Emperor Xiaozong of Song (宋孝宗)

Overview

The translated histories identify Emperor Xiaozong of Song as a royal family member and ruler. This record brings together 22 passages from 6 chapters across 2 histories, with names, dates, relationships, offices, and events preserved as source-backed claims.

Names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal	Emperor Xiaozong of Song	宋孝宗	Song Xiaozong
Title	crown prince	皇太子	Huang Taizi
Title	Emperor	皇帝	Huangdi
Title	Emperor Xiaozong	孝宗
Title	Emperor Xiaozong
Temple	Emperor Xiaozong	孝宗	Xiàozōng
Title	Emperor Xiaozong of Song	宋孝宗
Title	Shouhuang	壽皇
Temple name	Xiaozong	孝宗	Xiaozong
Temple	Xiaozong	孝宗	Xiaozong
Temple	Xiaozong	孝宗
Title		壽皇

Identity

Historicity: Historical
Identification: Named
Sex: Male

Sex: male
Strongly inferred · qingshigao:423:s0015, songshi:107:s0166, songshi:112:s0112, songshi:469:s0107
Sex: male
Explicit · songshi:110:s0050, songshi:144:s0129

Roles

Royal Family Member
Ruler

Life and dates

Attested activity

Source Date: Text: 乾道元年二月朔 · Western Year: AD 1165
Explicit · songshi:110:s0192
Source Date: Text: 乾道八年 · Western Year: AD 1172
Explicit · songshi:112:s0114
Source Date: Text: 同治三年前後 · Western Year: AD 1864
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:423:s0161
Source Date: Text: 孝宗崩 · Western Year: AD 1194
Explicit event contextual date · songshi:469:s0152
Source Date: Text: 孝宗朝 · Western Interval: Start: AD 1162 · End: AD 1189
Explicit event contextual date · songshi:144:s0129
Source Date: Text: 孝宗聞而惡之 · Western Year: AD 1183
Explicit event contextual date · songshi:469:s0107
Source Date: Text: 淳熙二年 · Western Year: AD 1175
Explicit · songshi:112:s0139
Source Date: Text: 淳熙十三年 · Western Year: AD 1186
Explicit · songshi:112:s0146
Source Date: Text: 淳熙十六年 · Western Year: AD 1189
Explicit · songshi:110:s0100
Source Date: Text: 淳熙十年 · Western Year: AD 1183
Explicit · songshi:112:s0145
Source Date: Text: 紹熙五年 · Western Year: AD 1194
Explicit event contextual date · songshi:107:s0166
Source Date: Text: 紹興三十二年六月十日 · Western Year: AD 1162
Explicit · songshi:110:s0050
Source Date: Text: 隆興元年 · Western Year: AD 1163
Explicit · songshi:112:s0112
Source Date: Text: 隆興元年 · Western Year: AD 1163
Explicit event contextual date · songshi:144:s0134
Source Date: Text: 隆興元年正月朔 · Western Year: AD 1163
Explicit · songshi:110:s0098

Family

Immediate source-linked family. Drag to pan, scroll or pinch to zoom, and select a person to open their record.

Child of Gaozong (高宗)
Kinship Term: son / 子 · Parentage: adoptive · Subject Role: son · Object Role: father · Relationship State: active
Kinship Term: father / 父 · Parentage: adoptive · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
Kinship Term: father / 父 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
Parent of Emperor Guangzong (光宗)
Kinship Term: father / 父 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
Kinship Term: heir apparent / 皇太子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
Child of Emperor Gaozong (高宗)
Kinship Term: Retired Emperor / 太上皇帝 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son

Career and standing

Role: abdicated · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 淳熙十六年 · Western Year: AD 1189
Explicit · songshi:110:s0100
Role: ascended · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 紹興三十二年六月十一日 · Western Year: AD 1162
Explicit · songshi:110:s0050, songshi:110:s0053, songshi:110:s0064
Date Context: Source Date: Text: 隆興元年 · Western Year: AD 1163
Explicit · songshi:144:s0134

Places and affiliations

Polity: Song / 宋 · Relation: ruled
Explicit · songshi:112:s0112, songshi:144:s0129

Works and attributed material

Kind: speech · Role: speaker · Addressee Person Id: Emperor Gaozong (高宗) · Units: s0130
Explicit · songshi:112:s0130
Kind: speech · Role: speaker · Addressee Person Id: Emperor Gaozong (高宗) · Units: s0141, s0142
Explicit · songshi:112:s0141, songshi:112:s0142
Kind: edict · Role: author
Explicit · songshi:110:s0086, songshi:110:s0087, songshi:110:s0088
Kind: speech · Role: speaker · Other Person Id: Supreme Empress (太上皇后)
Explicit · songshi:110:s0187
Kind: speech · Role: speaker · Other Person Id: Gaozong (高宗)
Explicit · songshi:110:s0180
Kind: speech · Role: speaker
Explicit · songshi:110:s0069

Events and relationships

Kind: ritual · Role: honoree · Action: birthday-festival-established · Label: Huiqing Festival / 會慶節
Explicit · songshi:112:s0147
Kind: ritual · Role: officiant · Action: offered-birthday-congratulations · Other Person Id: Emperor Gaozong (高宗) · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 乾道八年 · Western Year: AD 1172
Explicit · songshi:112:s0114
Kind: ritual · Role: officiant · Action: offered-birthday-congratulations · Other Person Id: Emperor Gaozong (高宗) · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 隆興元年 · Western Year: AD 1163
Explicit · songshi:112:s0112
Kind: administrative · Role: ruler · Action: ordered-deshou-palace-escort-discussion · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 隆興元年 · Western Year: AD 1163
Explicit · songshi:144:s0134
Kind: ritual · Role: successor · Action: received-throne · Other Person Id: Gaozong (高宗) · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 紹興三十二年六月十一日 · Western Year: AD 1162
Explicit · songshi:110:s0064, songshi:110:s0066, songshi:110:s0068

References in the histories

Open any source group to read the Chinese and English passage in context.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 423Volume 423 Biographies 210: Zong Jichen, Yin Gengyun, Wang Zheng, Mu Jixianga, You Baichuan, Shen Huai · 1 passage

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硃子進戒宋孝宗曰：'使宴安酖毒之害，日滋而日長； Zhu Xi warned Emperor Xiaozong of Song: 'If the poison of ease and comfort grows day by day,

History of Song, Chapter 107Volume 107 Treatises 60: Rites 10 · 3 passages

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今太祖為始祖，則太宗為昭，真宗為穆，自是而下以至孝宗，四昭四穆與太祖之廟而九。 With Taizu as founding ancestor, Taizong is zhao, Zhenzong mu, and down to Xiaozong—four zhao and four mu with Taizu's temple make nine.

上再三稱善，且曰：「僖祖自不當祧，高宗即位時不曾祧，壽皇即位，太上即位，亦不曾祧，今日豈可容易？ The emperor repeatedly expressed approval and said: "Emperor Xi ought not to be removed; when Gaozong ascended the throne he was not removed, when Emperor Xiaozong ascended, when the Retired Emperor ascended, he was likewise not removed—how can this be done lightly today?

時太廟殿已為十二室，故孝宗升祔，而東室尚虛。 The temple hall already had twelve shrines; when Xiaozong was installed, the eastern shrine remained vacant.

History of Song, Chapter 110Volume 110 Treatises 63: Rites 13 · 5 passages

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紹興三十二年六月十日禦劄：“皇太子可即皇帝位，朕稱太上皇帝，退處德壽宮，皇后稱太上皇后。 On the tenth day of the sixth month of Shaoxing 32, 1162, an imperial note read: "The crown prince may immediately ascend the throne. I shall be styled Supreme Emperor and retire to Deshou Palace; the empress shall be styled Supreme Empress.

康伯等復奏曰：“皇太子仁聖，天下所共知，似聞謙遜太過，未肯便禦正殿。” Kangbo and the others added: "The crown prince's benevolence and sagacity are known throughout the realm, but we hear he is excessively modest and has not yet been willing to take the main throne."

少頃，新皇帝服履袍，涕泣出宮。 Shortly afterward the new emperor, wearing court robes, emerged from the palace in tears.

自後帝詣德壽宮恭請太上、太后至南內，或幸延祥觀靈隱寺天竺寺、恭進太上聖政、冊命皇太子，起居稱謝。 Thereafter the emperor went to Deshou Palace to respectfully invite the Supreme Emperor and the empress dowager to the Southern Inner Palace, or took them to Extended Felicity Abbey, Lingyin Temple, and Tianzhu Temple, or respectfully presented the Supreme Emperor's Sagely Governance, or invested the crown prince, reporting on their health and offering thanks.

淳熙十六年，孝宗內禪，皇太子即皇帝位； In Chunxi 16, 1189, Xiaozong abdicated and the crown prince immediately ascended the throne;

History of Song, Chapter 112Volume 112 Treatises 65: Rites 15 · 2 passages

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孝宗隆興元年，太上皇帝天申節，皇帝及宰臣、文武百僚詣德壽宮上壽。 In the first year of Longxing (1163) under Xiaozong, on the Retired Emperor’s Tianshen Festival the emperor, the chief counselor, and all civil and military officials went to the Palace of Virtuous Longevity to offer birthday congratulations.

孝宗以十月二十二日為會慶節，光宗以九月四日為重明節，寧宗以十月十九日為天祐節、尋改為瑞慶節，理宗以正月五日為天基節，度宗以四月九日為乾會節，瀛國公以九月二十八日為天瑞節。 Xiaozong’s birthday was observed on the twenty-second day of the tenth month as the Huiqing Festival; Guangzong’s on the fourth day of the ninth month as the Chongming Festival; Ningzong’s on the nineteenth day of the tenth month as the Tianyou Festival, soon renamed the Ruiqing Festival; Lizong’s on the fifth day of the first month as the Tianji Festival; Duzong’s on the ninth day of the fourth month as the Qianhui Festival; and the Lord of Ying’s on the twenty-eighth day of the ninth month as the Tianrui Festival.

History of Song, Chapter 144Volume 144 Treatises 97: Ceremonial Guards 2 · 2 passages

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孝宗朝德壽宮，減一千人，用殿前司六百二十九人，皇城在內巡檢司三百九十一人，崇政殿四百四十九人，凡一千四百六十九人。 At Deshou Palace under Emperor Xiaozong, the escort was reduced by 1,000: 629 from the Palatial Guard, 391 from the Imperial City Inner Inspection Command, and 449 from Chongzheng Hall—1,469 in all.

隆興元年，孝宗嗣位，詔有司討論德壽宮輿輦儀衛。 In Longxing 1, when Emperor Xiaozong ascended the throne, the relevant offices were ordered to draft ceremonial protocols for the retired emperor's palanquin at Deshou Palace.

History of Song, Chapter 469Volume 469 Biographies 228: Eunuchs 4: Shao Chengzhang, Lan Gui Kanglu, Feng Yi, Zhang Quwei, Chen Yuan, Gan Bian, Wang Deqian, Guan Li, Dong Songchen · 9 passages

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孝宗聞而惡之。 Xiaozong heard of it and loathed him.

御史章穎論其離間君親，乞行誅竄，以慰壽皇在天之靈。 Censor Zhang Ying charged them with estranging father and son, begging execution or exile to comfort the late emperor in heaven.

乾道中，帝頗親昪，昪以此用事。 Under Qiandao the emperor favored Bian and relied on him in affairs.

既而覿死抃逐，獨在，朱熹力言之，帝曰：“乃德壽宮所薦，謂有才耳。” Di died and Bian was expelled; Gan alone remained; Zhu Xi protested fiercely; the emperor said, “Deshou Palace recommended him—they said he had talent.”

後帝察其奸，遂抵之罪，籍其貲，竟以廢死。 The emperor finally saw through him, confiscated his wealth, and he died disgraced.

孝宗大漸，光宗以疾久不朝重華宮。 As Xiaozong lay dying, Guangzong’s illness had kept him from Chonghua Palace for months.

孝宗崩，王在喪次，中外洶洶，王以告直講彭龜年。 When Xiaozong died the prince was in mourning; the realm seethed; he confided in lecturer Peng Guinian.

孝宗頗親信之，後命提舉重華宮。 Xiaozong trusted him deeply and later made him superintendent of Chonghua Palace.

孝宗崩，光宗疾，不能執喪，樞密趙汝愚等請建儲以安人心，光宗禦批又有“念欲退閑”語，丞相留正懼，納祿去，人心愈搖。 When Xiaozong died Guangzong was too ill to mourn; Zhao Ruyu and others urged establishing an heir; Guangzong’s rescript even spoke of “wishing to retire”; Chancellor Liu Zheng quit in fear and the realm shook.