Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties · Chen rebel general

Hua Jiao 華皎

Attested AD 548 - AD 569

Passages: 59
Chapters: 6
Histories: 1

Overview

The translated histories identify Hua Jiao as an administrator, courtier, general, and official. This record brings together 59 passages from 6 chapters across 1 history, with names, dates, relationships, offices, and events preserved as source-backed claims.

Names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal	Hua Jiao	華皎	Hua Jiao
Title	Earl of Huairen	懷仁縣伯
Surname	Hua	華	Huà
Personal name	Hua Jiao	華皎	Hua Jiao
Personal	Hua Jiao	華皎	Huà Jiǎo
Alternate	Hua Jiao	華皎	Huà Jiǎo
Personal name	Hua Jiao	華皎	Huà Jiǎo
Given	Jiao	皎	Jiǎo
Given	Jiao	皎	Jiao
Title	Marquis of Chong'an	重安縣侯

Identity

Historicity: Historical
Identification: Named
Sex: Male

Sex: male
Explicit · chenshu:004:s0024, chenshu:010:s0073, chenshu:020:s0082, chenshu:022:s0030, chenshu:025:s0023
Sex: male
Strongly inferred · chenshu:020:s0162

Roles

Administrator
Courtier
General
Official
Rebel

Life and dates

Attested activity

Source Date: Text: Guangda year 2 · Western Year: AD 568
Explicit · chenshu:013:s0037
Source Date: Text: 並伏誅 · Western Year: AD 567
Explicit event contextual date · chenshu:020:s0156
Source Date: Text: 侯景之亂 · Western Year: AD 548
Explicit event contextual date · chenshu:020:s0085
Source Date: Text: 光大元年 · Western Year: AD 567
Explicit event contextual date · chenshu:020:s0111
Source Date: Text: 天嘉元年 · Western Year: AD 560
Explicit event contextual date · chenshu:020:s0093
Source Date: Text: 天康元年五月 · Western Year: AD 566
Explicit · chenshu:004:s0024
Source Date: Text: 文帝以配皎 · Western Interval: Start: AD 560 · End: AD 566
Explicit event contextual date · chenshu:020:s0150, chenshu:020:s0162, chenshu:020:s0163, chenshu:020:s0164
Source Date: Text: 華皎之亂 · Western Interval: Start: AD 567 · End: AD 569
Explicit · chenshu:025:s0023, chenshu:025:s0024
Source Date: Text: 華皎之反 · Western Interval: Start: AD 567 · End: AD 568
Explicit · chenshu:010:s0073, chenshu:010:s0075
Source Date: Text: 華皎據湘州反 · Western Year: AD 567
Explicit event contextual date · chenshu:022:s0029, chenshu:022:s0030

Family

Immediate source-linked family. Drag to pan, scroll or pinch to zoom, and select a person to open their record.

Spouse of Lu, wife of Hua Jiao (華皎妻呂)
Kinship Term: wife / 妻 · Union Category: marriage
Kinship Term: wife / 妻 · Union Category: marriage

Kinship Role: family-members · Quantity: household in Northern Ward · Note: to be executed
Explicit · chenshu:004:s0054

Career and standing

Label: minor official / clerk / 小吏
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0083
Label: General Who Pacifies the South / 安南將軍 · Action: advanced
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0107
Label: Minister of Works / 司空 · Action: appointed · Authority Person Id: Xiao Kui (蕭巋)
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0119
Label: Administrator of Xunyang and commander of five commanderies / 尋陽太守 · Action: appointed
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0099
Label: Area Commander of Xiang, Ba, etc.; Inspector of Xiangzhou / 都督湘巴等四州諸軍事、湘州刺史 · Action: appointed
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0103
Label: Chief recorder / 都錄事 · Action: appointed
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0087
Label: General of the Left Army / 左軍將軍 · Action: appointed
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0092
Label: General Who Opens the Distant / 開遠將軍 · Action: appointed
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0092
Label: Magistrate of Jiyang and Shanyin / 暨陽、山陰二縣令 · Action: appointed
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0091
Label: Overseeing Jiangzhou affairs / 知江州事 · Action: appointed
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0095
Label: Provisional credentials; Regular Attendant; Benevolent and Martial General; Xinzhou salary; supervising Jiangzhou / 假節、通直散騎常侍、仁武將軍、新州刺史資，監江州 · Action: appointed · Start Date: Source Date: Text: 天嘉三年 · Western Year: AD 562
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0098
Label: Regular Attendant; General Who Pacifies the South; Administrator of Linchuan / 散騎常侍、平南將軍、臨川太守 · Action: appointed
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0102
Label: Clerk of the Bibu section / 尚書比部令史 · Action: held
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0084
Label: General Who Pacifies the South / 安南將軍 · Action: promoted · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 天康元年五月 · Western Year: AD 566
Explicit · chenshu:004:s0024
Title: Marquis / 侯 · Action: advanced · Households: 500
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0102
Title: Marquis of Chong'an / 重安縣侯 · Households: 1500 · Action: changed
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0107
Title: Earl of Huairen / 懷仁縣伯 · Households: 400 · Action: enfeoffed · Start Date: Source Date: Text: 天嘉元年 · Western Year: AD 560
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0093
Status: rebel · Action: entered · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光大元年五月 · Western Year: AD 567
Explicit · chenshu:004:s0048

Places and affiliations

Label: Chen / 陳 · Relation: served
Explicit · chenshu:004:s0024
Polity: Chen / 陳 · Relation: served
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0092, chenshu:020:s0164
Polity: Liang / 梁 · Relation: served
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0084
Place: Jiyang in Jinling / 晉陵暨陽
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0082
Place: Pen city / 湓城 · Relation: garrisoned
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0095
Place: upper Yangtze / upper river / 上游 · Relation: held
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0164

Learning and skills

Skill: records and accounts / 簿領 · Level: diligent
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0088

Events and relationships

Kind: military · Role: commander · Action: campaign-against-Zhou-Di · Other Person Id: Zhou Di (周迪)
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0102
Kind: military · Role: rebel · Action: defeated · Place: Yingzhou / 郢州
Explicit · chenshu:022:s0031
Kind: military · Role: fleeing-commander · Action: fled · Place: Jiangling / 江陵 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光大元年九月 · Western Year: AD 567
Explicit · chenshu:004:s0057
Kind: military · Role: commander · Action: naval-battle-defeated-at-White-Snail
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0130, chenshu:020:s0135
Kind: rebellion · Role: rebel-leader · Action: rebelled-honoring-Xiao-Kui
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0112, chenshu:020:s0123
Kind: military · Role: rebel-leader · Action: rebelled · Place: Xiangzhou / 湘州 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光大元年五月 · Western Year: AD 567
Explicit · chenshu:004:s0048
Kind: military · Role: rebel-leader · Action: rebelled · Place: Xiang province / 湘州
Explicit · chenshu:022:s0030
Kind: political · Role: superior · Action: received-assigned-subordinates · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 文帝以配皎 · Western Interval: Start: AD 560 · End: AD 566
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0150, chenshu:020:s0155
Kind: military · Role: commander · Action: resisted-Wang-Lin · Other Person Id: Wang Lin (王琳)
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0094
Kind: military · Role: target · Action: Zhou-Di-nephew-ambush-foiled
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0100, chenshu:020:s0101
Relation: subordinate-of · Person Id: Emperor Wen (世祖)
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0164
Relation: served · Person Id: Wang Wei (王偉)
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0085
Relation: honored-as-sovereign · Person Id: Xiao Kui (蕭巋)
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0112

Assessments and attributes

Assessment: intelligent · Statement: 聰慧 · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0088
Assessment: long intimate service; shared hardship; nothing to hide; grounds for trust not suspicion · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0163
Assessment: loyal to Emperor Wen while holding the upper river · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0164
Assessment: mean-birth-traitor · Provenance: Mode: quotation · Speaker Person Id: Deposed Emperor (廢帝)
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0123
Assessment: trifling vessel and lowest-rank servitor by birth, yet trusted · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0162
Kind: social-origin · Statement: humble birth; lowest ranks of servitors (輿臺末品)
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0162
Item: Golden-Wing great ships / 大艦金翅 · Relation: ordered-to-build · Count: 200+
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0108
Item: bronze drums and captives / 銅鼓、生口 · Relation: captured-and-sent
Explicit · chenshu:020:s0106

References in the histories

Open any source group to read the Chinese and English passage in context.

Book of Chen, Chapter 4Volume 4: Emperor Fei · 9 passages

[3]平南將軍、湘州刺史華皎進號安南將軍； Hua Jiao, pacifying south general and inspector of Xiangzhou, was promoted to general who pacifies the south;

安南將軍、湘州刺史華皎謀反，景申，以中撫大將軍淳于量為使持節、征南大將軍，總率舟師以討之。 Hua Jiao, general who pacifies the south and inspector of Xiangzhou, rebelled; on gengshen day Chunyu Liang, central pacifying general, was sent with the staff as general who campaigns south to command the fleet against him.

九月乙巳，詔曰：「逆賊華皎，極惡窮凶，遂樹立蕭巋，謀危社稷。 An edict declared: "The traitor Hua Jiao, steeped in evil, has enthroned Xiao Kui and menaced the dynasty.

是月，周將長胡公拓跋定率步騎二萬入郢州，與華皎水陸俱進，都督淳于量、吳明徹等與戰，大破之。 That month Northern Zhou's general Tuoba Ding, Duke of Chang, entered Yingzhou with twenty thousand foot and horse and joined Hua Jiao on land and water; Chunyu Liang, Wu Mingche, and others fought them and won a great victory.

皎單舸奔江陵，擒拓跋定，俘獲萬餘人，馬四千餘匹，送京師。 Jiao fled alone by boat to Jiangling; Tuoba Ding was captured, and more than ten thousand prisoners and four thousand horses were sent to the capital.

[州]為皎所詿誤者。 [province] for those misled by Jiao.

庚子，詔討華皎軍人死王事者並給棺槥，送還本鄉，仍復其家。 On gengzi day an edict directed that troops who died fighting Hua Jiao receive coffins and be sent home, and their families restored to standing.

於是密詔華皎，稱兵上流，國祚憂惶，幾移醜類。 Then he secretly instructed Hua Jiao to take up arms on the upper Yangtze; the realm trembled and the throne nearly fell to a usurper's line.

[州]為皎所詿誤者據《南史》改。 [zhou] for those misled by Jiao—emended per the History of the Southern Dynasties.

Book of Chen, Chapter 10Volume 10: Zhou Tiehu; Cheng Lingxi · 4 passages

華皎之反也，遣使招誘靈洗，靈洗斬皎使，以狀聞。 When Hua Jiao rebelled he sent envoys to win Lingxi over. Lingxi killed Jiao's messengers and reported it.

是時周遣其將長胡公拓跋定率步騎二萬助皎攻圍靈洗，靈洗嬰城固守。 Zhou then sent its general the Duke of Changhu, Tuoba Ding, with twenty thousand foot and horse to help Jiao besiege Lingxi. Lingxi shut the walls and held.

及皎退，乃出軍躡定，定不獲濟江，以其红降。 When Jiao withdrew, Lingxi marched out and pursued Ding. Ding could not cross the river and surrendered with his army.

華皎平，靈洗及文季嵭有扞禦之功。 After Hua Jiao was suppressed, both Lingxi and Wenji were credited with defensive merit.

Book of Chen, Chapter 13Volume 13: Xu Shipu; Lu Xida; Zhou Fu; Xun Lang; Zhou Jiong · 2 passages

光大二年，隸都督淳于量征華皎。 In Guangda year 2 (567) he served under area commander Chunyu Liang against Hua Jiao.

天康元年，預平華皎之功，授員外散騎常侍。 In Tiankang year one he shared credit for suppressing Hua Jiao and was made supernumerary scattered-cavalry regular attendant.

Book of Chen, Chapter 20Volume 20: Dao Zhongju; Han Zigao; Hua Jiao · 40 passages

到仲舉韓子高華皎 Dao Zhongju; Han Zigao; Hua Jiao

華皎，晉陵暨陽人。 Hua Jiao was from Jiyang in Jinling.

皎，梁代為尚書比部令史。 Under Liang, Jiao served as a clerk in the Bibu section of the Department of State Affairs.

高祖南下，文帝為景所囚，皎遇文帝甚厚。 When Gaozu marched south, Emperor Wen was being held by Jing, and Jiao treated him with great kindness.

景平，文帝為吳興太守，以皎為都錄事，軍府穀帛，多以委之。 After Hou Jing was pacified, Emperor Wen became Administrator of Wuxing and made Jiao chief recorder, entrusting much of the military office's grain and silk to him.

皎聰慧，勤於簿領。 Jiao was intelligent and diligent in handling records and accounts.

及文帝平杜龕，仍配以人馬甲仗，猶為都錄事。 When Emperor Wen pacified Du Kan, he assigned Jiao men, horses, armor, and weapons while keeping him as chief recorder.

時兵荒之後，百姓饑饉，皎解衣推食，多少必均，因稍擢為暨陽、山陰二縣令。 In the aftermath of war and famine, when the people were starving, Jiao shared out clothing and food evenly, and was gradually promoted to magistrate of Jiyang and Shanyin counties.

文帝即位，除開遠將軍，左軍將軍。 When Emperor Wen took the throne, Jiao was appointed General Who Opens the Distant and General of the Left Army.

天嘉元年，封懷仁縣伯，邑四百戶。 In Tianjia 1 (560), he was made Earl of Huairen County with a four-hundred-household fief.

王琳東下，皎隨侯瑱拒之。 When Wang Lin marched east, Jiao followed Hou Tian to resist him.

琳平，鎮湓城，知江州事。 When Lin fell, Jiao garrisoned Pen city and ran Jiangzhou affairs.

時南州守宰多鄉里酋豪，不遵朝憲，文帝令皎以法馭之。 Southern prefects and magistrates were often local strongmen who ignored the court. Emperor Wen ordered Jiao to bring them to heel by law.

王琳奔散，將卒多附於皎。 When Wang Lin’s army broke up, his officers and men mostly joined Jiao.

周迪謀反，遣其兄子伏甲於船中，偽稱賈人，欲於湓城襲皎。 Zhou Di rebelled and sent his nephew with hidden troops aboard ship, posing as merchants, to strike Jiao at Pen city.

未發，事覺，皎遣人逆擊之，盡獲其船仗。 Before they moved, the plot was found out. Jiao sent men against them and took all their ships and weapons.

其年，皎隨都督吳明徹征迪，迪平，以功授散騎常侍、平南將軍、臨川太守，進爵為侯，增封并前五百戶。 That year Jiao followed area commander Wu Mingche against Di. When Di fell, he was made regular attendant, general who pacifies the south, and administrator of Linchuan, raised to marquis with five hundred households in all.

皎起自下吏，善營產業，湘川地多所出，所得並入朝廷，糧運竹木，委輸甚眾； Jiao rose from a petty clerk and knew how to build wealth. The Xiang region yields much, and he sent it all to court—grain, bamboo, timber, and convoys beyond count;

廢帝即位，進號安南將軍，改封重安縣侯，[4]食邑一千五百戶。 When the Deposed Emperor succeeded, Jiao was made general who pacifies the south and re-enfeoffed as Marquis of Chong’an [4] with one thousand five hundred households.

文帝以湘州出杉木舟，使皎營造大艦金翅等二百餘艘，并諸水戰之具，欲以入漢及峽。 Emperor Wen, since Xiangzhou furnished fir for ships, ordered Jiao to build more than two hundred Golden-Wing great ships and all river-war gear, intending to enter the Han and the gorges.

韓子高誅後，皎內不自安，繕甲聚徒，厚禮所部守宰。 After Zigao’s death Jiao grew uneasy, armored men and gathered followers, and lavished gifts on his subordinate officials.

高宗頻命皎送大艦金翅等，推遷不至。 Emperor Xuan repeatedly ordered him to send the Golden-Wing great ships. Jiao stalled and would not deliver.

皎亦遣使句引周兵，又崇奉蕭巋為主，士馬甚盛。 Jiao also sent envoys to draw in Northern Zhou troops and set up Xiao Kui as his sovereign. His army grew very large.

詔乃以吳明徹為湘州刺史，實欲以輕兵襲之。 An edict then named Wu Mingche inspector of Xiangzhou, intending in truth to strike Jiao with a light force.

是時慮皎先發，乃前遣明徹率眾三萬，乘金翅直趨郢州，又遣撫軍大將軍淳于量率眾五萬，乘大艦以繼之，又令假節、冠武將軍楊文通別從安 Fearing Jiao would move first, they sent Mingche with thirty thousand men in Golden-Wing ships straight for Yingzhou, and pacifying-the-army grand general Chunyu Liang with fifty thousand in great ships behind him, and ordered provisional-credentials crowned-with-martiality general Yang Wentong by a separate route from An

是時蕭巋遣水軍為皎聲援。 Xiao Kui then sent a river fleet to support Jiao.

蕭巋授皎司空，巴州刺史戴僧朔，衡陽內史任蠻奴，巴陵內史潘智虔，岳陽太守章昭裕， Xiao Kui made Jiao minister of works and set Dai Sengshuo over Ba, Ren Mannu over Hengyang, Pan Zhiquan over Baling, and Zhang Zhaoyu over Yueyang;

桂陽太守曹宣，[6]湘東太守錢明，並隸於皎。 Guiyang administrator Cao Xuan, [6] Xiangdong administrator Qian Ming, and others—all under Jiao’s command.

又長沙太守曹慶等本隸皎下，因為之用。 Changsha administrator Cao Qing and others had already been Jiao’s men and now served him.

帝恐上流宰守並為皎扇惑，乃下詔曰：「賊皎輿皂微賤，特逢獎擢，任據藩牧，屬當寵寄，背斯造育，興構姦謀，樹立蕭氏，盟約彰露，鴆毒存心，志危宗社，扇結邊境，驅逼士庶，蟻聚巴、湘，豕突鄢、郢，逆天反地，人神忿嫉。 The emperor feared upstream governors would side with Jiao and issued an edict: “The traitor Jiao rose from cart and stable. Promoted by chance to a frontier post, he should have been grateful. Instead he rebelled, enthroned the Xiao line, sealed open pacts, and aimed at the dynasty. He stirred the borders, drove the people, swarmed Ba and Xiang like ants, and charged Yan and Ying like boars—heaven and earth alike revile him.

先是，詔又遣司空徐度與楊文通等自安成步出湘東，以襲皎後。 Earlier an edict had also sent Xu Du, minister of works, with Yang Wentong and others out from Ancheng overland through eastern Xiang to hit Jiao from behind.

時皎陣于巴州之白螺，列舟艦與王師相持未決。 Jiao then held his line at White Snail in Ba commandery, his ships drawn up against the imperial fleet in an unresolved standoff.

皎乃與戴僧朔單舸走，過巴陵，不敢登城，徑奔江陵。 Jiao fled with Dai Sengshuo in one boat; at Baling he dared not enter the walls and ran straight for Jiangling.

皎黨曹慶、錢明、潘智虔、魯閑、席慧略等四十餘人並誅，唯任蠻奴、章昭裕、曹宣、劉廣業獲免。 Jiao's followers Cao Qing, Qian Ming, Pan Zhiquan, Lu Xian, Xi Huilüe, and more than forty others were put to death; only Ren Mannu, Zhang Zhaoyu, Cao Xuan, and Liu Guangye were pardoned.

至是同皎為逆，伏誅於江陵。 He then rebelled with Jiao and was executed at Jiangling.

琳敗，文帝以配皎，官至長沙太守。 After Lin's defeat Emperor Wen placed him under Jiao; he rose to administrator of Changsha.

閑本張彪主帥，慧略王琳部下，文帝皆配于皎，官至郡守。 Xian had served Zhang Biao as chief commander and Huilüe had been under Wang Lin; Emperor Wen gave both to Jiao, and each became a commandery governor.

史臣曰：韓子高、華皎雖復瓶筲小器，輿臺末品，文帝鑒往古之得人，救當今之急弊，達聰明目之術，安黎和眾之宜，寄以腹心，不論冑閥。 The historian writes: Han Zigao and Hua Jiao were trifling men of humble birth, yet Emperor Wen—seeing how past ages chose talent and how pressing his own troubles were—used sharp judgment and policies that calmed the realm, and gave them his full trust without asking after their pedigrees.

皎早參近昵，[8]嘗預艱虞，知其無隱，賞以悉力，有見信之誠，非可疑之地。 Jiao had long served him closely [8], had shared danger, and showed he had nothing to hide; the emperor repaid him with full trust—grounds for confidence, not for doubt.

皎據有上游，忠於文帝。 Jiao held the upper river and had been loyal to Emperor Wen.

Book of Chen, Chapter 22Volume 22: Lu Zilong, Qian Daoji, Luo Ya · 2 passages

華皎據湘州反，以子隆居其心腹，皎深患之，頻遣使招誘，子隆不從，皎因遣兵攻之，又不能剋。 Hua Jiao rebelled and held Xiang province. Zilong sat in his heartland, so Jiao feared him and sent envoys again and again to lure him over. Zilong refused. Jiao then attacked but could not break him.

及皎敗於郢州，子隆出兵以襲其後，因與王師相會。 When Jiao fell at Yingzhou, Zilong marched out to hit his rear and joined the imperial troops.

Book of Chen, Chapter 25Volume 25: Pei Ji; Sun Yang · 2 passages

及華皎稱兵上流，高宗時為錄尚書輔政，盡命眾軍出討，委忌總知中外城防諸軍事。 When Hua Jiao rebelled upriver, Emperor Xuan was regent as recorder of the Secretariat. He sent every army against Jiao and put Ji in charge of all city defenses, within and without.

及皎平，高宗即位，太建元年，授東陽太守，改封樂安縣侯，邑一千戶。 After Jiao fell, Emperor Xuan succeeded. In the first year of Taijian (569) Ji was made administrator of Dongyang and re-enfeoffed as Marquis of Le'an with one thousand households.