used Yunnan as vanguard, levied heavy taxes repeatedly, seized strategic points to build fortresses, and conscripted troops each year to help defend. Yunnan suffered greatly. Hui therefore urged Yimouxun to return to allegiance to Tang, saying, "China honors ritual and righteousness, bestows gracious benefits, and imposes no levies or corvée." Yimouxun thought this correct, but had no way to reach Tang on his own. This went on for more than ten years. When Wei Gao, military governor of Xichuan, arrived at his post, he recruited and pacified the barbarian tribes on the border. Yimouxun secretly sent men through the various tribes to seek submission. Gao memorialized, "Now the Tibetans have cast aside friendship and violently ravaged Yan and Xia. We should take advantage of Yunnan and the eight tribes of raw Qiang who wish to submit, recruit them, split the Tibetan faction, and divide their strength." The emperor ordered Gao first to write a frontier general's letter to instruct them and subtly observe their inclinations.
46
張延賞與齊映有隙，映在諸相中頗稱敢言，上浸不悅。 延賞言映非宰相器。 壬子，映貶夔州刺史。 劉滋羅為左散騎常侍，以兵部侍郎柳渾同平章事。 韓滉性苛暴，方為上所任，言無不從，他相充位而已，百官群吏救過不贍。 渾另為滉所引薦，正色讓之曰：「先相公以褊察為相，不滿歲而罷，今公又甚焉。 奈何榜吏於省中，至有死者！ 且作福作威，豈人臣所宜！」 滉愧，為之少霽威嚴。
Zhang Yanshang and Qi Ying were at odds. Among the chief ministers, Ying was known for speaking boldly, and the emperor gradually grew displeased. Yanshang said Ying was not fit to be chief minister. On renzi, Ying was demoted to prefect of Kui. Liu Zi was made Left Regular Attendant of the Cavalry, and Liu Hun, vice minister of war, was made co-chief minister. Han Huang was by nature harsh and violent. Just then he was trusted by the emperor and his every word was obeyed. The other chief ministers were mere placeholders, and officials and clerks at every level barely had time to remedy their faults. Liu Hun had been recommended by Huang. With stern countenance he reproached him, saying, "The former chief minister served as chancellor through petty suspicion and scrutiny. Within less than a year he was dismissed. Now you have gone even further. How can you flog clerks in the ministry until some have died! And to grant favors and wield power—how is that fitting for a subject minister!" Huang was ashamed and somewhat relaxed his severity on their account.
47
二月，壬戌，以檢校左庶子崔浣充入吐蕃使。
In the second month, on renxu, Cui Wan, acting Left Household Companion, was appointed envoy to Tibet.
48
戊寅，鎮海節度使、同平章事、充江、淮轉運使韓滉薨。 滉久在二浙，所辟僚佐，各隨其長，無不得人。 嘗有故人子謁之，考其能，一無所長，滉與之宴，竟席，未嘗左右視及與並坐交言。 後數日，署為隨軍，使監庫門。 其人終日危坐，吏卒無敢妄出入者。
On wuyin, Han Huang, military governor of Zhenhai, co-chief minister, and commissioner for Jiang-Huai transport, died. Huang had long served in the two Zhe regions. Among the staff he recruited, each was assigned according to his strengths, and none failed to find his proper place. Once a friend's son came to see him. After testing his abilities, he found the man had no particular talent. Huang feasted with him. Through the entire banquet he never once glanced to either side or spoke with him as an equal at the same seat. A few days later he appointed him as camp follower and had him oversee the storehouse gate. The man sat upright in formal posture all day long, and clerks and soldiers did not dare enter or leave without cause.
49
分浙江東、西道為三：浙西，治潤州； 浙東，治越州； 宣、歙、池，治宣州； 各置觀察使以領之。 上以果州刺史白志貞為浙西觀察使，柳渾曰：「志貞，憸人，不可復用。」 會渾疾，不視事，辛巳，詔下，用之。 渾疾間，遂乞骸骨，不許。
The Jiangsu-Zhejiang Eastern and Western circuits were divided into three: Western Zhe, administered from Run Prefecture; Eastern Zhe, administered from Yue Prefecture; Xuan, She, and Chi, administered from Xuan Prefecture; each was given an observation commissioner to govern it. The emperor appointed Bai Zhizhen, prefect of Guo, as observation commissioner of Western Zhe. Liu Hun said, "Zhizhen is a crafty man and must not be employed again." Just then Hun fell ill and ceased attending to affairs. On xinsi the edict was issued and Zhizhen was appointed. While Hun was ill he asked to retire on account of age, but was not permitted.
50
甲申，葬昭德皇后於靖陵。
On jiashen, Empress Zhaode was buried at Jing Mausoleum.
51
三月，丁酉，以左庶子李銛充入吐蕃使。
In the third month, on dingyou, Li Xian, Left Household Companion, was appointed envoy to Tibet.
52
初，吐蕃尚結讚得鹽、夏州，各留千餘人戍之，退屯鳴沙。 自冬入春，羊馬多死。 糧運不繼，又聞李晟克摧沙，馬燧、渾瑊等各舉兵臨之，大懼，屢遣使求和，上未之許。 乃遣使卑辭厚禮求和於馬燧，且請修清水之盟而歸侵地，使者相繼於路。 燧信其言，留屯石州，不復濟河，為之請於朝。 李晟曰：「戎狄無信，不如擊之。」 韓游瑰曰：「吐蕃弱則求盟，強則入寇，今深入塞內而求盟，此必詐也！」 韓滉曰：「今兩河無虞，若城原、鄯、洮、渭四州，使李晟、劉玄佐之徒將十萬眾戍之，河、湟二十餘州可復也。 其資糧之費，臣請主辦。」 上由是不聽燧計，趣使進兵。 燧請與吐蕃使論頰熱俱入朝論之，會滉薨，燧、延賞皆與晟有隙，欲反其謀，爭言和親便。 上亦恨回紇，欲與吐蕃和，共擊之，得二人言，正會己意，計遂定。 延賞數言「晟不宜久典兵，請以鄭雲逵代之。」 上曰：「當令自擇代者。」 乃謂晟曰：「朕以百姓之故，與吐蕃和親決矣。 大臣既與吐蕃有怨，不可復之鳳翔，宜留朝廷，朝夕輔朕，自擇一人可代鳳翔者。 晟薦都虞候邢君牙。 君牙，樂壽人也。 丙午，以君牙為鳳翔尹團練使。 丁未，加晟太尉、中書令，勳、封如故； 餘悉罷之。 晟在鳳翔，嘗謂僚佐曰：「魏徵好直諫，余竊慕之。」 行軍司馬李叔度曰：「此乃儒者所為，非勳德所宜。」 晟斂容曰：「司馬失言。 晟任兼將相，知朝廷得失不言，何以為臣！」 叔度慚而退。 及在朝廷，上有所顧問，極言無隱。 性沉密，未嘗洩於人。
Earlier, the Tibetan Shang Jiezan had taken Yan and Xia prefectures, leaving more than a thousand men to garrison each, then withdrew and encamped at Mingsha. From winter into spring, many sheep and horses died. Grain transport could not keep up. They also heard that Li Sheng had taken Cuisha, and Ma Sui, Hun Jian, and others each mobilized troops and pressed upon them. Greatly alarmed, they repeatedly sent envoys seeking peace, but the emperor did not grant it. They then sent envoys with humble words and lavish gifts to seek peace from Ma Sui, also requesting restoration of the Qingshui covenant and return of the seized territory. Envoys followed one another on the road. Sui believed their words. He remained encamped at Shi Prefecture and no longer crossed the river, requesting this on their behalf at court. Li Sheng said, "The barbarians are faithless; it is better to strike them." Han Yougui said, "When Tibet is weak it seeks alliance; when strong it raids. Now, having penetrated deep inside the frontier yet seeking alliance—this must be deception!" Han Huang said, "Now the two He regions are secure. If we fortify the four prefectures of Yuan, Shan, Tao, and Wei, and have Li Sheng, Liu Xuanzuo, and the like lead a hundred thousand men to garrison them, more than twenty prefectures of the He and Huang regions can be recovered. As for the cost of provisions, your subject requests to take charge of it." The emperor therefore did not heed Sui's plan and urged him to advance. Sui requested that the Tibetan envoy Lun Zanre accompany him to court to discuss the matter. Just then Huang died. Sui and Yanshang both bore grudges against Sheng and wished to overturn his plan. Each argued that marriage alliance would be advantageous. The emperor also resented the Uyghurs and wished to reconcile with Tibet to jointly attack them. Hearing the two men's words matched his own intent, the plan was settled. Yanshang repeatedly said, "Sheng should not hold military command for long. I request that Zheng Yunkui replace him." The emperor said, "He should choose his own replacement." He then said to Sheng, "For the sake of the people, I have decided on marriage alliance with Tibet. Since you, a chief minister, bear grudges against Tibet, you cannot return to Fengxiang. You should remain at court, assisting me morning and evening. Choose for yourself someone who can replace you at Fengxiang. Sheng recommended Chief Adjutant Xing Junya. Junya was a man of Leshou. On bingwu, Junya was made prefect and regimentation commissioner of Fengxiang. On dingwei, Sheng was promoted to Grand Marshal and Director of the Secretariat; his honors and fief remained unchanged; all other posts were removed. While Sheng was at Fengxiang, he once said to his staff, "Wei Zheng loved to speak blunt remonstrance; I have privately admired that." Military Affairs Secretary Li Shudu said, "That is what scholars do—it is not fitting for a man of merit and virtue." Sheng composed his expression and said, "The Secretary spoke amiss. Sheng holds both generalship and chancellorship. If knowing the court's gains and losses I do not speak, how can I be a minister!" Shudu withdrew in shame. When later at court, whenever the emperor consulted him, he spoke with utmost candor and held nothing back. By nature he was deep and reserved; he never leaked matters to others.
53
辛亥，馬燧入朝。 燧既來，諸軍皆閉壁不戰，尚結贊遽自鳴沙引歸，其眾乏馬，多徒行者。 崔浣見尚結贊，責以負約。 尚結贊曰：「吐蕃破朱泚，未獲賞，是以來，而諸州各城守，無由自達。 鹽、夏守者以城授我而遁，非我取之也。 今明公來，欲踐修舊好，固吐蕃之願也。 今吐蕃將相以下來者二十一人，渾侍中嘗與之共事，知其忠信。 靈州節度使杜希全、涇原節度使李觀皆信厚聞於異域，請使之主盟。」
On xinhai, Ma Sui entered court. Once Sui had come, all armies closed their walls and did not fight. Shang Jiezan hastily led his forces back from Mingsha. His troops lacked horses, and many went on foot. Cui Wan met Shang Jiezan and reproached him for breaking his pledge. Shang Jiezan said, "Tibet helped defeat Zhu Ci yet received no reward. That is why we came. But each prefecture held its walls, and we had no way to reach you on our own. The garrisons of Yan and Xia surrendered their cities to us and fled—they were not taken by force. Now that you have come, seeking to restore the old friendship is indeed Tibet's wish. Now twenty-one Tibetan generals and ministers have come down. Vice Minister Hun once worked with them and knows them to be loyal and trustworthy. Military governor of Ling Prefecture Du Xiquan and military governor of Jingyuan Li Guan are both known in distant lands for faith and kindness. We ask that they preside over the covenant."
54
夏，四月，丙寅，浣至長安。 辛未，以浣為鴻臚卿，復使入吐蕃語尚結贊曰：「希全守靈，不可出境，李觀已改官，今遣渾瑊盟於清水。」 且令先歸鹽、夏二州。 五月，甲申，渾自咸陽入朝，以為清水會盟使。 戊子，以兵部尚書崔漢衡為副使，司封員外郎鄭叔矩為判官，特進宋奉朝為都監。 己丑，瑊將二萬餘人赴盟所。 乙巳，尚結贊遣其屬論泣贊來言：「清水非吉地，請盟於原州之土梨樹，既盟而歸鹽、夏二州。」 上皆許之。 神策將馬有麟奏：「土梨樹多阻險，恐吐蕃設伏兵，不如平涼川坦夷。」 時論泣贊已還，丁未，遣使追告之。
In summer, the fourth month, on bingyin, Wan reached Chang'an. On xinwei, Wan was made Director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments and again sent into Tibet to tell Shang Jiezan, "Xiquan holds Ling and cannot leave the frontier. Li Guan has changed posts. Now Hun Jian is being sent to covenant at Qingshui." He was also ordered first to return the two prefectures of Yan and Xia. In the fifth month, on jiashen, Hun returned to court from Xianyang and was appointed covenant envoy at Qingshui. On wuzi, Vice Minister of War Cui Hanheng was made deputy envoy, Ministry of Rites outer-section clerk Zheng Shuju was made judge, and Special Advanced Song Fengchao was made chief supervisor. On jichou, Jian led more than twenty thousand men to the covenant site. On yisi, Shang Jiezan sent his subordinate Lun Qizan to say, "Qingshui is not an auspicious place. We ask to covenant at Tuli Tree in Yuan Prefecture. Once the covenant is made, we will return the two prefectures of Yan and Xia." The emperor granted all of this. Shence general Ma Youlin memorialized, "Tuli Tree is full of rugged defiles. I fear Tibet may set an ambush. It would be better at the open ground of Pingliang Stream." By then Lun Qizan had already returned. On dingwei a messenger was sent to catch up and inform him.
55
申蔡留後吳少誠，繕兵完城，欲拒朝命，判官鄭常、大將楊冀謀逐之，詐為手詔賜諸將申州刺史張伯元等。 事洩，少誠殺常、冀、伯元。 大將宋旻、曹濟奔長安。
Wu Shaocheng, acting commissioner of Shen-Cai, repaired arms and completed fortifications, intending to resist the court's orders. Judge Zheng Chang and general Yang Ji plotted to drive him out. They forged an imperial handwritten edict to bestow on generals including Shen Prefecture prefect Zhang Boyuan. When the affair was exposed, Shaocheng killed Chang, Ji, and Boyuan. Generals Song Min and Cao Ji fled to Chang'an.
56
閏月，己未，韋皋復與東蠻和義王苴那時書，使詗伺導達雲南。
In the intercalary month, on jiwei, Wei Gao again wrote to Junaishi, king of the Eastern Man and Prince of Heyi, having scouts guide the message through to Yunnan.
57
庚申，大省州、縣官員，收其祿以給戰士，張延賞之謀也。 時新除官千五百人，而當減者千餘人，怨嗟盈路。
On gengshen there was a great reduction of prefecture and county officials; their salaries were taken to supply the soldiers. This was Zhang Yanshang's plan. At the time fifteen hundred men had just been newly appointed, while more than a thousand were to be reduced. Resentful complaints filled the roads.
58
初，韓滉薦劉玄佐可使將兵復河、湟，上以問玄佐，玄佐亦贊成之。 滉薨，玄佐奏言：「吐蕃方強，未可與爭。」 上遣中使勞問玄佐，玄佐臥而受命。 張延賞知玄佐不可用，奏以河、湟事委李抱真，抱真亦固辭。 皆由延賞罷李晟兵柄，故武臣皆憤怒解體，不肯為用故也。
Earlier, Han Huang had recommended Liu Xuanzuo as capable of leading troops to recover the He and Huang regions. The emperor asked Xuanzuo, and Xuanzuo also endorsed the plan. When Huang died, Xuanzuo memorialized, "Tibet is presently strong; we cannot contend with it." The emperor sent an imperial messenger to express sympathy and inquire of Xuanzuo. Xuanzuo received the command while lying in bed. Zhang Yanshang knew Xuanzuo could not be used and memorialized to entrust the He and Huang affair to Li Baozhen. Baozhen also firmly declined. This was all because Yanshang had stripped Li Sheng of military authority, so military men were furious and demoralized and refused to be employed.
59
上以襄、鄧扼淮西衝要，癸亥，以荊南節度使曹王皋為山南東道節度使，以襄、鄧、復、郢、安、隨、唐七州隸之。
Because Xiang and Deng guarded the strategic point against Huai West, on guihai Cao Wang Gao, military governor of Jingnan, was made military governor of Shannan East Circuit, and the seven prefectures of Xiang, Deng, Fu, Ying, An, Sui, and Tang were placed under him.
60
渾瑊之發長安也，李晟深戒之，以盟所為備不可不嚴。 張延賞言於上曰：「晟不欲盟好之成，故戒瑊以嚴備。 我有疑彼之形，則彼亦疑我矣，盟何由成！」 上乃召瑊，切戒以推誠待虜，勿自為猜貳以阻虜情。 瑊奏吐蕃決以辛未盟，延賞集百官，以瑊表稱詔示之曰：「李太尉謂吐蕃和好必不成，此渾侍中表也，盟日定矣。」 晟聞之，泣謂所親曰：「吾生長西陲，備諳虜情，所以論奏，但恥朝廷為犬戎所侮耳！」
When Hun Jian was setting out from Chang'an, Li Sheng earnestly warned him that preparations at the covenant site could not be lax. Zhang Yanshang said to the emperor, "Sheng does not want the alliance to succeed, therefore he warned Jian to take strict precautions. If we show suspicion of them, they will also suspect us—how can a covenant be concluded!" The emperor then summoned Jian and sternly admonished him to treat the barbarians with sincerity and not arouse mutual suspicion that would obstruct the barbarians' goodwill. Jian reported that Tibet had settled on xinwei for the covenant. Yanshang assembled the hundred officials, displayed Jian's memorial styled as an imperial edict, and said, "Grand Marshal Li said a Tibetan reconciliation would certainly fail. This is Vice Minister Hun's memorial—the day of covenant is fixed." When Sheng heard of it, he wept and said to those close to him, "I grew up on the western frontier and am thoroughly familiar with barbarian dispositions. The reason I argued and memorialized was only that I was shamed to see the court humiliated by the Dog Barbarians!"
61
上始命駱元光屯潘原，韓游瑰屯洛口，以為瑊援。 元光謂瑊曰：「潘原距盟所且七十里，公有急，元光何從知之！ 請與公俱。」 瑊以詔指固止之。 元光不從，與瑊連營相次，距明所三十餘里。 元光壕柵深固，瑊壕柵皆可逾也。 元光伏兵於營西，韓游瑰亦遣五百騎伏於其側，曰：「若有變，則汝曹西趣柏泉以分其勢。」 尚結贊與瑊約，各以甲士三千人列於壇之東西，常服者四百人從至壇下，辛未，將盟，尚結贊又請各遣游騎數十更相覘索，瑊皆許之。 吐蕃伏精騎數萬於壇西，游騎貫穿唐軍，出入無禁。 唐騎入虜軍，悉為所擒，瑊等皆不知，入幕，易禮服。 虜伐鼓三聲，大噪而至，殺宋奉朝等於幕中。 瑊自幕後出，偶得它馬乘之，伏鬣入其銜，馳十餘里，銜方及馬口，故矢過其背而不傷。 唐將卒皆東走，虜縱兵追擊，或殺或擒之，死者數百人，擒者千餘人，崔漢衡為虜騎所擒。 渾瑊至其營，則將卒皆遁去，營空矣。 駱元光發伏成陳以待之，虜追騎愕眙。 瑊入元光營，追騎顧見邠寧軍西馳，乃還。 元光以輜重資瑊，與瑊收散卒，勒兵整陳而還。
The emperor first ordered Luo Yuanguang to encamp at Panyuan and Han Yougui to encamp at Luokou, as reinforcement for Jian. Yuanguang said to Jian, "Panyuan is nearly seventy li from the covenant site. If you are in distress, how is Yuanguang to know! I ask to accompany you." Jian firmly stopped him, citing the imperial instructions. Yuanguang would not obey. He and Jian encamped in succession, more than thirty li from the covenant site. Yuanguang's moats and palisades were deep and strong; Jian's could all be crossed. Yuanguang hid troops west of his camp. Han Yougui also sent five hundred cavalry to lie in ambush on the flank, saying, "If there is trouble, then you men ride west toward Baiquan to divide their force." Shang Jiezan and Jian agreed that each would array three thousand armored soldiers east and west of the altar; four hundred in ordinary dress would follow down to the altar. On xinwei, when they were about to covenant, Shang Jiezan again asked that each side send several dozen scouting horsemen to reconnoiter each other in turn. Jian permitted everything. Tibet hid tens of thousands of elite cavalry west of the altar. Scouting horsemen pierced through the Tang army and came and went without restriction. Tang horsemen who entered the barbarian army were all captured. Jian and the others knew nothing of it. They entered the pavilion and changed into ceremonial dress. The barbarians beat the drum three times, came with a great uproar, and killed Song Fengchao and others inside the pavilion. Jian emerged from behind the pavilion, by chance got another horse and mounted it. The mane lay flat against the bit in its mouth. He galloped more than ten li before the bit reached the horse's mouth. Therefore arrows passed over his back without wounding him. Tang generals and soldiers all fled east. The barbarians loosed their troops in pursuit; some they killed, some they captured. Several hundred died; more than a thousand were captured. Cui Hanheng was seized by barbarian cavalry. When Hun Jian reached his camp, the generals and soldiers had all fled. The camp was empty. Luo Yuanguang deployed his ambush and formed battle lines to await them. The pursuing barbarian cavalry stared in astonishment. Jian entered Yuanguang's camp. The pursuing horsemen, glancing back, saw the Binning army riding west and withdrew. Yuanguang shared supplies and baggage with Jian; together they rallied scattered troops, re-formed the army, and withdrew in good order.
62
是日上臨朝，謂諸相曰：「今日和戎息兵，社稷之福。」 馬燧曰：「然。」 柳渾曰：「戎狄，豺狼也，非盟誓可結。 今日之事，臣竊憂之！」 李晟曰：「誠如渾言。」 上變色曰：「柳渾書生，不知邊計； 大臣亦為此言邪！」 皆伏地頓首謝，因罷朝。 是夕，韓游瑰表言：「虜劫盟者，兵臨近鎮。」 上大驚，街遞其表以示渾。 明旦，謂渾曰：「卿書生，乃能料敵如此其審乎！」 上欲出幸，以避吐蕃，大臣諫而止。
That day the Emperor held court and told the chief ministers, "Today's peace with the barbarians and the laying down of arms are a blessing for the realm." Ma Sui said, "Indeed." Liu Hun said, "The barbarians are wolves; no oath or covenant can bind them. As for what happened today, I am deeply worried!" Li Sheng said, "Hun is right." The Emperor's face darkened. "Liu Hun is a scholar who knows nothing of frontier strategy; and yet my chief ministers repeat such talk!" All prostrated themselves and kowtowed in apology, and the session was adjourned. That evening Han Yougui submitted a memorial: "The barbarians who broke the treaty have troops at the gates of a nearby command." The Emperor was greatly alarmed and had the memorial rushed through the streets by relay to show Liu Hun. The next morning he said to Hun, "You—a mere scholar—and you read the enemy so clearly!" The Emperor wanted to leave the capital to escape the Tibetans; the chief ministers dissuaded him.
63
李晟大安園多竹，復有為飛語者，云「晟伏兵大安亭，謀因倉猝為變。」 晟遂伐其竹。
Li Sheng's Great Peace Garden had many bamboo groves, and fresh rumors spread that "Sheng has concealed troops at Great Peace Pavilion and plans to rebel in the confusion." Sheng then had the bamboo cut down.
64
癸酉，上遣中使王子恆繼詔遺尚結贊，至吐蕃境，不納而還。 渾瑊留屯奉天。 甲戌，尚結至故原州，引見崔漢衡等曰：「吾飾金械，欲械瑊以獻贊普。 今失瑊，虛致公輩。」 又謂馬燧之侄弇曰：「胡以馬為命，吾在河曲，春草未生，馬不能舉足，當是時，侍中渡河掩之，吾全軍覆沒矣！ 所以求和，蒙侍中力。 今全軍得歸，奈何拘其子孫！」 命弇與宦官俱文珍、渾瑊將馬寧俱歸。 分囚崔漢衡等於河、廓、鄯州。 上聞尚結贊之言，由是惡馬燧。
On guiyou the Emperor dispatched the palace envoy Wang Ziheng with an edict and gifts for Shang Jiezan; at the Tibetan frontier they were refused entry and turned back. Hun Jian stayed encamped at Fengtian. On jiaxu Shang Jie reached old Yuanzhou and had Cui Hanheng and the others brought before him, saying, "I had golden shackles made to bind Jian and deliver him to the tsenpo. Now Jian is gone, and I have dragged you here for nothing." He also told Ma Sui's nephew Yan, "The Hu live by their horses. At Hequ, before the spring grass came in, our horses could barely move—if the Vice Grand Councilor had crossed the river and attacked then, my whole army would have been wiped out! I owe the peace we made to the Vice Grand Councilor's efforts. Now his army has come home intact—why hold his sons and kin hostage!" He ordered Yan, the eunuch Ju Wenzhen, and Ma Ning, an officer under Hun Jian, all released to return. He sent Cui Hanheng and the rest away as prisoners, dividing them among He, Kuo, and Shan prefectures. When the Emperor heard what Shang Jiezan had said, he turned against Ma Sui.
65
六月，丙戌，以馬燧為司徒兼侍中，罷其副元帥、節度使。 初，吐蕃尚結贊惡李晟、馬燧、渾瑊，曰：「去三人，則唐可圖也。」 於是離間李晟，因馬燧以求和，欲執渾瑊以賣燧，使並獲罪，因縱兵直犯長安，會失渾瑊而止。 張延賞慚懼，謝病不視事。
In the sixth month, on bingxu, Ma Sui was appointed Grand Mentor and Vice Grand Councilor, and stripped of his roles as deputy supreme commander and military governor. Earlier the Tibetan minister Shang Jiezan had hated Li Sheng, Ma Sui, and Hun Jian, saying, "Remove these three and Tang can be taken." He set out to drive Li Sheng and Ma Sui apart, use Ma Sui to sue for peace, and capture Hun Jian to implicate Sui—ruining all three so he could march on Chang'an—but Jian's escape halted the plan. Zhang Yanshang, ashamed and frightened, pleaded illness and stopped coming to office.
66
以陝虢觀察使李泌為中書侍郎、同平章事。
Li Bi, commissioner overseeing Shan and Guo circuits, was made Vice Director of the Secretariat and Grand Councilor.
67
河東都虞候李自良從馬燧入朝，上欲以為河東節度使，自良固辭曰：「臣事燧日久，不欲代之為帥。」 乃以為右龍武大將軍。 明日，自良入謝，上謂之曰：「卿於馬燧，存軍中事分，誠為得禮。 然北門之任，非卿不可。」 卒以自良為河東節度使。
Li Ziliang, chief adjutant of Hedong, accompanied Ma Sui to court. The Emperor wanted to make him military governor of Hedong, but Ziliang firmly refused: "I have served under Sui for years; I do not want to step into his command." He was instead appointed General of the Right Divine Martial Guard. The next day, when Ziliang came to give thanks, the Emperor said, "You showed proper respect for Ma Sui's authority in the army—that was the right thing to do. But the post at the Northern Gate—no one else will do." In the end Ziliang was appointed military governor of Hedong after all.
68
吐蕃之戍鹽、夏者，饋運不繼，人多病疫思歸，尚結贊遣三千騎逆之，悉焚其廬舍，毀其城，驅其民而去。 靈鹽節度使杜希全遣兵分守之。
Tibetan troops garrisoning Yan and Xia ran short of supplies; sickness spread and men yearned to go home. Shang Jiezan sent three thousand cavalry to meet them, burned every camp, razed the cities, and drove off the populace. Du Xiquan, military governor of Ling and Yan, sent troops to hold the sites in separate detachments.
69
韋皋以雲南頗知書，壬辰，自以書招諭之，令趣遣使入見。
Wei Gao believed the people of Yunnan were well versed in writing; on renchen he personally wrote letters of summons and persuasion, urging them to send envoys to court without delay.
70
李泌初視事，壬寅，與李晟、馬燧、柳渾俱入見，上謂泌曰：「卿昔在靈武，已應為此官，卿自退讓。 朕今用卿，欲與卿有約，卿慎勿報仇，有恩者朕當為卿報之。」 對曰：「臣素奉道，不與人為仇。 李輔國、元載皆害臣者，今自斃矣。 素所善及有恩者，率已顯達，或多零落，臣無可報也。」 上曰：「雖然，有小恩者，亦當報之。」 對曰：「臣今日亦願與陛下為約，可乎？」 上曰：「何不可！」 泌曰：「願陛下勿害功臣。 臣受陛下厚恩，固無形跡。 李晟、馬燧有大功於國，聞有讒之者，雖陛下必不聽，然臣今日對二人言之，欲其不自疑耳。 陛下萬一害之，則宿衛之士，方鎮之臣，無不憤惋而反仄，恐中外之變不日復生也！ 人臣苛蒙人主愛信則幸矣，官於何有！ 臣在靈武之日，未嘗有官，而將相皆受臣指畫； 陛下以李懷光為太尉而懷光愈懼，遂至於叛。 此皆陛下所親見也。 今晟、燧富貴已足，苟陛下坦然待之，使其自保無虞，國家有事則出從征伐，無事則入奉朝請，何樂如之！ 故臣願陛下勿以二臣功大而忌之，二臣勿以位高而自疑，則天下永無事矣。」 上曰：「朕始聞卿言，聳然不知所謂。 及聽卿剖析，乃知社稷之至計也！ 朕謹當書紳，二大臣亦當共保之。」 晟、燧皆起，泣謝。 上因謂泌曰：「自今凡軍旅糧儲事，卿主之。 吏、禮委延賞，刑法委渾。」 泌曰：「不可。 陛下不以臣不才，使待罪宰相。 宰相之職，不可分也。 非如給事則有吏過、兵過，舍人則有六押，至於宰相，天下之事鹹共平章。 若各有所主，是乃有司，非宰相也。」 上笑曰：「朕適失辭，卿言是也。」 泌請復所減州、縣官。 上曰：「置吏以為人也，今戶口減於承平之時三分之二，而吏員更增，可乎！」 對曰：「戶口雖減，而事多於承平且十倍，吏得無增乎！ 且所減皆有職事而冗官不減，此所以為未當也。 至德以來置額外官，敵正官三分之一，若聽使計日得資然後停，加兩選授同類正員官。 如此，則不惟不怨，兼使之喜矣。」 又請諸王未出閣者不除府官，上皆從之。 乙卯，詔先所減官，並復故。
On Li Bi's first day in office, renyin, he appeared with Li Sheng, Ma Sui, and Liu Hun. The Emperor told Bi, "At Lingwu you should already have had this rank—you declined it yourself. Now that I am using you, I want an understanding: do not settle old scores; for anyone who was kind to you, I will see justice done. Bi replied, "I have long followed the Way; I do not make enemies. Li Fuguo and Yuan Zai both wronged me, and fate has already taken them. Friends and benefactors have mostly prospered or faded away; there is nothing left for me to repay." The Emperor said, "Even so, small favors should still be returned." Bi said, "Today I would like a pact with Your Majesty as well—may I?" The Emperor said, "Of course!" Bi said, "I ask that Your Majesty never harm ministers who have served the state well. You have shown me great trust, and I give you no cause to doubt me. Li Sheng and Ma Sui have done the country great service. Rumors swirl about them; Your Majesty would never act on them, but I say this in front of both men so they need not doubt themselves. If harm ever came to them, the palace guards and every frontier commander would seethe with outrage and fear— and rebellion at home and abroad could follow in no time! For a minister, the sovereign's love and trust are blessing enough—what does rank matter! At Lingwu I held no title, yet generals and chancellors took their cues from me; when you made Li Huai'guang Grand Marshal, he grew only more terrified, until he rose in rebellion. You saw all of that yourself. Sheng and Sui already have wealth and honor enough. Treat them plainly, let them live without fear—when the realm needs them they ride to war, when it does not they attend court. What could be better! So I beg Your Majesty not to resent them for their achievements, and beg them not to suspect you because of their rank—then the empire will stay at peace. The Emperor said, "When I first heard you I was shocked—I did not understand. Now that you have explained it, I see this is the vital policy for the realm! I will write it on my sash and keep it; the two of you must uphold it with me." Li Sheng and Ma Sui both stood, weeping, and thanked him. The Emperor then told Bi, "From now on you will oversee all army grain and supplies. Leave personnel and ritual to Yanshang, and criminal law to Hun." Bi said, "That cannot be. Your Majesty, despite my shortcomings, has made me chancellor. The chancellor's role cannot be split up. A receptionist handles civil or military paperwork; a drafting secretary holds six seals—but a chancellor deliberates on every affair under Heaven together with the throne. If each minister owned a separate portfolio, they would be clerks, not chancellors. The Emperor laughed. "I spoke hastily—you are right." Bi asked to restore the prefectural and county posts that had been abolished. The Emperor said, "We appoint officials to serve the people. Households are down by two-thirds from peacetime, yet the bureaucracy keeps growing—how is that acceptable! Bi replied, "Households may be fewer, but the workload is ten times what it was in peace—how could staff not grow! Besides, you eliminated posts that did real work while leaving idle sinecures untouched—that is why the cuts were wrong. Since the Zhide era we have filled one-third as many extra posts as regular ones. Let those extras draw daily pay until they are phased out, then after two promotion cycles grant them regular rank in the same track— —and they will not merely accept it; they will welcome it. He also asked that princes who had not yet been given households outside the palace not receive full staff appointments; the Emperor agreed to everything. On yimao an edict restored every post that had been cut.
71
初，張延賞在西川，與東川節度使李叔明有隙。 上入駱谷，值霖雨，道塗隊伍滑，衛士多亡歸朱泚，叔明之子升及郭子儀之子曙，令狐彰之子建等六人，恐有奸人危乘輿，相與嚙臂為盟，著行滕、釘革奚，更鞚上馬以至梁州，他人皆不得近。 及還長安，上皆以為禁衛將軍，寵遇甚厚。 張延賞知升私出入郜國大長公主第，密以白上。 上謂李泌曰：「郜國已老，升年少，何為如是！ 殆必有故，卿宜察之。」 泌曰：「此必有欲動搖東宮者。 誰為陛下言之？」 上曰：「卿勿問，第為朕察之。」 泌曰：「必延賞也。」 上曰：「何以知之？」 泌具為上言二人之隙，且曰：「升承恩顧，典禁兵，延賞無以中傷，而郜國乃太子蕭妃之母也，故欲以此陷之耳。」 上笑曰：「是也。」 泌因請除升它官，勿令宿衛以遠嫌。
Earlier, while Zhang Yanshang served in Xichuan, he had fallen out with Li Shuming, military governor of Dongchuan. When the Emperor fled through Luogu Pass, torrential rain turned the road to mud and columns slid; many guards deserted to Zhu Ci. Li Shuming's son Sheng, Guo Ziyi's son Shu, Linghu Zhang's son Jian, and three companions, fearing assassins might reach the carriage, bit their arms in blood oath, strapped on leg guards and spiked soles, lifted the Emperor back onto his horse, and escorted him all the way to Liangzhou—keeping everyone else at a distance. After the return to Chang'an the Emperor made them all palace guard generals and treated them with exceptional favor. Zhang Yanshang discovered that Sheng was secretly visiting the Elder Princess of Guo and quietly informed the Emperor. The Emperor said to Li Bi, "The Princess of Guo is elderly and Sheng is young—why would they carry on like this! There must be more to it. Look into this for me." Bi said, "Someone is trying to undermine the Crown Prince. Who brought this to Your Majesty?" The Emperor said, "Never mind who—just investigate." Bi said, "It has to be Yanshang." The Emperor asked, "How can you tell?" Bi laid out the feud between Yanshang and Shuming and said, "Sheng enjoys the Emperor's trust and commands the guard—Yanshang could not touch him directly. But the Princess of Guo is the Crown Prince's mother-in-law through Consort Xiao, so Yanshang means to entangle Sheng with scandal." The Emperor laughed. "Exactly right." Bi then asked that Sheng be transferred to another post and removed from palace guard duty to avoid suspicion.
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秋，七月，以升為詹事。 郜國，肅宗之女也。
In autumn, the seventh month, Sheng was appointed Grand Mentor to the Heir Apparent. The Princess of Guo was a daughter of Emperor Suzong.
73
甲子，割振武之綏、銀二州，以右羽林將軍韓潭為夏、綏、銀節度使，帥神策之士五千、朔方、河東之士三千鎮夏州。
On jiazi Sui and Yin were detached from Zhenwu; Han Tan, general of the Right Imperial Guard, became military governor of Xia, Sui, and Yin, commanding five thousand Shence troops plus three thousand from Shuofang and Hedong to hold Xia Prefecture.
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時關東防秋兵大集，國用不充。 李泌奏：「自變兩稅法以來，籓鎮、州、縣多違法聚斂。 繼以朱泚之亂，爭榷率、征罰以為軍資，點募自防。 泚既平，自懼違法，匿不敢言。 請遣使以詔旨赦其罪，但令革正，自非於法應留使、留州之外，悉輸京師。 其官典逋負，可征者征之，難征者釋之，以示寬大。 敢有隱沒者，重設告賞之科而罪之。」 上喜曰：「卿策甚長，然立法太寬，恐所得無幾！」 對曰：「茲事臣固熟思之，寬則獲多而速，急則獲少而遲。 蓋以寬則人喜於免罪而樂輸，急則競為蔽匿，非推鞫不能得其實，財不足濟今日之急而皆入於奸吏矣。」 上曰：「善！」 以度支員外郎元友直為河南、江、淮南句勘兩稅錢帛使。
Eastern frontier troops were assembling for the autumn defense, and the treasury could not keep up. Li Bi submitted a memorial: "Since the two-tax reform, military governors and local officials have often collected taxes outside the law. After Zhu Ci's rebellion they raced to impose monopolies, surcharges, and penalties to fund armies and conscript men for self-defense. Once Zhu Ci was gone they were afraid to admit their abuses and kept silent. Send envoys with an edict pardoning past offenses and requiring only reform. Aside from what the law allows regions and commissioners to retain, everything else should flow to the capital. For debts owed by local officials, collect what can reasonably be collected and write off the rest, as a sign of leniency. Anyone who concealed or withheld funds would face reinstated whistleblower rewards and criminal penalties." The emperor said warmly, "Your plan is far-reaching, but the law is too lenient. I'm afraid we won't collect much!" Bi replied, "I have given this much thought. Leniency brings in more revenue, faster; harshness brings in less, and slowly. Under leniency people gladly pay rather than face punishment; under harshness they conceal everything, and only torture will extract the truth—the treasury still won't meet today's need, and the money will end up in corrupt officials' hands." The emperor said, "Good! Yuan Youzhi, vice director of the treasury, was appointed to audit two-tax revenues in Henan, Jiang, and Huainan.
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初，河、隴既沒於吐蕃，自天寶以來，安西、北庭奏事及西域使人在長安者，歸路既絕，人馬皆仰給於鴻臚。 禮賓委府、縣供之，於度支受直。 度支不時付直，長安市肆不勝其弊。 李泌知胡客留長安久者，或四十餘年，皆有妻子，買田宅，舉質取利，安居不欲歸，命檢括胡客有田宅者停其給。 凡得四千人，將停其給。 胡客皆詣政府訴之，泌曰：「此皆從來宰相之過，豈有外國朝貢使者留京師數十年不聽歸乎！ 今當假道於回紇，或自海道各遣歸國，有不願歸者，當於鴻臚自陳，授以職位，給俸祿為唐臣。 人生當乘時展用，豈可終身客死邪！」 於是胡客無一人願歸者，泌皆分隸神策兩軍，王子、使者為散兵馬使或押牙，餘皆為卒，禁旅益壯。 鴻臚所給胡客才十餘人，歲省度支錢五十萬緡，市人皆喜。
After the He-Long region fell to Tibet, envoys from Anxi and Beiting and Western Region delegates stranded in Chang'an since the Tianbao era had no way home; the Court of Dependencies supplied men and horses. The Protocol Office had prefectures and counties provide for them and was reimbursed by the treasury. The treasury paid late, and Chang'an merchants could not bear the strain. Li Bi learned that some foreign guests had lived in Chang'an for forty years or more, taken wives, bought land, and lent at interest—they had settled in and did not want to leave. He ordered an audit and cut off supplies to any foreign guest who owned property. The audit found four thousand people whose stipends were to be cut off. The foreign guests all petitioned the government. Bi said, "This is the fault of chancellors past—what envoy from abroad is kept in the capital for decades and never sent home? Send them home by way of the Uyghurs, or by sea—each to his own country. Those who wish to stay should register with the Court of Dependencies, take office, and serve the Tang on salary. A man should make his mark while he can—who wants to die a stranger in a foreign land? Not one foreign guest chose to leave. Bi enrolled them all in the two Shence armies—princes and envoys as cavalry officers or guard lieutenants, the rest as rank-and-file—the imperial guard grew stronger. The Court of Dependencies now supported barely a dozen foreign guests, saving five hundred thousand strings a year—and the merchants rejoiced.
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上復問泌以復府兵之策。 對曰：「今歲征關東卒戍京西者十七萬人，計歲食粟二百四萬斛。 今粟斗直錢百五十，為錢三百六萬緡。 國家比遭饑亂，經費不充，就使有錢，亦無粟可糴，未暇議復府兵也。」 上曰：「然將奈何？ 亟減戍卒歸之，何如？」 對曰：「陛下誠能用臣之言，可以不減戍卒，不擾百姓，糧食皆足，粟麥日賤，府兵亦成。」 上曰：「果能如是，何為不用！」 對曰：「此須急為之，過旬日則不及矣。 今吐蕃久居原、蘭之間，以牛運糧，糧盡，占無所用，請發左藏惡繒染為彩纈，因党項以市之，每頭不過二三匹，計十八萬匹，可致六萬餘頭。 又命諸冶鑄農器糴麥種，分賜沿邊軍鎮，募戍卒，耕荒田而種之，約明年麥熟倍償其種，其餘據時價五分增一，官為糴之。 來春種禾亦如之。 關中土沃而久荒，所收必厚。 戍卒獲利，耕者浸多。 邊地居人至少，軍士月食官糧，粟麥無所售，其價必賤，名為增價，實比今歲所減多矣。」 上曰：「善！」 即命行之。 泌又言：「邊地官多闕，請募人入粟以補之，可足今歲之糧。」 上亦從之，因問曰：「卿言府兵亦集，如何？」 對曰：「戍卒因屯田致富，則安於其土，不復思歸。 舊制，戍卒三年而代，及其將滿，下令有願留者，即以所開田為永業。 家人原來來者，本貫給長牒續食而遣之。 據應募之數，移報本道，雖河朔諸帥得免更代之煩，亦喜聞矣。 不過數番，則戍卒皆土著，乃悉以府兵之法理之，是變關中之疲弊為富強也。」 上喜曰：「如此，天下無復事矣。」 泌曰：「未也。 臣能不用中國之兵使吐蕃自困。」 上曰：「計將安出？」 對曰：「臣未敢言之，俟麥禾有效，然後可議也。」 上固問，不對。 泌意欲結回紇、大食、雲南與共圖吐蕃，令吐蕃所備者多。 知上素恨回紇，恐聞之不悅，並屯田之議不行，故不肯言。 既而戍卒應募，願耕屯田者什五六。
The emperor again asked Bi how to restore the militia system. Bi replied, "This year we have conscripted one hundred seventy thousand men from east of the passes to garrison the western capital. They consume two million four hundred thousand hu of grain annually. At one hundred fifty cash per peck, that comes to three million six hundred thousand strings. The realm has just endured famine and rebellion; funds are thin. Even with money in hand, there is no grain to buy—we cannot discuss restoring the militia yet." The emperor said, "Then what do we do? What if we cut the garrisons and send the men home at once?" Bi replied, "If Your Majesty will follow my advice, you need not cut the garrisons or burden the people. Grain will be ample, millet and wheat will grow cheaper by the day—and the militia can be restored as well." The emperor said, "If it really works that way, why wouldn't we do it!" Bi replied, "This must be done at once. Wait ten days and the opportunity will be gone. The Tibetans have long held Yuan and Lan, hauling grain with oxen. When the grain runs out, the oxen are worthless. Issue the inferior silk from the Left Treasury, dye it into patterned fabrics, and trade through the Tangut—two or three bolts per head. One hundred eighty thousand bolts should buy more than sixty thousand oxen. He also ordered smithies to cast farm tools and buy wheat seed, distributed them to frontier garrisons, and recruited garrison troops to break wasteland. They would repay double the seed after next year's harvest; the government would buy the rest at market price plus twenty percent. The next spring they would plant millet on the same terms. Guanzhong's soil is rich and long untilled—the yields will be heavy. Garrison soldiers would profit, and more and more would take up farming. Even where the frontier has a few civilians, soldiers draw monthly rations—millet and wheat will have no buyers, and prices will fall. Though we call it a price increase, we'll actually save more than this year's cuts." The emperor said, "Good! He ordered it implemented at once. Bi added, "Many frontier posts are vacant. Let people buy offices with grain contributions—that will cover this year's needs." The emperor agreed, then asked, "You said the militia could be restored too—how?" Bi replied, "Once garrison soldiers grow wealthy from tuntian, they'll settle on the land and stop thinking of going home. Under the old system, garrison soldiers rotated every three years. Near the end of their term, those who wished to stay would receive the land they had cleared as permanent holdings. Family members who had come with them would receive long travel passes from their home districts, continued rations, and be sent home. Report the numbers who volunteer to their home circuits. Even the warlords of Hebei, spared the burden of rotations, would welcome the news. After a few rotations the garrison troops would all be permanent settlers, and we'd restore the full militia system—turning Guanzhong's exhaustion into prosperity." The emperor said delightedly, "Then the realm will have nothing left to worry about." Bi said, "Not yet. I can wear Tibet down without deploying a single Chinese soldier." The emperor said, "What's the plan?" Bi replied, "I'm not ready to say yet. Let's see whether the grain scheme works—then we can discuss it. The emperor pressed him, but Bi would not reply. Bi meant to ally the Uyghurs, Arabia, and Yunnan against Tibet, forcing Tibet to guard many fronts. Knowing how much the emperor hated the Uyghurs, Bi feared the tuntian plan would die if the emperor took offense—so he kept silent. Before long, fifty or sixty percent of garrison volunteers signed up for tuntian farming.
77
壬申，賜駱元光姓名李元諒。
On renshen, Luo Yuanguang was granted the surname Li and the personal name Yuanliang.
78
左僕射、同平章事張延賞薨。
Zhang Yanshang, Left Vice Director and Fellow Grand Councilor, died.
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CATEGORY:資治通鑑」」
CATEGORY: Zizhi Tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance)””