Yang Xingmi (楊行密)

Overview

Yang Xingmi was a ruler of Huainan.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Temple name	Founder	太祖

Life and dates

Death

Died before Yang Wo's accession
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 55
Stated true · Qualifier former/deceased at time of edict
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 118, passage 85
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 81

Attested activity

AD 905 from Jingren's youth through Tianyou-era activity
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 39, 142
AD 902 narrative
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 67, passages 87, 93
AD 895 乾寧二年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passages 118, 120, 122
AD 895 乾寧二年三月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 20, passage 99
AD 897 乾寧四年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 16, passage 43
AD 887 to AD 905 事楊行密
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 32, passage 81

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AD 898 光化元年王壇叛附淮南
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 67, passages 77-78
AD 902 又從龐師古攻楊行密
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 196
AD 887 to AD 905 唐末據江淮
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 67, passage 165
AD 902 to AD 904 天復二年至天祐初
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 17, passages 22, 58, 89
AD 904 to AD 905 天祐中以後
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 87
AD 896 to AD 906 成行密之霸跡
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 137
AD 883 to AD 902 據廬州至田頵攻錢鏐時
Strongly inferred · New Book of Tang 189, passages 120, 122, 138
AD 887 to AD 905 故淮南節度使
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 118, passage 85
AD 887 to AD 905 故淮南節度使楊行密
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 118, passage 32
AD 895 昌乞兵於楊行密
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 67, passage 68
AD 887 to AD 892 是時楊行密、孫儒爭淮南
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 67, passages 39, 46
AD 906 梁兵攻楊行密
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 73
AD 892 to AD 905 楊行密據有江淮
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 68, passage 18
AD 903 to AD 905 楊行密攻宿州
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 12
AD 902 to AD 905 楊行密攻杜洪
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 40
AD 903 楊行密會兵攻頵
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 67, passage 124
AD 887 to AD 905 行密與頵、延壽事
Dated from the passage context · New Book of Tang 189, passages 198-199, 205, 209, 212, 228-229

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Spouse of Elder Sister of Zhu Yanshou
wife 妻 · Ended · Until Source Date: Text: 廢其妻 · Western Year: AD 903
wife 妻
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passages 225, 228
Parent of Daughter of Yang Xingmi (楊行密之女)
daughter 女
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 67, passage 93
Parent of Yang Wo (渥)
son 子
Sources vary in certainty · New History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 55; New History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 81
Spouse of Wife of Yang Xingmi (楊行密妻)
wife 妻
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 17, passage 104

Kinship Role sons · Quantity unspecified
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 226
Kinship Role young sons and daughters · Quantity multiple, exact count unstated
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 17, passage 124

Key source chapters

Career and standing

Hefei county corvée laborer 合肥縣手力
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 17, passage 133
Founder of Wu who appointed Chengsi deputy commissioner of the Huainan campaign army 太祖署為淮南行軍副使
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 118
Huainan military governor 淮南節度使
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 118, passages 32, 85
tomb-guarding households 守冢戶
AD 956 庚戌 · Granted posthumously
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 118, passage 85

Places and affiliations

Polity Huainan · Relation Ruler of
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 39
Polity Huainan / Wu 淮南 / 吳 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passages 118, 120
Polity Huainan 淮南 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 137
Polity Huainan 淮南 · Relation Ruled
Strongly inferred · New Book of Tang 189, passages 122, 126
Polity Huainan 淮南 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 118, passage 85
Polity Jianghuai / Wu 江淮 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 68, passage 18

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Polity Tang 唐 · Relation Served
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 229
Polity Wu 吳 · Relation Ruled
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 32, passage 81
Polity Wu 吳 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 118, passage 32
At Huainan 淮南 · Relation Based at
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 199
At Huainan 淮南 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 17, passages 89, 137
At Jiang-Huai 江淮 · Relation Controlled
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 67, passage 165
At Luzhou 廬州 · Relation Same town as
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 120

Works and attributed material

Speech · Speaker · Mode direct-speech Speaker Yang Xingmi (楊行密) · With Tian Yun (田頵)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 17, passage 93
Speech · Speaker · Mode direct-speech Speaker Yang Xingmi (楊行密) · With Zhao Kuangning (趙匡凝)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 17, passage 166
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · With Zhao Kuangning (趙匡凝)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 77
Speech · Speaker · Mode direct-speech Speaker Yang Xingmi (楊行密) · With Wife of Yang Xingmi (楊行密妻)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 17, passages 124-125
Speech · Speaker · With Zhu Yanshou (朱延壽) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 226
Speech · Speaker · Mode direct-speech Speaker Yang Xingmi (楊行密)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 17, passages 130-131

Show 2 more source-backed claims

Speech · Addressee · Mode quotation
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 130
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 214

Events and relationships

Agreed and sent Chen Lingcun to seek peace with the Martial Emperor; later admired Chengsi, kept him, and obtained for him high office
AD 895 乾寧二年 · Diplomatic · Host · With Chen Lingcun (陳令存), Martial Emperor (武皇), Li Chengsi (李承嗣)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passages 120, 122
Appointed campaigning deputy
Political · Appointer · With An Renyi (安仁義)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 132
Attacked Zhang Sui
Military · Attacker · With Zhang Sui (張遂)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 142
Attacked
AD 903 to AD 905 楊行密攻宿州 · Military · Attacker · At Suzhou 宿州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 12
Buried with commoner rites
Ritual · Officiant · With Tian Yun (田頵) · At Huainan 淮南
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 199
Buried
Ritual · Officiant · With Kang Ru (康儒)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 199

Show 24 more source-backed claims

Captured
Military · Commander · With Sun Ru (孫儒)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 132
Deposed wife
Legal · Authority · With Elder Sister of Zhu Yanshou
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 228
Feigned blindness to lure
Political · Deceiver · With Zhu Yanshou (朱延壽)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passages 224-228
Fought Sun Ru for Huainan and clashed with Qian Liu between Suzhou and Changzhou
Military · Contender · With Sun Ru (孫儒) · At Huainan 淮南
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 67, passage 46
Had killed
Legal · Authority · With Zhu Yanshou (朱延壽) · At Yangzhou 揚州
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 228
Killed Sun Ru, secured Huainan, and took Runzhou
Military · Victor · At Huainan 淮南
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 67, passage 47
Married his daughter to Qian Yuan Liao and urgently recalled Tian Jun
Diplomatic · Host · At Guangling 廣陵
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 67, passage 93
Opposed
AD 902 從龐師古攻楊行密 · Military · Opponent · With Pang Shigu (龐師古) · At Qingkou 清口
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 196
Ordered tunnel assault
Military · Commander · With Wang Maozhang (王茂章) · At Runzhou 潤州
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 205
Petitioned appointment
Political · Recommender · With Tian Yun (田頵)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 125
Petitioned appointments
Political · Recommender · With Tian Yun (田頵)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 133
Petitioned offices for
Political · Patron · With Meng (濛)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 209
Posthumous tomb guard grant
AD 956 庚戌 · Ritual · Honoree
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 118, passage 85
Received and empowered
Political · Patron · With An Renyi (安仁義) · At Huainan 淮南
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 126
Received posthumous tomb sacrifice
AD 958 顯德五年二月戊辰 · Ritual · Honoree
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 118, passage 32
Refused prefecture request
Political · Refuser · With Tian Yun (田頵)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 138
Restored command
Military · Commander · With Tian Yun (田頵)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 131
Seized
Military · Commander · At Luzhou 廬州
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 122
Sent An Renyi to rescue Dong Chang
Military · Ally · With An Renyi (安仁義)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 67, passage 68
Sent Wang Jingren to aid Wang Shifan
Military · Patron commander · With Wang Jingren (王景仁), Wang Shifan (王師範)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 41
Stripped command
Military · Commander · With Tian Yun (田頵)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 129
Relation Rival of · Person Zhu Quanzhong (朱全忠)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 229
Relation Sworn brother of · Person Tian Yun (田頵)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 120
Relation Patron of · Person An Renyi (安仁義)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passages 126, 132

Assessments and attributes

Assessment swore not to rest until Zhu Quanzhong's head was displayed · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 229
feigned blindness for nearly three years after recovering from an eye ailment
Medical deception
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 17, passages 123, 130

Source notes

Historicity historical
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 118, passages 32, 85; New History of the Five Dynasties 32, passage 81

References in the histories

Search passages

History

88 passages

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 16Volume 16 Book of Later Liang 16: Biographies 6: Ge Congzhou, Xie Yanzhang, He Zhen, Zhang Guiba, Zhang Guihou, Zhang Guibian · 1 passage

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復領兵萬餘人渡淮討楊行密，至濠州，聞龐師古清口之敗，遽班師。 Crossing the Huai against Yang Xingmi he withdrew on news of Qingkou.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 17Volume 17 Book of Later Liang 17: Biographies 7: Cheng Rui, Du Hong, Tian Yun, Zhao Kuangning, Zhang Ji, Lei Man · 27 passages

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楊行密以兵圍鄂州，汭出師以援鄂，淮寇乘之，以火焚其艦，汭投江而死。 When Yang Xingmi besieged Ezhou, Rui sailed to relieve it; the Huainan fleet burned his ships and he drowned himself in the river.

後因汭生辰，淮南楊行密遣使致禮幣之外，仍貺《初學記》一部。 On Rui's birthday Yang Xingmi sent gifts from Huainan—and added a copy of the 《Elementary Studies》.

及為楊行密所攻，洪、傳首尾相應，皆遣求援於太祖； When Yang Xingmi attacked them, Hong and Chuan backed each other and both appealed to the Founder;

及行密乘勝急攻洪、鄂，洪復乞師於太祖； When Xingmi pressed the attack on Hong and E, Hong again begged the Founder for troops;

尋為楊行密所敗，其地亦入於淮夷。 Soon Yang Xingmi defeated them and Jiangxi too passed to Huainan.

唐天祐初，楊行密雄據淮海，時頵為宣州節度使，延壽為壽州刺史。 Early in Tianyou, Yang Xingmi dominated the Huai-Hai region; Yun held Xuancheng and Yanshou held Shou prefecture.

頵以行密專恣跋扈，嘗移書諷之曰：「侯王守方，以奉天子，古之制也。 Finding Yang Xingmi arrogant, Yun wrote to admonish him: "Princes are meant to guard their lands for the Son of Heaven—that is the ancient order.

行密怒曰：「今財賦之行，必由於汴，適足以資於敵也。」 Xingmi snapped, "Revenue now must pass through Bian—that only feeds our enemy."

不數月，事微泄，行密乃先以公牒征延壽， Within months the plot leaked; Xingmi summoned Yanshou by official order,

〈（《新唐書》：行密妻，延壽姊也，遣辯士召延壽。 (The 《New Book of Tang》 says Xingmi's wife was Yanshou's sister and sent a persuader to call him.

次悉兵攻宣城，頵戎力寡薄，棄壁走，不能越境，為行密軍所得。 Xingmi then attacked Xuancheng; Yun, outmatched, fled the walls but was caught before he could escape the prefecture.

〈（《九國志》：行密別遣台濛、王茂章率步騎以往，頵委舟師於汪建、王壇，自出廣德迎戰，大為濛所敗，遂率殘眾遁保宛陵。 (The 《Nine Kingdoms Annals》 says Xingmi sent Tai Meng and Wang Maozhang by land; Yun entrusted the fleet to Wang Jian and Wang Tan, then fought at Guangde, was routed, and fled to Wanyang with survivors.

壇、建聞其敗，因盡以舟師歸款於行密。 Wang Tan and Wang Jian heard of the defeat and surrendered the whole fleet to Xingmi.

延壽飛騎赴命，邇揚州一舍，行密使人殺之。 Yanshou galloped toward Yangzhou; a stage short of the city, Xingmi's men killed him.

〈（《五代史補》：楊行密據淮南，以妻弟朱氏眾謂之朱三郎者，行密署為泗州防禦使。 (The 《Supplement to the History of the Five Dynasties》 says Xingmi made his brother-in-law Zhu, called Third Master Zhu, defense commissioner of Sizhou.

泗州素屯軍，朱氏驍勇，到任恃眾自負，行密雖悔，度力未能製，但姑息之，時議以謂行密事勢去矣。 Sizhou was garrison country; Zhu was fierce and swaggered in office while Xingmi, unable to curb him, only indulged him—observers thought Xingmi had lost his grip.

居無何，行密得目疾，雖愈，且詐稱失明，其出入皆以人扶策，不爾則觸牆抵柱，至於流血，姬妾仆隸以為實然，往往無禮，首尾僅三年。 Soon he suffered an eye ailment; though healed, he feigned blindness for nearly three years, needing guides and colliding with walls until servants and concubines took it for truth and grew insolent.

朱氏聞之，信而少懈馳，行密度其計必中，謂妻曰：「吾不幸臨老兩目如此，男女輩幼，苟不諱，則國家為他人所有。 Zhu believed the blindness and relaxed his guard; Xingmi, sure his ruse had worked, told his wife: "I am old and blind, the children young—if we do not act, our realm will pass to another.

及入謁，行密恐其覺，坐於中堂，以家人禮見。 Fearing discovery, Xingmi received him in the central hall with family rites.

朱氏頗有德色，方設拜，行密奮袖中鐵槌以擊之，正中其首，然猶宛轉號叫，久而方斃。 As Zhu bowed, Xingmi struck him from his sleeve with an iron mallet; Zhu twisted and screamed a long while before he died.

行密內外不測，即時升堂廳，召將吏等謂之曰：「吾所以稱兩目失明者，蓋為朱三。 The court was stunned; Xingmi mounted the hall and told his officers: "I only pretended blindness for Zhu the Third.

初，行密之在民間也，嘗為合肥縣手力，有過，縣令將鞭之，行密懼且拜。 Once, as a corvée laborer in Hefei county, he faced a magistrate's whip and bowed in terror.

會有客自外入，見行密每拜，則廳之前簷皆叩地，而令不之覺。 A visitor saw each bow shake the eaves to the ground while the magistrate noticed nothing.

行密度本郡不足依，乃投高駢。 Finding Hefei too small, he entered Gao Pian's service.

駢死，秦彥、孫儒等作亂，行密連誅之，遂有淮南之地。）〉 After Pian's death he destroyed Qin Yan and Sun Ru and seized Huainan.)〉

行密見之，曰：「君在鎮，輕車重馬輸於賊，今敗，乃歸我邪！」 Xingmi greeted him: "You fed the enemy from your post—now you come to me defeated?"

《歐陽史》云：行密厚遇匡凝，其後行密死，楊渥稍不禮之。 Ouyang's 《History》 says Xingmi treated Kuangning well, but after Xingmi's death Yang Wo grew rude to him.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 20Volume 20 Book of Later Liang 20: Biographies 10: Xie Tong, Si Maye, Liu Han, Wang Jinrao, Gao Shao, Ma Sixun, Zhang Cunjin, Kou Yanqing · 1 passage

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乾寧二年三月，楊行密復攻濠州，張遂遣嗣勳求援於太祖。 In the third month of Qianning 2, when Yang Xingmi attacked Haozhou again, Zhang Sui sent Sixun to plead for help.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 55Volume 55 Book of Later Tang 31: Biographies 7: Kang Junli, Xue Zhiqin, Shi Jiantang, Li Chengsi, Shi Yan, Gai Yu, Yi Guang, Li Chengxun, Shi Jingrong · 4 passages

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〈（十國春秋·吳列傳》：太祖署為淮南行軍副使。）〉 (The Spring and Autumn of the Ten Kingdoms, Biography of Wu, states that the Founder appointed him deputy commissioner of the Huainan campaign army.) 〉

楊行密許之，遣使陳令存請修好於武皇。 Yang Xingmi agreed and sent the envoy Chen Lingcun to seek peace with the Martial Emperor.

行密嘉其雄才，留而不遣，仍奏授檢校太尉，領鎮海軍節度使。 Xingmi admired his prowess, kept him, and memorialized the court to appoint him acting Grand Commandant and military governor of the Zhenhai army.

其後並鍾傳，擒杜洪，削錢鏐，成行密之霸跡者，皆儼與承嗣之力也。 Their later conquests of Zhong Chuan, capture of Du Hong, and reduction of Qian Liu—the steps by which Xingmi built his hegemony—owed to the strength of Yan and Chengsi.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 118Volume 118 Book of Later Zhou 20: Shizong Annals 5 · 2 passages

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戊辰，遣使祭故淮南節度使楊行密、故升府節度使徐溫等墓。 On wuchen envoys were sent to offer sacrifice at the tombs of the former Huainan military governor Yang Xingmi, the former Shengfu military governor Xu Wen, and others.

庚戌，詔：「故淮南節度使楊行密、故升府節度使徐溫各給守冢戶，應江南臣僚有先代墳墓在江北者，委所在長吏差人檢校。」 On gengxu an edict ordered: "The former Huainan military governor Yang Xingmi and the former Shengfu military governor Xu Wen shall each be granted tomb-guarding households, and where Jiangnan officials had ancestral tombs north of the river the local chief officials should dispatch men to inspect and maintain them."

New Book of Tang, Chapter 189Volume 189 Biographies 114: Gao, Zhao, Tian, Zhu · 23 passages

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與楊行密同里，約為兄弟。 He and Yang Xingmi were from the same town and swore brotherhood.

行密據廬州，頵謀為多。 After Xingmi seized Luzhou, Yun supplied most of his stratagems.

行密表頵為馬步軍都虞候。 Xingmi petitioned the court to appoint Yun commander of all cavalry and infantry.

沙陀叛將安仁義奔淮南，行密大喜，屬以騎兵，使在頵右，兩人名冠軍中，共攻常州，殺刺史杜棱。 The Shatuo defector An Renyi fled to Huainan. Xingmi was delighted, gave him command of the cavalry, and paired him with Yun—the two finest commanders in the army. Together they took Changzhou and killed the prefect Du Ling.

與戰，頵走，行密怒，奪其兵。 In the fighting Yun was routed. Xingmi, furious, stripped him of command.

或諫行密曰：「強敵傅壘，不用頵，非計也。」 Someone urged Xingmi, “With a powerful enemy at the walls, refusing to use Yun is poor strategy.”

行密復將頵。 Xingmi restored Yun to command.

儒詒書仁義通好，以疑行密，行密待益厚，署行軍副使，卒用此二人功禽儒。 Ru sent a feigned letter of friendship to Renyi to sow suspicion against Xingmi, but Xingmi treated Renyi all the more generously and made him campaigning deputy. In the end these two men’s efforts brought about Ru’s capture.

頵已平馮弘鐸，至揚州謝行密。 After pacifying Feng Hongduo, Yun came to Yangzhou to pay his respects to Xingmi.

又求池、歙為屬州，行密不許，頵始怨。 He also demanded that Chi and She be made his subordinate prefectures. Xingmi refused, and Yun’s resentment began.

及镠與行密合，頵曰：「今日不勝，必殺元瓘。」 When Qian Liu and Xingmi joined forces, Yun said, “If we do not win today, I will kill Yuan Guan.”

已而頵死，傳首至淮南，行密泣下，葬以庶人禮，亦葬康儒，還元瓘於杭。 But Yun died first. When his head reached Huainan, Xingmi wept, buried him with commoner rites, buried Kang Ru as well, and sent Yuan Guan back to Hangzhou.

夔知頵不足亢行密，著《溺賦》以戒，頵不用。 Kui saw that Yun could not stand against Xingmi and wrote “The Rhapsody of Drowning” as a warning, but Yun ignored it.

行密使王茂章穴地取潤州，安仁義以家屬保城樓，兵不敢登。 Xingmi had Wang Maozhang tunnel into Runzhou. Renyi put his family on the gate tower as a shield, and the attackers dared not climb up.

頵破，行密表為檢校太保、宣州觀察使。 After Yun’s defeat, Xingmi petitioned the court to make Meng Acting Grand Guardian and commissioner of Xuanzhou.

事行密，破秦彥、畢師鐸、趙锽、孫儒功居多。 He served Yang Xingmi and won the greatest share of credit in defeating Qin Yan, Bi Shiduo, Zhao Huang, and Sun Ru.

行密欲以寬恕結人心，而延壽敢殺。 Xingmi wanted to win loyalty through mercy, but Yanshou was ruthless in killing.

時揚州多盜，捕得者，行密輒賜所盜遣之，戒曰：「勿使延壽知。」 Yangzhou had many thieves in those days. When one was caught, Xingmi would return the stolen goods and release him with the warning, “Do not let Yanshou know.”

初，壽州刺史高彥溫舉州入朱全忠，行密襲之，諸將憚城堅不可拔，延壽鼓之，拔其城即表為淮南節度副使。 Earlier, Gao Yanwen of Shouzhou had surrendered his prefecture to Zhu Quanzhong. When Xingmi attacked, the other generals feared the strong walls could not be taken. Yanshou rallied the men, took the city, and was at once made deputy military governor of Huainan.

頵喜，二人謀絕行密。 Yun rejoiced, and the two plotted to destroy Yang Xingmi.

行密憂甚，紿病目，行觸柱僵。 Xingmi was deeply worried. He pretended to be going blind, stumbled against a pillar, and collapsed.

行密泣曰：「吾喪明，諸子幼，得舅代我，無憂矣。」 Xingmi wept and said, “I am going blind, and my sons are still young. With my uncle to take my place, I need fear nothing.”

贊曰：全忠，唐之盜也，行密誌梟其元而後已。 The commentator says: Zhu Quanzhong was a robber of the Tang. Yang Xingmi swore he would not rest until Zhu’s head was spiked for all to see.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 22Volume 22 Later Liang Biographies 2: Kang Huaiying, Liu Xun, Niu Cunjie, Zhang Guiba, Wang Zhongshi, Xu Huaiyu · 2 passages

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楊行密攻宿州，太祖遣懷英擊走之，表宿州刺史。 When Yang Xingmi attacked Suzhou, Taizu sent Huaiying to beat him back and had him appointed prefect of Suzhou.

又從龐師古攻楊行密，師古敗清口，懷玉獨完一軍，行收散卒萬餘人以歸。 With Pang Shigu against Yang Xingmi, after Shigu’s rout at Qingkou Huaiyu saved an entire army whole, then gathered more than ten thousand scattered men on the march home.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 23Volume 23 Later Liang Biographies 3: Yang Shihou, Wang Jingren, He Gui, Wang Tan, Ma Sixun, Wang Qianyu, Xie Yanzhang · 8 passages

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初名茂章，少從楊行密起淮南。 He was first called Maozhang. As a youth he followed Yang Xingmi’s rise in Huainan.

景仁為將驍勇剛悍，質略無威儀，臨敵務以身先士卒，行密壯之。 Jingren fought with fierce, blunt courage and no show of rank; in battle he always led from the front. Xingmi admired him.

梁太祖遣子友寧攻王師範於青州，師範乞兵於行密，行密遣景仁以步騎七千救師範。 Taizu of Liang sent his son Youning against Wang Shifan at Qingzhou. Shifan begged Xingmi for aid, and Xingmi sent Jingren with seven thousand foot and horse to relieve him.

遲明，景仁度友寧兵已困，乃出戰，大敗之，遂斬友寧，以其首報行密。 At dawn Jingren judged Youning’s men spent, went out, and routed them. He beheaded Youning and sent the head to Xingmi.

景仁事行密，為潤州團練使。 Under Xingmi he was made regimental commander of Runzhou.

行密死，子渥自宣州入立，以景仁代守宣州。 When Xingmi died his son Wo came from Xuanzhou to take power and left Jingren to hold Xuanzhou.

末帝立，以景仁為淮南招討使，攻廬、壽，軍過獨山，山有楊行密祠，景仁再拜號泣而去。 When the Last Emperor took the throne Jingren was made Huainan pacification commissioner and attacked Lu and Shou. At Dushan, where Yang Xingmi had a shrine, he bowed twice, wept aloud, and went on.

楊行密攻遂，遂又使嗣勳乞兵於太祖。 Yang Xingmi attacked Sui, and Sui again sent Sixun to beg troops from Taizu.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 32Volume 32 Biographies of Martyrs to Virtue 12: Wang Yanzhang · 1 passage

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父金，事楊行密，為濠、滁二州刺史，以驍勇知名。 His father Jin served Yang Xingmi as prefect of Hao and Chu and was famed for courage.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 35Volume 35 Biographies 15: Zhan Wenyu, Yang She, Zhang Ce, Zhao Guangfeng, Xue Yiju, Su Xun · 1 passage

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梁兵攻楊行密，大敗於珝河，太祖躁忿，急於禪代，欲邀唐九錫，群臣莫敢當其議，獨循倡言：「梁王功德，天命所歸，宜即受禪。」 Liang attacked Yang Xingmi and was routed at Yu River; Taizu, irritable, sought abdication and the Nine Bestowments; none dared speak—only Xun said, “Heaven’s mandate is Liang’s; take the throne at once.”

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 41Volume 41 Miscellaneous Biographies 21: Lu Guangchou, Tan Quanbo, Lei Man, Zhong Chuan, Zhao Kuangning · 9 passages

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楊行密攻杜洪於鄂州，荊南成汭出兵救洪，汭戰敗，溺死於君山。 Yang Xingmi besieged Du Hong at Ezhou. Cheng Ru of Jingnan sailed to his aid, was beaten, and drowned off Jun Hill.

彥恭附于楊行密，亦嘗攻劫為荊、湖患。 Yan Gong allied with Yang Xingmi but kept raiding as well, plaguing Jing and the lake country.

三年，彥恭奔于楊行密，馬殷擒其弟彥雄等七人送于梁，斬于汴市，彥恭卒於淮南，澧、朗遂入于楚。 In year 3 Yan Gong fled to Yang Xingmi. Ma Yin seized his brother Yan Xiong and six others, sent the seven captives to Liang, and had them beheaded in Bian. Yan Gong died in Huainan. Li and Lang passed to Chu.

江夏伶人杜洪者，亦據鄂州，楊行密屢攻之，洪頗倚傳為首尾。 Du Hong, a Jiangxia player turned warlord, held Ezhou. Yang Xingmi struck him again and again, and Hong counted on Chuan to guard his back.

晉王李克用遣人以書幣假道於匡凝，以聘於楊行密，求歸儼等。 Li Keyong of Jin sent envoys with letters and gifts to ask passage through Kuangning’s lands and an audience with Yang Xingmi, seeking Yan and his men back.

太祖遣楊師厚攻之，太祖以兵殿漢北，匡凝戰敗，以輕舟奔於楊行密。 Zhu Wen sent Yang Shihou against him and marched in person on the Han north. Kuangning broke, took a light boat, and fled to Yang Xingmi.

匡凝至廣陵，行密見之，戲曰：「君在鎮時，輕車重馬，歲輸於梁，今敗乃歸我乎？」 At Guangling Yang Xingmi greeted him with a jest: “In your own domain you sent light carts and heavy horses every year to Liang. Broken now, you run to me?”

行密厚遇之。 Yang Xingmi treated him with honor.

其後行密死，楊渥稍不禮之。 When Xingmi died, his son Yang Wo grew cold toward him.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 67Volume 67: Hereditary House of Wuyue · 8 passages

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