Emperor Zhaozong (昭宗)

Overview

The translated histories identify Emperor Zhaozong as a ruler. This record brings together 65 passages from 20 chapters across 3 histories, with names, dates, relationships, offices, and events preserved as source-backed claims.

Names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal	Emperor Zhaozong	昭宗	Zhaozong
Title	Emperor	昭宗
Title	Emperor Zhaozong	唐昭宗
Temple	Emperor Zhaozong	昭宗	Zhāozōng
Temple name	Emperor Zhaozong	唐昭宗	Tang Zhaozong
Temple name	Emperor Zhaozong	昭宗	Zhaozong
Title	Emperor Zhaozong
Temple name	Emperor Zhaozong	昭宗
Title	Emperor Zhaozong	昭宗皇帝	Zhaozong Huangdi
Title	Emperor Zhaozong	昭宗
Temple name	Emperor Zhaozong	昭宗	Zhāozōng
Title	Emperor Zhaozong of Tang	唐昭宗
Temple	Emperor Zhaozong of Tang	唐昭宗	Tang Zhaozong
Title	Emperor Zhaozong of Tang	唐昭宗	Tang Zhaozong
Title	Son of Heaven	天子
Title	Tang Emperor Zhaozong	唐昭宗
Temple	Tang Zhaozong	昭宗	Táng Zhāozōng
Posthumous	Zhao	昭	Zhao
Temple	Zhaozong	昭宗	Zhaozong
Temple name	Zhaozong	昭宗	Zhaozong
Temple name	Zhaozong	昭宗	Zhāozōng
Temple name	Zhaozong	昭宗

Identity

Historicity: Historical
Identification: Named
Sex: Male

Sex: male
Strongly inferred · jiuwudaishi:007:s0145, jiuwudaishi:007:s0151, jiuwudaishi:020:s0026, jiuwudaishi:031:s0002, jiuwudaishi:054:s0114, jiuwudaishi:071:s0150, jiuwudaishi:143:s0007, xintangshu:052:s0253, xinwudaishi:038:s0009, xinwudaishi:041:s0038, xinwudaishi:044:s0048
Sex: male
Explicit · jiuwudaishi:012:s0033, jiuwudaishi:017:s0097, jiuwudaishi:024:s0087, jiuwudaishi:068:s0007, jiuwudaishi:072:s0005, xintangshu:113:s0250, xinwudaishi:034:s0020, xinwudaishi:035:s0022, xinwudaishi:069:s0012
Value: male
Explicit · xintangshu:184:s0137

Roles

Ruler

Life and dates

Death

Manner: murder · Authority Person Id: Zhu Quanzhong (朱全忠)
Explicit · xinwudaishi:035:s0072
Manner: murdered · Authority Person Id: Zhu Quanzhong (朱全忠)
Explicit · xinwudaishi:041:s0074
Cause: assassinated / 遇弑 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 昭宗遇弑 · Western Year: AD 904
Explicit · jiuwudaishi:072:s0008
Manner: assassinated
Explicit · xinwudaishi:044:s0048
Explicit · xinwudaishi:038:s0012

Attested activity

Source Date: Text: 後唐長興元年九月 · Lunar Month: 9 · Western Year: AD 930
Explicit event contextual date · jiuwudaishi:143:s0007
Source Date: Text: 三年 · Western Year: AD 896
Explicit event contextual date · jiuwudaishi:072:s0005
Source Date: Text: 乾寧中 · Western Interval: Start: AD 894 · End: AD 898
Explicit event contextual date · xinwudaishi:035:s0075
Source Date: Text: 乾寧初 · Western Year: AD 894
Explicit event contextual date · xintangshu:113:s0253, xintangshu:113:s0255
Source Date: Text: 同光二年 · Western Year: AD 924
Explicit event contextual date · jiuwudaishi:031:s0002
Source Date: Text: 唐天復初 · Western Year: AD 901
Explicit event contextual date · jiuwudaishi:020:s0026
Source Date: Text: 唐昭宗時 · Western Interval: Start: AD 888 · End: AD 904
Explicit · xinwudaishi:034:s0020
Source Date: Text: 唐昭宗時 · Western Interval: Start: AD 888 · End: AD 904
Explicit event contextual date · xinwudaishi:035:s0022
Source Date: Text: 天復三年 · Western Year: AD 903
Explicit · jiuwudaishi:007:s0145, jiuwudaishi:007:s0149
Source Date: Text: 天復中 · Western Interval: Start: AD 901 · End: AD 904
Explicit event contextual date · xinwudaishi:038:s0117, xinwudaishi:038:s0075, xinwudaishi:038:s0078
Source Date: Text: 天復二年 · Western Year: AD 902
Explicit event contextual date · xinwudaishi:069:s0012, xinwudaishi:069:s0006
Source Date: Text: 天復初 · Western Year: AD 901
Explicit event contextual date · jiuwudaishi:017:s0097
Source Date: Text: 太祖弒昭宗 · Western Interval: Start: AD 904 · End: AD 904
Explicit event contextual date · xinwudaishi:041:s0074
Source Date: Text: 昭宗 · Western Interval: Start: AD 888 · End: AD 904
Explicit event contextual date · xinwudaishi:041:s0038
Source Date: Text: 昭宗在鳳翔 · Western Interval: Start: AD 888 · End: AD 904
Explicit · xintangshu:052:s0253
Source Date: Text: 昭宗崩 · Western Year: AD 904
Explicit event contextual date · xinwudaishi:038:s0012
Source Date: Text: 昭宗時 · Western Interval: Start: AD 888 · End: AD 904
Explicit event contextual date · xintangshu:184:s0137
Source Date: Text: 昭宗朝 · Western Interval: Start: AD 888 · End: AD 904
Explicit event contextual date · jiuwudaishi:054:s0114
Source Date: Text: 昭宗歸長安 · Western Year: AD 903
Explicit · jiuwudaishi:012:s0033, jiuwudaishi:012:s0059
Source Date: Text: 昭宗為李茂貞所迫 · Western Interval: Start: AD 895 · End: AD 901
Explicit event contextual date · xinwudaishi:038:s0009
Source Date: Text: 昭宗立 · Western Year: AD 888
Explicit event contextual date · xintangshu:113:s0250
Western Interval: Start: AD 888 · End: AD 904 · Source Date: Text: 昭宗聞其名，征赴闕，召對於內殿。
Explicit · jiuwudaishi:071:s0150
Source Date: Text: 昭宗遇弒 · Western Year: AD 904
Explicit · xinwudaishi:044:s0048
Source Date: Text: 昭宗遷洛陽 · Western Interval: Start: AD 904 · End: AD 904
Explicit event contextual date · jiuwudaishi:068:s0007
Source Date: Text: 東遷 · Western Year: AD 904
Explicit · jiuwudaishi:024:s0087
Source Date: Text: 梁太祖已弒昭宗 · Western Year: AD 904
Explicit event contextual date · xinwudaishi:035:s0072

Family

Kinship Role: consorts of the six palaces · Quantity: mostly starved to death
Explicit · xintangshu:052:s0253
Kinship Role: imperial clan members · Quantity: mostly starved to death
Explicit · xintangshu:052:s0253

Career and standing

Label: Emperor of Tang / 唐昭宗
Explicit · xintangshu:113:s0250
Date Context: Source Date: Text: 昭宗立 · Western Year: AD 888
Explicit · xintangshu:113:s0250

Places and affiliations

Label: Tang / 唐 · Relation: ruled
Explicit · jiuwudaishi:024:s0087
Polity: Tang / 唐 · Relation: ruled
Strongly inferred · xintangshu:113:s0250
Polity: Tang / 唐 · Relation: ruled
Explicit · xinwudaishi:035:s0022
Polity Name: Tang / 唐 · Relation: ruled
Explicit · xinwudaishi:038:s0009
Polity Name: Tang · Relation: served-or-associated
Strongly inferred · jiuwudaishi:020:s0026
Place: Fengxiang / 鳳翔 · Relation: present-at
Explicit · xintangshu:052:s0253

Works and attributed material

Kind: speech · Role: speaker · Other Person Id: Yanruo (彥若) · Quoted: true · Text: 汝當問彥若
Explicit · xintangshu:113:s0255

Events and relationships

Kind: appointment · Role: emperor · Action: appointed Zhu Yanshou as Caizhou military commissioner
Explicit · jiuwudaishi:017:s0097
Kind: siege · Role: besieged · Action: besieged by Liang troops · Place: Fengxiang / 鳳翔 · Outcome: city cannibalism; emperor ate gruel; six palaces and imperial clan mostly starved
Explicit · xintangshu:052:s0253
Kind: dynastic · Role: reigning-sovereign · Action: dynasty perished amid extreme destitution · Outcome: Tang fell
Explicit · xintangshu:052:s0254, xintangshu:052:s0253
Kind: political · Role: captive-emperor · Action: fled-to-Qi
Explicit · xinwudaishi:038:s0080, xinwudaishi:038:s0081
Kind: relocation · Role: ruler · Action: moved-east · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 東遷 · Western Year: AD 904
Explicit · jiuwudaishi:024:s0087
Kind: travel · Role: traveler · Action: planned-visit · Place: Taiyuan / 太原 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 三年 · Western Year: AD 896
Explicit · jiuwudaishi:072:s0005
Kind: ritual · Role: grantor · Action: posthumous-honors · Other Person Id: Ma Jing (馬景)
Explicit · xinwudaishi:069:s0012
Kind: political · Role: ruler · Action: relocated · Place: Luoyang / 洛陽
Explicit · jiuwudaishi:068:s0007
Kind: political · Role: sovereign · Action: welcomed-from-Fengxiang-by-Taizu · Other Person Id: Zhu Quanzhong (朱全忠) · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 天復三年 · Western Year: AD 903
Explicit · jiuwudaishi:007:s0145, jiuwudaishi:007:s0149

Assessments and attributes

Assessment: had keen discerning spirit but declining fortune · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
Explicit · jiuwudaishi:007:s0154
Assessment: placed great reliance on Yanruo · Other Person Id: Yanruo (彥若) · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
Explicit · xintangshu:113:s0255, xintangshu:113:s0256

Source notes

Historicity: historical
Explicit · jiuwudaishi:054:s0114

References in the histories

Open any source group to read the Chinese and English passage in context.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 7Volume 7 Book of Later Liang 7: Taizu Annals 7 · 7 passages

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《五代史闕文》：世傳梁太祖迎昭宗於鳳翔，素服待罪，昭宗佯為鞋系脫，呼梁祖曰：「全忠為吾系鞋。」《Lost Passages》: Tradition says that when Liang Taizu welcomed Emperor Zhaozong from Fengxiang, he wore plain dress to await punishment; Zhaozong feigned a loose shoe-thong and called: "Quanzhong, tie my shoe for me."

時天子扈蹕尚有衛兵，昭宗意謂左右擒梁祖以殺之，其如無敢動者。 The Son of Heaven's escort still had guards; Zhaozong hoped those beside him would seize Taizu and kill him—yet none dared.

自是梁祖被召多不至，盡去昭宗禁衛，皆用汴人矣。 Thereafter Taizu often ignored summons; he stripped Zhaozong of every palace guard and replaced them with men from Bian.

臣謹案：梁祖以天復三年迎唐昭宗於岐下，歲在甲子，其年改天祐，至國初建隆庚申歲，才五十六年矣，然則乾德七十歲人皆目睹其事。 This commentator notes: Liang Taizu in Tianfu year 3 welcomed Tang Emperor Zhaozong from below Qi in the jiazi year, then Tianyou; from Jianlong's founding gengshen to our day is only fifty-six years—yet men of seventy in the Qiande era saw it with their own eyes.

昭宗一朝，全無記注。 Zhaozong's entire reign left no record whatsoever.

晉天福中，史臣張昭重修《唐史》，始有《昭宗本紀》，但雲即位之始，有《會昌》之風，岐陽事蹟，不能追補。 In Jin's Tianfu era Zhang Zhao revised the Tang history and added Annals of Emperor Zhaozong, noting only Huichang-era style at his accession—affairs at Qi-yang could not be recovered.

此亦明唐昭宗有英睿之氣，而衰運不振； This shows that Zhaozong had keen spirit, yet declining fortune would not turn;

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 12Volume 12 Book of Later Liang 12: Biographies 2: Imperial Family · 3 passages

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及昭宗歸長安，朝廷議迎駕功，友寧授嶺南西道節度使，加特進、檢校司徒，賜號迎鑾毅勇功臣。 After Emperor Zhaozong's return to Chang'an the court rewarded those who had escorted him: You Ning became military commissioner of Lingnan West, Special Grandee, and acting Minister of Works, with the honorific Welcoming-the-Carriage Resolute Warrior.

三年，昭宗歸長安，製授友倫寧遠軍節度使、檢校司徒，賜號迎鑾毅勇功臣。 In the third year, after Zhaozong returned to Chang'an, You Lun became Ningyuan military commissioner and acting Minister of Works with the honorific Welcoming-the-Carriage Resolute Warrior.

昭宗輟視朝一日，詔贈太傅，歸葬於碭山縣。 Zhaozong mourned him with a day without court and posthumously made him Grand Tutor; he was buried in Dangshan.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 17Volume 17 Book of Later Liang 17: Biographies 7: Cheng Rui, Du Hong, Tian Yun, Zhao Kuangning, Zhang Ji, Lei Man · 1 passage

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〈（《九國志》：天復初，北司擁駕西幸，昭宗聞延壽有武幹，遣李儼間道齎詔授延壽蔡州節度使。）〉 (The 《Nine States Chronicle》 says that early in Tianfu, with the court driven west, Zhaozong heard of Yanshou's ability and sent Li Yan secretly to name him Cai commissioner.)〉

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 20Volume 20 Book of Later Liang 20: Biographies 10: Xie Tong, Si Maye, Liu Han, Wang Jinrao, Gao Shao, Ma Sixun, Zhang Cunjin, Kou Yanqing · 9 passages

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韓建傳判官司鄴昭宗之幸鳳翔也，太祖引兵入關，前鋒至左馮翊，鄴持印鑰迎謁道左。 Maye had served as Han Jian's administrative officer; when Zhaozong fled to Fengxiang and the Founder entered the Pass, Maye met the vanguard at Fengyi with seal and keys in hand.

及大軍在岐下，遣奏事於昭宗，再入復出。 While the army camped at Qi's walls he carried dispatches to Zhaozong, going in twice and returning each time.

太祖迎昭宗於岐下，以捍為親軍指揮。 When the Founder welcomed Zhaozong at Qi's walls, he made Han commander of his personal guard.

昭宗聞其至，即召見，詢東兵之事，仍以錦服、銀鞍勒馬賜之。 Zhaozong summoned him at once, questioned him on the eastern armies, and gave him brocade robes and a horse with silver saddle and bridle.

昭宗還京，改常州刺史，賜號迎鑾毅勇功臣。 When Zhaozong returned to the capital Han became prefect of Chang and received the title "Meritous Minister for Courageously Welcoming the Imperial Chariot."

唐昭宗之鳳翔，太祖迎奉未出，劭有疑謀，遂令赴華州，詣丞相府以議其事； When Zhaozong fled to Fengxiang and the Founder had not yet marched to receive him, Shao's plotting aroused suspicion; he was sent to Hua to consult the chief minister's office—

天復中，太祖迎昭宗於岐下，軍至華之西，使嗣勳入見，韓建即時同出迎謁。 During Tianfu, as the Founder brought Zhaozong from Qixia and halted west of Hua, he sent Sixun in to audience; Han Jian came out at once to greet them together.

天復中，太祖迎昭宗於鳳翔，累與岐軍對陣。 During Tianfu, as the Founder brought Zhaozong from Fengxiang, he fought the Qi army again and again.

昭宗還京，賜迎鑾毅勇功臣，改邢州刺史，尋遷亳州團練使。 After Zhaozong returned to the capital he received the merit title Welcome-the-Chariot Bold and Brave, became prefect of Xingzhou, and soon regimental commissioner of Bozhou.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 24Volume 24 Book of Later Liang 24: Biographies 14: Li Ting, Lu Ceng, Sun Zhi, Zhang Jun, Zhang Yan, Du Xunhe, Luo Yin, Chou Yin, Duan Shen · 1 passage

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唐昭宗東遷，以宗奭勳力隆峻，衍由校書郎拜左拾遺，旋召為翰林學士。 When Zhaozong moved east, on Zong Shi's great merit Yan rose from collating clerk to Left Collector and Memorialist and was soon made Hanlin academician.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 31Volume 31 Book of Later Tang 7: Zhuangzong Annals 5 · 2 passages

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壬寅，南郊禮儀使、太常卿李燕進太廟登歌酌獻樂舞名，懿祖室曰《昭德之舞》，獻祖室曰《文明之舞》，太祖室曰《應天之舞》，昭宗室曰《永平之舞》。 On renyin Li Yan, director of southern-suburb rites and Grand Master of Ceremonies, submitted the names of the ascent songs, libation offerings, and dances for the Imperial Ancestral Temple: for the chamber of the Honored Ancestor, 《Dance of Manifest Virtue》; for the Offered Ancestor, 《Dance of Civilizing Brilliance》; for the Grand Ancestor, 《Dance of Responding to Heaven》; and for Zhaozong, 《Dance of Eternal Peace》.

唐時宦官為內諸司使務、諸鎮監軍，出納王命，造作威福，昭宗以此亡國。 Under Tang eunuchs ran inner offices and supervised circuits, wielding royal power until Zhaozong lost the realm.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 54Volume 54 Book of Later Tang 30: Biographies 6: Wang Rong, Wang Zhaohui, Wang Chuzhi · 1 passage

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鎔於昭宗朝賜號敦睦保定久大功臣，位至成德軍節度使、守太師、中書令、趙王，梁祖加尚書令。 Under Emperor Zhaozong, Rong was granted the title Meritorious Minister of Lasting Concord, Preservation, and Endurance, rose to military governor of the Chengde army, Grand Preceptor, Director of the Chancellery, and Prince of Zhao; the Founding Emperor of Liang later added Minister of Works.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 68Volume 68 Book of Later Tang 44: Biographies 20: Xue Tinggui, Cui Yi, Liu Yue, Liu Ye, Feng Shunqing, Dou Mengzheng, Li Baoyin, Gui Ai, Kong, Miao, Zhang Wenbao, Chen Yi, Liu Zan · 6 passages

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昭宗遷洛陽，征為禮部侍郎。 When Emperor Zhaozong relocated to Luoyang, Tinggui was recalled and appointed Vice Minister of Rites.

昭宗時，累遷至員外郎、知制誥。 Under Emperor Zhaozong he rose in stages to outer-court director and drafting commissioner.

昭宗遷洛時，為翰林學士，舜卿為中書舍人，叔侄對掌內外製。 When Emperor Zhaozong moved to Luoyang, Wei was a Hanlin academician while Shunqing was a Secretariat drafting secretary — uncle and nephew together controlled inner and outer edict drafting.

昭宗朝，自處士除太子正字，改錢塘縣尉。 Under Emperor Zhaozong he rose from recluse scholar to proofreader of the heir apparent, then became magistrate of Qiantang County.

據《舊唐書·昭宗紀》：天祐元年七月，宴於文思殿。 According to the Annals of Zhaozong in the Old Book of Tang, in the seventh month of Tianyou 1 (904) a banquet was held in Wensi Hall.

張文寶，昭宗朝諫議大夫顗之子也。 Zhang Wenbao was the son of Grand Censor Yi, who had served under Emperor Zhaozong.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 71Volume 71 Book of Later Tang 47: Biographies 23: Ma Yu, Si Kongting, Cao Tingyin, Xiao Xifu, Yao Zongzhi, Jia Fu, Ma Gao, Luo Guan, Chun Yuyan, Zhang Ge, Xu Ji, Zhou Xuanbao · 2 passages

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昭宗聞其名，征赴闕，召對於內殿。 Emperor Zhaozong heard of him, summoned him to court, and received him in the inner hall.

會昭宗方與伶人調品篳篥，事訖，方命坐賜果，問《易》義。 Zhaozong happened to be tuning a pipe with his actor-favorites; when they finished, he had Ji seated, gave him fruit, and questioned him on the Changes.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 72Volume 72 Book of Later Tang 48: Biographies 24: Zhang Chengye, Zhang Juhan, Ma Shaohong, Meng Hangqiong · 4 passages

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三年，昭宗將幸太原，以承業與武皇善，用除為河東監軍，密令迎駕。 In the third year, as Emperor Zhaozong prepared to visit Taiyuan, Chengye—who was on good terms with Emperor Wu—was appointed Hedong army supervisor and secretly ordered to welcome the emperor.

既而昭宗幸華州，就加左監門衛將軍。 Soon afterward Emperor Zhaozong went to Hua Prefecture, and Chengye was promoted on the spot to General of the Left Gate Guard.

崔魏公之誅宦官也，武皇偽戮罪人首級以奉詔，匿承業於斛律寺，昭宗遇弑，乃復請為監軍。 When Duke Cui moved against the eunuchs, Emperor Wu pretended to execute condemned criminals' heads to satisfy the edict and hid Chengye at Huli Temple. After Emperor Zhaozong was murdered, Chengye again asked to serve as army supervisor.

昭宗在華下，超授內常侍，出監幽州軍事，秩滿詔歸，節度使劉仁恭表留之。 While Emperor Zhaozong was at Hua, Juhan was promoted out of turn to palace attendant and sent to supervise military affairs at Youzhou. When his term expired an edict ordered his return, but military commissioner Liu Rengong memorialized to retain him.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 143Volume 143: Treatises 5 Rites 2 · 1 passage

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聖朝中興，重修宗廟，今太廟見饗高祖、太宗、懿宗、昭宗、獻祖、太祖、莊宗七廟，太祖景皇帝在祧廟之數，不列廟饗。 After the dynasty's revival the ancestral shrines were rebuilt; the Imperial Temple now served seven halls—the High Ancestor, Great Ancestor, Yizong, Zhaozong, Xianzu, Taizu, and Zhuangzong—while Grand Ancestor Emperor Jing was relegated to the distant-lineage shrine and no longer received regular temple offerings.

New Book of Tang, Chapter 52Volume 52 Treatises 48: Finance and Economics 2 · 1 passage

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昭宗在鳳翔，為梁兵所圍，城中人相食，父食其子，而天子食粥，六宮及宗室多餓死。 Zhaozong was at Fengxiang, besieged by Liang troops; in the city people ate one another, fathers eating their sons, while the Son of Heaven ate gruel; the six palaces and the imperial clan mostly starved to death.

New Book of Tang, Chapter 113Volume 113 Biographies 38: Tang, Zhang, Xu · 1 passage

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昭宗立，再用為御史中丞。 When Emperor Zhaozong took the throne, Yanruo twice served as censor-in-chief.

New Book of Tang, Chapter 184Volume 184 Biographies 109: Ma, Yang, Lu, Lu · 1 passage

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涉，昭宗時，仕至吏部侍郎。 She, under Emperor Zhaozong, rose to Vice Minister of Personnel.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 34Volume 34 Biographies of Recluses 14: Zhen Gao, Shi Ang, Cheng Fuyun, Li Zilun · 1 passage

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唐昭宗時，舉進士不中，見天下已亂，有拂衣遠去之意，欲攜其妻、子與俱隱，其妻不從，遨及入少室山為道士。 Under Zhaozong he failed the jinshi; seeing chaos, he wished to flee with wife and children—his wife refused; he entered Mount Shaoshi as a Daoist.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 35Volume 35 Biographies 15: Zhan Wenyu, Yang She, Zhang Ce, Zhao Guangfeng, Xue Yiju, Su Xun · 12 passages

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唐昭宗時，為翰林學士承旨。 Under Zhaozong he was chief Hanlin Academician.

是時，天子微弱，制度已隳，文蔚居翰林，制詔四方，獨守大體。 The throne was weak and institutions broken; in the Hanlin, Wenwei drafted edicts for the realm yet held to the great pattern.

昭宗遷洛，拜中書侍郎、同中書門下平章事。 When Zhaozong moved to Luoyang, Wenwei became Vice Director and Palace Attendant.

涉舉進士，昭宗時為吏部尚書。 She passed the jinshi and under Zhaozong was Minister of Personnel.

昭宗時為翰林學士承旨、御史中丞，以世亂棄官，居洛陽，杜門絕人事者五六年。 Under Zhaozong he was chief Hanlin Academician and Censor-in-Chief; amid the turmoil he left office, lived in Luoyang, and shut his doors to the world for five or six years.

昭宗自岐還長安，大誅宦者，貽矩時為中尉韓全誨等作畫像贊，坐左遷。 When Zhaozong returned from Qi to Chang’an and slaughtered eunuchs, Yiju had written eulogies for Han Quanhui and others and was demoted.

是時，梁太祖已弒昭宗，立哀帝，唐之舊臣皆憤惋切齒，或俯首畏禍，或去不仕，而循特附會梁以希進用。 Taizu had murdered Zhaozong and enthroned Emperor Ai; Tang’s old ministers gnashed teeth, fled, or bowed in fear—yet Xun alone clung to Liang for advancement.

循有子楷，乾寧中舉進士及第，昭宗遣學士陸扆覆落之，楷常慚恨。 His son Kai passed the jinshi in the Qianning era; Zhaozong had Lu Yi strike him from the list; Kai bore lasting resentment.

及昭宗遇弒，唐政出於梁，楷為起居郎，與柳璨、張廷範等相結，因謂廷範曰：「夫謚者，所以易名而貴信也。 When Zhaozong was murdered and Liang held Tang’s government, Kai was Diarist and joined Liu Can and Zhang Tingfan; he told Tingfan, “A posthumous title should honor truth.

前有司謚先帝曰『昭』，名實不稱，公為太常卿，予史官也，不可以不言。」 They titled the late emperor “Zhao,” which does not fit; you are Grand Master of Splendid Happiness and I am historiographer—we cannot stay silent.”

而廷範本梁客將，嘗求太常卿不得者，廷範亦以此怨唐，因下楷疏廷範，廷範議曰：「臣聞執事堅固之謂恭，亂而不損之謂靈，武而不遂之謂莊，在國逢難之謂閔，因事有功之謂襄，請改謚昭宗皇帝曰恭靈莊閔皇帝，廟號襄宗。」 Tingfan, a Liang guest-general who had failed to win that post, resented Tang; he received Kai’s memorial and proposed: “I have heard that steadfast conduct is Gong, undamaged in disorder Ling, martial yet incomplete Zhuang, meeting national hardship Min, merit through events Xiang—I beg the posthumous title of Emperor Zhaozong be changed to Emperor Gong-Ling-Zhuang-Min, temple name Xiangzong.”

昭宗時，王行瑜、李茂貞兵犯京師，昭宗殺讓能於臨臯以自解。 Under Zhaozong, Wang Xingyu and Li Maozhen attacked the capital; Zhaozong killed Rangneng at Linhao to excuse himself.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 38Volume 38 Biographies 18: Zhang Chengye, Zhang Juhan · 8 passages

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及昭宗為李茂貞所迫，將出奔太原，乃先遣承業使晉以道意，因以為河東監軍。 When Zhaozong, harried by Li Maozhen, prepared to escape to Taiyuan, he sent Chengye ahead to Jin with his message and appointed him Hedong army supervisor.

昭宗崩，乃出承業，復為監軍。 After Zhaozong’s death Chengye emerged from hiding and resumed the post of army supervisor.

昭宗時，為范陽軍監軍，與節度使劉仁恭相善。 Under Zhaozong he served as army supervisor at Fanyang and was on good terms with the military governor Liu Rengong.

宦者之為禍，雖欲悔悟，而勢有不得而去也，唐昭宗之事是已。 Eunuch harm—even repentance may not let him escape; Zhaozong proved that.

昭宗信狎宦者，由是有東宮之幽。 Zhaozong doted on his eunuchs—and the crown prince was imprisoned.

梁兵且至，而宦者挾天子走之岐。 As Liang marched, the eunuchs dragged the emperor west to Qi.

梁兵圍之三年，昭宗既出，而唐亡矣。 Three years of siege; when Zhaozong emerged, Tang was dead.

初，昭宗之出也，梁王悉誅唐宦者第五可範等七百餘人，其在外者，悉詔天下捕殺之，而宦者多為諸鎮所藏匿而不殺。 When Zhaozong fled, the Liang king slaughtered seven hundred Tang eunuchs including Diwu Kefan; the rest were ordered killed empire-wide, yet governors hid many.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 41Volume 41 Miscellaneous Biographies 21: Lu Guangchou, Tan Quanbo, Lei Man, Zhong Chuan, Zhao Kuangning · 2 passages

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昭宗以澧、朗為武貞軍，拜滿節度使。 Zhaozong formed the Wuzhen circuit from Li and Lang and made Man its military commissioner.

太祖弒昭宗，將謀代唐，畏匡凝兄弟不從，遣使告之，匡凝對使者流涕答曰：「受唐恩深，不敢妄有佗誌。」 When Zhu Wen killed Zhaozong and moved to take the throne, he feared the Kuangning brothers would refuse him. He sent word ahead. Kuangning wept before the envoys and said: “Tang’s kindness to me runs deep. I dare not dream of any other allegiance.”

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 44Volume 44 Miscellaneous Biographies 24: Liu Zhijun, Ding Hui, He Delun, Yan Bao, Kang Yanxiao · 1 passage

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昭宗遇弒，會與三軍縞素髮哀。 When Zhaozong was murdered, Hui and the host went into white hemp and loose hair for mourning.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 69Volume 69: Hereditary House of Nanping · 1 passage

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茂貞後與梁和，昭宗出，贈景官，謚曰忠壯。 Maozhen later made peace with Liang. When Emperor Zhaozong was released, he granted Jing a posthumous office and the posthumous title Loyal and Stalwart.