Zhu Gui (硃珪) | 24 Histories

Overview

The translated histories identify Zhu Gui as an official, scholar, statesman, and teacher. This record brings together 27 passages from 4 chapters across 1 history, with names, dates, relationships, offices, and events preserved as source-backed claims.

Names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal	Zhu Gui	硃珪	Zhu Gui
Title	Grand Secretary	大學士
Given	Gui	珪	Gui
Given	Gui	珪
Courtesy name	Shijun	石君	Shijun
Posthumous name	Wenzheng	文正	Wenzheng
Surname	Zhu	硃	Zhu
Personal name	Zhu Gui	硃珪	Zhu Gui
Personal name	Zhu Gui	硃珪
Personal	Zhu Gui	硃珪

Identity

Historicity: Historical
Identification: Named
Sex: Male

Sex: male
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0143
Sex: male
Strongly inferred · qingshigao:364:s0076

Roles

Official
Scholar
Statesman
Teacher
Writer

Life and dates

Death

Place: home after audience dizziness / 扶歸第 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: after 嘉慶十年 · Western Year: AD 1806
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0217

Age

Age: 18 · Reckoning: sui · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 乾隆十三年 · Western Year: AD 1748
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0147
Age: 76 · Reckoning: sui
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0215

Attested activity

Source Date: Text: 乾隆三十二年 · Western Year: AD 1767
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:340:s0152
Source Date: Text: 乾隆二十五年 · Western Year: AD 1760
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:340:s0150
Source Date: Text: 乾隆五十一年 · Western Year: AD 1786
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:340:s0165
Source Date: Text: 乾隆五十九年 · Western Year: AD 1794
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:340:s0171
Source Date: Text: 乾隆五十五年 · Western Year: AD 1790
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:340:s0167
Source Date: Text: 乾隆十三年 · Western Year: AD 1748
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:340:s0147
Source Date: Text: 乾隆四十四年 · Western Year: AD 1779
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:340:s0161
Source Date: Text: 乾隆四十年 · Western Year: AD 1775
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:340:s0160
Source Date: Text: 嘉慶 · Western Year: AD 1799
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:362:s0154
Source Date: Text: 嘉慶七年 · Western Year: AD 1802
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:340:s0210
Source Date: Text: 嘉慶九年 · Western Year: AD 1804
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:340:s0212
Source Date: Text: 嘉慶五年 · Western Year: AD 1800
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:340:s0205
Source Date: Text: 嘉慶元年 · Western Year: AD 1796
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:340:s0173
Source Date: Text: 嘉慶十一年 · Western Year: AD 1806
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:340:s0215, qingshigao:340:s0217
Source Date: Text: 嘉慶十年 · Western Year: AD 1805
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:340:s0213
Source Date: Text: 嘉慶四年 · Western Year: AD 1799
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:351:s0113, qingshigao:364:s0076
Source Date: Text: 嘉慶四年正月 · Western Year: AD 1799
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:340:s0183

Family

Immediate source-linked family. Drag to pan, scroll or pinch to zoom, and select a person to open their record.

Sibling of Zhu Yun (硃筠)
Kinship Term: elder brother / 兄 · Shared Parentage: full · Subject Relative Age: younger · Subject Role: younger-brother · Object Role: elder-brother
Parent of Zhu Xijing (硃錫經)
Kinship Term: eldest son / 長子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son · Object Birth Order: 1
Child of Zhu Wenbing (硃文炳)
Kinship Term: father / 父 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: father

Origins and identity

Label: ancestors from Xiaoshan / 先世居蕭山
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0144

Career and standing

Label: provincial judge of Hubei / 湖北按察使 · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 乾隆三十二年 · Western Year: AD 1767
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0152
Label: grain and courier intendant of Fujian / 福建糧驛道 · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 乾隆二十五年 · Western Year: AD 1760
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0150
Label: vice minister of rites / 禮部侍郎 · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 乾隆五十一年 · Western Year: AD 1786
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0165
Label: expositor-in-waiting; Upper Study tutor to Jiaqing / 侍講學士，直上書房，侍仁宗學 · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 乾隆四十年 · Western Year: AD 1775
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0160
Label: associate Grand Secretary / 協辦大學士 · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 嘉慶七年 · Western Year: AD 1802
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0210
Label: governor-general / 總督 · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 嘉慶元年 · Western Year: AD 1796
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0173
Label: Grand Secretary of the Hall of Embodied Benevolence / 體仁閣大學士 · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 嘉慶十年 · Western Year: AD 1805
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0213
Label: compiler / 編修 · Action: appointed
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0147
Label: governor of Anhui / 安徽巡撫 · Action: appointed
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0168
Label: Hanlin bachelor / 庶吉士 · Action: appointed
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0147
Label: provincial administration commissioner of Shanxi / 山西布政使 · Action: appointed
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0154
Label: provincial judge / 按察使 · Action: appointed
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0151
Label: Southern Imperial Study; three treasuries; later minister of revenue / 直南書房，管戶部三庫 · Action: appointed
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0192, qingshigao:340:s0195
Label: acting governor-general of the Two Guangs / 署兩廣總督 · Action: held
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0172
Label: acting governor / 署巡撫 · Action: held
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0154
Office: Grand secretary / 大學士 · Action: held
Explicit · qingshigao:364:s0076
Label: governor of Guangdong / 廣東巡撫 · Action: transferred · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 乾隆五十九年 · Western Year: AD 1794
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0171
Label: enshrined in Shrine of Worthies / 祀賢良祠 · Action: granted
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0219
Title: Junior Vice Guardian of the Heir Apparent / 太子少保 · Action: granted
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0192
Title: Grand Tutor / 太傅 · Action: posthumously-granted
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0219
Status: mourning · Action: entered · Label: father's mourning / 父憂
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0151
Status: demoted · Action: suffered · Label: demoted to Anhui governor over boat bandits / 左遷安徽巡撫
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0177
Label: stripped of palace rank, relieved of treasuries, reduced in grade / 褫宮銜，解三庫事，鐫級留任 · Action: suffered
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0209

Places and affiliations

Polity: Qing / 清 · Relation: served
Explicit · qingshigao:364:s0076
Place: Daxing, Shuntian / 順天大興
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0143
Place: residence outside Xihua Gate / 第西華門外 · Relation: residence-granted
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0192

Learning and skills

Credential: jinshi / 進士 · Action: earned · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 乾隆十三年 · Western Year: AD 1748
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0147
Belief: Daoism / 道家 · Relation: interested-in
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0230

Works and attributed material

Kind: document · Role: author · Label: five admonitions / 五箴 · Other Person Id: Jiaqing Emperor (嘉慶帝)
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0163
Kind: memorial · Role: author · Quoted: true · Other Person Id: Jiaqing Emperor (嘉慶帝)
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0184, qingshigao:340:s0185, qingshigao:340:s0186, qingshigao:340:s0187, qingshigao:340:s0188, qingshigao:340:s0189, qingshigao:340:s0190
Kind: memorial · Role: author · Quoted: true
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0198, qingshigao:340:s0199, qingshigao:340:s0200, qingshigao:340:s0201, qingshigao:340:s0202, qingshigao:340:s0203
Kind: memorial · Role: author
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0155, qingshigao:340:s0156, qingshigao:340:s0157
Kind: speech · Role: speaker · Quoted: true
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0230

Events and relationships

Kind: political · Role: reformer · Action: blocked-extra-levies-and-salt-price-hikes
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0197, qingshigao:340:s0198, qingshigao:340:s0199, qingshigao:340:s0200, qingshigao:340:s0201, qingshigao:340:s0202, qingshigao:340:s0203
Kind: examination · Role: examiner · Action: co-presided over the metropolitan examination with Ruan Yuan · Other Person Id: Ruan Yuan (阮元) · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 嘉慶四年 · Western Year: AD 1799
Explicit · qingshigao:364:s0076
Kind: administrative · Role: relief-administrator · Action: flood-relief-in-northern-Anhui
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0169, qingshigao:340:s0170
Kind: political · Role: target · Action: obstructed-by-Heshen · Other Person Id: Heshen (和珅)
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0175, qingshigao:340:s0176
Relation: teacher-of · Person Id: Jiaqing Emperor (嘉慶帝)
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0160
Relation: student-of · Person Id: Zhu Shi (硃軾)
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0146
Relation: recommender-of · Person Id: Huang Yue (黃鉞)
Explicit · qingshigao:351:s0113

Assessments and attributes

Assessment: counsel of Tang-Yu-Three-Dynasties purity; posthumous Wenzheng; plain poverty · Provenance: Mode: imperial-judgment · Source Person Id: Jiaqing Emperor (嘉慶帝)
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0220, qingshigao:340:s0221, qingshigao:340:s0222
Assessment: Qianlong-selected trusted minister who withstood Heshen · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0233, qingshigao:340:s0235
Assessment: revered by scholars for decades as examiner and talent-seeker · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0228, qingshigao:340:s0229

References in the histories

Open any source group to read the Chinese and English passage in context.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 340Volume 340 Biographies 127: Wang Jie, Dong Gao, Zhu Gui · 23 passages

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嘉慶元年，授受禮成，詔硃珪來京，將畀以閣務，仁宗賀以詩。 In 1796, when the succession rites were completed, an edict summoned Zhu Gui to the capital for a Grand Secretariat post; the Jiaqing Emperor congratulated him with a poem.

乃以他事罷珪之召。 Then on another pretext Gui's summons was canceled.

硃珪，字石君，順天大興人。 Zhu Gui, whose style was Shijun, came from Daxing in Shuntian.

珪少傳軾學，與兄筠同鄉舉，並負時譽。 Gui in youth inherited Shi's learning; he and his elder brother Yun passed the provincial examination together and both enjoyed contemporary renown.

珪方正，為同僚所不便，按察使黃檢奏劾讀書廢事。 Gui was upright, which made colleagues uncomfortable; provincial judge Huang Jian memorialized impeaching him for reading books and neglecting affairs.

珪初以文學受知，洎出任疆寄，負時望，將大用。 Gui had first won notice through literary accomplishment; when he took up frontier office he bore high expectations and was on the verge of great promotion.

和珅忌之，授受禮成，珪進頌冊，因加指摘，高宗曰：「陳善納誨，師傅之職宜爾，非汝所知也。」 Heshen envied him; when the succession rites were completed Gui presented a eulogy booklet and was criticized for it; the Qianlong Emperor said, "To present good counsel and accept admonition is a tutor's proper duty—this is not for you to understand."

會大學士缺，詔召珪，卒為和珅所沮。 When a Grand Secretary post fell vacant, an edict summoned Gui, but Heshen blocked it in the end.

以廣東艇匪擾劫閩、浙，責珪不能緝捕，寢前命，左遷安徽巡撫。 Because Guangdong boat bandits raided Fujian and Zhejiang, Gui was blamed for failing to capture them; the earlier order was set aside and he was demoted to governor of Anhui.

珪曰：「疑而索之，是激之變。」 Gui said, "To suspect people and hunt them down is to provoke rebellion."

四年正月，高宗崩，仁宗即馳驛召珪，聞命奔赴。 In the first month of 1799 the Qianlong Emperor died; the Jiaqing Emperor at once sent post-horses to summon Gui; on hearing the order he rushed to obey.

至京哭臨，上執珪手哭失聲。 On reaching the capital he attended the mourning audience; the emperor took Gui's hand and wept aloud.

珪造膝密陳，不關白軍機大臣，不沽恩市直，上傾心一聽，初政之美，多出贊助。 Gui spoke confidentially knee to knee, did not inform the Grand Councilors, and did not curry favor openly; the emperor listened with full trust—the beauty of the early reign owed much to his assistance.

疆吏以運丁苦累，仰給州縣，州縣不得不取諸民，於是安徽加贈銀，江蘇加耗米，珪謂小民未見清漕之益，先受其害，力爭罷之，令曹司凡事近加賦者皆議駁。 Frontier officials said transport laborers suffered hardship and depended on districts and counties, which had to take from the people—thus Anhui added gift silver and Jiangsu added wastage grain; Gui said the common people had not yet seen the benefit of reforming transport but already suffered harm, fought vigorously to abolish these, and ordered subordinate offices to reject every proposal for extra levies.

先是彭元瑞於西華門內墜馬，珪呼其輿入舁之，為御史週栻所劾。 Earlier Peng Yuanrui had fallen from his horse inside the Xihua Gate; Gui called his sedan chair inside to carry him, and censor Zhou Shi impeached him for it.

尋有珪輿人毆傷禁門兵，忌者嗾護軍統領訐之。 Soon Gui's sedan bearers beat a Forbidden Gate guard; his enemies incited the banner guard commander to denounce him.

詔：「珪素恪謹，造次不檢，特申戒。」 An edict said: "Gui has always been careful and respectful; in a moment of carelessness he was not restrained—he is specially admonished."

九年，上幸翰林院，聯句賜宴，御書「天祿儲才」額刻懸院中，以墨書賜珪家。 In 1804 the emperor visited the Hanlin Academy, gave a linked-verse banquet, and had the imperial inscription "Heaven's Blessings Store Talent" carved and hung in the academy; an ink inscription was bestowed on Gui's family.

詔：「珪自為師傅，凡所陳說，無非唐、虞、三代之言，稍涉時趨者不出諸口，啟沃至多。 An edict said: "Since Gui became tutor, everything he said was the language of Tang, Yu, and the Three Dynasties; what touched current fashion never left his mouth—his counsel was abundant.

揆諸諡法，足當'正'字而無愧，特諡文正。 Measured against posthumous naming standards, he fully merits the character for 'correct' without shame; he was specially given the posthumous name Wenzheng.

逾年，上謁西陵，珪墓近蹕路，遣官賜奠。 After a year, when the emperor visited the Western Tombs, Gui's tomb lay near the imperial route; an official was sent to offer libations.

珪文章奧博，取士重經策，銳意求才。 Gui's writings were profound and broad; in selecting scholars he stressed classical examinations and policy essays and keenly sought talent.

王杰、董誥、硃珪皆高宗拔擢信任之臣，和珅一再間沮，卒不屈撓。 Wang Jie, Dong Gao, and Zhu Gui were all ministers the Qianlong Emperor selected and trusted; Heshen repeatedly obstructed them, yet in the end they did not yield.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 351Volume 351 Biographies 138: Shen Chu, Jin Shisong, Zou Bingtai, Dai Liankui, Wang Yixiu Son: Zong Cheng, Huang Yue · 1 passage

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嘉慶四年，仁宗親政，硃珪薦之，召來京。 In Jiaqing 4, when the emperor took direct rule, Zhu Gui recommended him and he was summoned to Beijing.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 362Volume 362 Biographies 149: Fang Ji, Zhu Erhan, Yang Hu, Liao Yin, Chen Changqi, Zhu Ergenge, Cha Chonghua · 2 passages

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大學士硃珪管部，聞而重之。 Grand Secretary Zhu Gui, who headed the ministry, heard of this and came to esteem him highly.

珪薦其才守可大受，復出為廣東潮州知府。 Zhu Gui recommended him as a man of talent and integrity fit for high responsibility, and he was posted again as prefect of Chaozhou in Guangdong.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 364Volume 364 Biographies 151: Ruan Yuan, Wang Tingzhen, Tang Jinzhao · 1 passage

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嘉慶四年，偕大學士硃珪典會試，一時樸學高才搜羅殆盡。 In Jiaqing 4, with Grand Secretary Zhu Gui he presided over the metropolitan exams and gathered nearly all leading evidential scholars of the day.