Sheng Xuanhuai (盛宣懷)

Overview

The translated histories identify Sheng Xuanhuai as an administrator, merchant, official, and statesman. This record brings together 36 passages from 5 chapters across 1 history, with names, dates, relationships, offices, and events preserved as source-backed claims.

Names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal	Sheng Xuanhuai	盛宣懷	Sheng Xuanhuai
Title	Circuit Intendant	道員
Surname	Sheng	盛	Shèng
Surname	Sheng	盛	Sheng
Personal	Sheng Xuanhuai	盛宣懷	Shèng Xuānhuái
Personal	Sheng Xuanhuai	盛宣懷	Shèng Xuánhuái
Courtesy	Xingsun	杏蓀	Xingsun
Given	Xuanhuai	宣懷	Xuānhuái
Given	Xuanhuai	宣懷	Xuanhuai

Identity

Historicity: Historical
Identification: Named
Sex: Male

Sex: male
Strongly inferred · qingshigao:150:s0049, qingshigao:471:s0001
Sex: male
Explicit · qingshigao:435:s0176, qingshigao:472:s0224

Roles

Administrator
Merchant
Official
Statesman

Life and dates

Death

Date Context: Source Date: Text: 後五年 · Western Year: AD 1916
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0079, qingshigao:471:s0078

Attested activity

Source Date: Text: 三年 · Western Year: AD 1911
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:471:s0068, qingshigao:471:s0067
Source Date: Text: 二十六年 · Western Year: AD 1900
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0035
Source Date: Text: 二十四年 · Western Year: AD 1898
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0028
Source Date: Text: 光緒三年 · Western Year: AD 1877
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:150:s0054, qingshigao:150:s0056
Source Date: Text: 光緒二十二年 · Western Year: AD 1896
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:139:s0211, qingshigao:139:s0214
Source Date: Text: 光緒五年 · Western Year: AD 1879
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0006
Source Date: Text: 光緒五年 · Western Year: AD 1879
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:471:s0007, qingshigao:471:s0006
Source Date: Text: 光緒六年 · Western Year: AD 1880
Explicit · qingshigao:150:s0063
Source Date: Text: 八年 · Western Year: AD 1882
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0010, qingshigao:471:s0011
Source Date: Text: 十二年 · Western Year: AD 1886
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0016
Source Date: Text: 十八年 · Western Year: AD 1892
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0023
Source Date: Text: 十年 · Western Year: AD 1884
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0012
Source Date: Text: 同治十一年 · Western Year: AD 1872
Explicit · qingshigao:150:s0049
Source Date: Text: 咸豐季葉 · Western Interval: Start: AD 1860 · End: AD 1861
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0081
Source Date: Text: 宣統三年 · Western Year: AD 1911
Explicit · qingshigao:435:s0176
Source Date: Text: 宣統改元 · Western Year: AD 1909
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0055
Source Date: Text: 後五年 · Western Year: AD 1916
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0079, qingshigao:471:s0078
Source Date: Text: 後四年 · Western Year: AD 1907
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0048, qingshigao:471:s0045
Source Date: Text: 拳亂 · Western Year: AD 1900
Explicit · qingshigao:472:s0224
Source Date: Text: 明年 · Western Year: AD 1901
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0039, qingshigao:471:s0035
Source Date: Text: 越二年 · Western Year: AD 1903
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0045, qingshigao:471:s0039
Source Date: Text: 逾歲 · Western Year: AD 1910
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0056, qingshigao:471:s0055

Career and standing

Label: acting Tianjin daotai / 署天津道 · Action: acting · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒五年 · Western Year: AD 1879
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0006
Label: acting Tianjin customs daotai / 署天津海關道 · Action: acting · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 十年 · Western Year: AD 1884
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0012
Label: assistant director of the Imperial Clan Court / 宗人府府丞 · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 二十六年 · Western Year: AD 1900
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0038, qingshigao:471:s0035
Label: intendant of the Deng-Lai-Qing circuit in Shandong / 山東登萊青道 · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 十二年 · Western Year: AD 1886
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0016
Label: superintendent of the Railway Company / 督辦鐵路總公司 · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 十八年 · Western Year: AD 1892
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:471:s0025, qingshigao:471:s0023
Label: vice minister of the Ministry of Posts and Communications / 郵傳部右侍郎 · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 後四年 · Western Year: AD 1907
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0052, qingshigao:471:s0048
Label: minister for commercial tax affairs / 辦理商稅事務大臣 · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 明年 · Western Year: AD 1901
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0039, qingshigao:471:s0035
Label: president of the Red Cross Society / 紅十字會會長 · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 逾歲 · Western Year: AD 1910
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0056, qingshigao:471:s0055
Label: secretary / 主事 · Action: appointed
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0002
Label: vice minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices / 太常寺少卿 · Action: appointed
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0026
Label: confirmed in substantive post / 除眞 · Action: confirmed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 十八年 · Western Year: AD 1892
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0023
Label: Circuit Intendant / 道員 · Action: held · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 同治十一年 · Western Year: AD 1872
Explicit · qingshigao:150:s0049
Label: Minister of Posts / 郵傳部尚書 · Action: held
Explicit · qingshigao:435:s0176
Label: fourth-rank capital official / 四品京堂 · Action: promoted · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 十八年 · Western Year: AD 1892
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:471:s0025, qingshigao:471:s0023
Label: circuit intendant / 道員 · Action: promoted
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0002
Label: minister (Shangshu) of Posts / 尚書 · Action: promoted
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0059
Label: relieved of post (requested) / 自請解職 · Action: resignation-requested
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0032
Label: restored to Ministry of Posts post / 還郵部本官 · Action: restored · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 逾歲 · Western Year: AD 1910
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0058, qingshigao:471:s0056
Label: prefect of Zhili Subprefecture / 直隸州知州 · Action: transferred
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0002
Title: junior guardian of the heir apparent / 太子少保 · Action: bestowed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 二十六年 · Western Year: AD 1900
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0038, qingshigao:471:s0035
Status: retained-in-office · Action: restored · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 十年 · Western Year: AD 1884
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0015, qingshigao:471:s0012
Status: accused · Action: accused-of-deception · Authority Person Id: Liu Kunyi (劉坤一) · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒六年 · Western Year: AD 1880
Explicit · qingshigao:150:s0064
Status: demotion · Action: demoted-and-transferred · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 十年 · Western Year: AD 1884
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0014, qingshigao:471:s0012
Status: barred-from-interference · Action: forbidden · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 越二年 · Western Year: AD 1903
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0046, qingshigao:471:s0045
Status: rebuke · Action: rebuked · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 二十四年 · Western Year: AD 1898
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0030, qingshigao:471:s0028
Status: dismissal · Action: stripped-of-office · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 三年 · Western Year: AD 1911
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0078, qingshigao:471:s0068

Places and affiliations

Label: Qing / 清 · Relation: served
Strongly inferred · qingshigao:139:s0214, qingshigao:150:s0049
Label: Qing / 清 · Relation: served
Explicit · qingshigao:435:s0176, qingshigao:471:s0002, qingshigao:471:s0006
Place: Wujin, Jiangsu / 江蘇武進
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0001

Learning and skills

Credential: licentiate / 諸生 · Action: held
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0002
Skill: water conservancy / 水利 · Level: effective
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0082

Works and attributed material

Kind: memorial · Role: author · Action: abolished-railway-company
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0047
Kind: memorial · Role: author · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 三年 · Western Year: AD 1911
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0071, qingshigao:471:s0072, qingshigao:471:s0068
Kind: memorial · Role: author · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 二十六年 · Western Year: AD 1900
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0037, qingshigao:471:s0035
Kind: proposal · Role: author · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 二十四年 · Western Year: AD 1898
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0029, qingshigao:471:s0028
Kind: memorial · Role: author · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 宣統改元 · Western Year: AD 1909
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0055
Kind: speech · Role: speaker · Quoted: true · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 後四年 · Western Year: AD 1907
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0049, qingshigao:471:s0050, qingshigao:471:s0051, qingshigao:471:s0048
Kind: memorial · Role: author · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 明年 · Western Year: AD 1901
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0040, qingshigao:471:s0041, qingshigao:471:s0039
Kind: memorial · Role: author · Other Person Id: Xu Tong (徐桐)
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0033, qingshigao:471:s0034
Kind: memorial · Role: author · Other Person Id: Brière (帛黎)
Explicit · qingshigao:435:s0176
Kind: memorial · Role: author
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0026, qingshigao:471:s0059, qingshigao:471:s0061, qingshigao:471:s0062, qingshigao:471:s0063, qingshigao:471:s0064, qingshigao:471:s0065, qingshigao:471:s0066, qingshigao:471:s0067
Kind: proposal · Role: author · Summary: abolish Green Standard and braves; raise 300000 new troops
Explicit · qingshigao:139:s0214, qingshigao:139:s0215
Kind: speech · Role: speaker · Quoted: true
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0018, qingshigao:471:s0019, qingshigao:471:s0020

Events and relationships

Kind: administrative · Role: deputy-director · Action: assisted-founding · Organization: China Merchants Company / 招商局
Explicit · qingshigao:150:s0049
Kind: military-support · Role: builder · Action: built-telegraph-lines · Place: Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong / 蘇、浙、閩、粵 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 十年 · Western Year: AD 1884
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0013, qingshigao:471:s0014, qingshigao:471:s0012
Kind: infrastructure · Role: founder · Action: built · Label: Tianjin–Shanghai land telegraph line / 津滬陸綫 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒五年 · Western Year: AD 1879
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0008, qingshigao:471:s0006
Kind: industrial · Role: manager · Action: covered-deficits · Organization: Hanyang Ironworks / 漢冶鐵廠 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 十八年 · Western Year: AD 1892
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:471:s0024, qingshigao:471:s0023
Kind: diplomatic · Role: negotiator · Action: debated · Other Person Id: Mei Huili (梅輝立) · Place: Shanghai–Wusong railway / 滬淞鐵軌
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0004, qingshigao:471:s0005
Kind: administrative · Role: superintendent · Action: entrusted-with · Label: railway and telegraph affairs / 鐵路、電報事 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒五年 · Western Year: AD 1879
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0007, qingshigao:471:s0006
Kind: administrative · Role: founder · Action: established · Organization: General Mining Survey Company / 勘礦總公司 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 明年 · Western Year: AD 1901
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0044, qingshigao:471:s0039
Kind: relief · Role: organizer · Action: famine-relief · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 咸豐季葉 · Western Interval: Start: AD 1860 · End: AD 1861
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0081
Kind: education · Role: founder · Action: founded · Organization: telegraph school / 電報學堂 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒五年 · Western Year: AD 1879
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0008, qingshigao:471:s0006
Kind: industrial · Role: organizer · Action: founded · Organization: Huasheng General Mill / 華盛總廠 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 十八年 · Western Year: AD 1892
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:471:s0024, qingshigao:471:s0023
Kind: administrative · Role: organizer · Action: helped-establish · Organization: China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company / 輪船招商局
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0003
Kind: organizational · Role: founder · Action: joined-Swiss-Red-Cross · Organization: Red Cross Society / 紅十字會 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 日俄戰爭 · Western Interval: Start: AD 1904 · End: AD 1905
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0057
Kind: diplomatic · Role: negotiator · Action: negotiated-tariff-for-likin · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 明年 · Western Year: AD 1901
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0042, qingshigao:471:s0039
Kind: diplomatic · Role: negotiator · Action: negotiated-tariffs
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0032
Kind: industrial · Role: developer · Action: opened-mines · Place: Hubei / 湖北
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0003
Kind: political · Role: proposer · Action: proposed-cutting-old-forces-and-raising-new-army
Explicit · qingshigao:139:s0214, qingshigao:139:s0215
Kind: diplomatic · Role: initiator · Action: proposed-mutual-protection · Label: Southeastern Protection accord / 東南保護約款 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 二十六年 · Western Year: AD 1900
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0036, qingshigao:471:s0035
Kind: policy · Role: advocate · Action: railway-nationalization · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 三年 · Western Year: AD 1911
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0067, qingshigao:471:s0068
Kind: diplomatic · Role: negotiator · Action: sent-to-Shanghai-for-commercial-treaties · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 後四年 · Western Year: AD 1907
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0054, qingshigao:471:s0048
Kind: diplomatic · Role: signatory · Action: signed-loan · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 三年 · Western Year: AD 1911
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0069, qingshigao:471:s0068
Kind: commercial · Role: advocate · Action: urged-purchase · Organization: Russell & Company fleet / 旗昌船艦 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒三年 · Western Year: AD 1877
Explicit · qingshigao:150:s0054
Relation: recommended-by · Person Id: Zhang Zhidong (張之洞)
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0025
Relation: collaborated-with · Person Id: Lü Haihuan (呂海寰)
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0057
Relation: recruited · Person Id: Xu Run (徐潤)
Explicit · qingshigao:150:s0050
Relation: trusted-by · Person Id: Li Hongzhang (李鴻章)
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0003
Relation: petitioned · Person Id: Shen Baozhen (沈葆楨)
Explicit · qingshigao:150:s0056
Relation: recommended-by · Person Id: Wang Wenshao (王文韶)
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0025
Relation: recruited · Person Id: Tang Tingshu (唐廷樞)
Explicit · qingshigao:150:s0050
Relation: superseded-by · Person Id: Tang Shaoyi (唐紹儀)
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0046

Assessments and attributes

Assessment: chief culprit for railway nationalization policy · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0117
Assessment: often accused of grasping profit · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0083
Assessment: resourceful and skilled at famine relief · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0080

References in the histories

Open any source group to read the Chinese and English passage in context.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 139Volume 139 Treatises 114: Military 10, Training · 1 passage

Open chapter

是年，盛宣懷建議，全國綠營兵歲餉千餘萬，練勇歲餉亦千餘萬，凡八十餘萬人，徒耗財力，無裨實用，宜悉行裁撤。 That year Sheng Xuanhuai urged abolishing over eight hundred thousand Green Standard and drilled-brave troops costing more than twenty million taels a year with little return.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 150Volume 150 Treatises 125: Transportation 2, Lun Chuan · 6 passages

Open chapter

是年冬，招商局成立，以知府硃其昂主其事，道員盛宣懷佐之。 That winter the company was formally established, with Prefect Zhu Qi'ang in charge and Circuit Intendant Sheng Xuanhuai as his deputy.

其昂以道員胡光墉、李振玉等招徠商股，入貲者極為踴躍，宣懷亦援粵人唐廷樞、徐潤董局事。 Zhu enlisted Circuit Intendant Hu Guangyong, Li Zhenyu, and others to solicit merchant investment, which met an enthusiastic response; Sheng brought in the Cantonese merchants Tang Tingshu and Xu Run to manage company affairs.

初擬購旗昌輪船，宣懷持之最力，需銀二百數十萬兩。 Sheng Xuanhuai had been the strongest advocate of buying the Russell fleet, which would cost more than two million taels.

宣懷以國防大計、江海利源之說，力陳於江督沈葆楨。 Sheng pressed the case on Governor-General Shen Baozhen of Jiangsu with arguments about national defense and control of river and sea commerce.

六年，祭酒王先謙請整頓招商局務，語涉宣懷。 In 1880 Libationer Wang Xianqian memorialized for a thorough overhaul of the company's affairs, with remarks aimed at Sheng Xuanhuai.

疏下江督劉坤一，言宣懷於購旗昌輪船時，聲言有商款百餘萬，實無所有，有意欺謾，冀獲酬金，請奪宣懷職。 The memorial was sent to Governor-General Liu Kunyi of Jiangsu, who charged that Sheng had claimed more than a million taels in merchant funds when buying the Russell fleet when none existed—a deliberate deception aimed at securing a commission—and asked that Sheng be dismissed.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 435Volume 435 Biographies 222: Hua Er, Lei Bo Lei Dong, Fa Er Di Fu, Ge Deng, Ri Yi Ge, De Ke Bei, He De, Bo Li · 1 passage

Open chapter

宣統三年，改隸郵傳部，設總局，尚書盛宣懷疏薦之，遂被命為總辦，郵局置官自此始。 In 1911 the service passed to the Ministry of Posts; Minister Sheng Xuanhuai recommended Brière as director general, and the post office first received a formal Chinese bureaucracy.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 471Volume 471 Biographies 258: Sheng Xuanhuai, Rui Cheng · 27 passages

Open chapter

盛宣懷，字杏蓀，江蘇武進人。 Sheng Xuanhuai, whose style name was Xingsun, came from Wujin in Jiangsu.

宣懷與英官梅輝立折辯，償銀二十八萬有奇，始歸於我。 Xuanhuai argued the case with the British official Mei Huili, paid compensation of more than 280,000 taels, and only then did the line come back under Chinese control.

時鴻章督畿輔，方嚮新政，以鐵路、電報事專屬宣懷。 Li Hongzhang was then supervising Zhili and pushing new policies; he entrusted railway and telegraph affairs entirely to Xuanhuai.

宣懷以英、丹所設水陸綫漸侵內地，迺集貲設津滬陸綫，建電報學堂，並援萬國公例與爭，始克嚴定條款。 Seeing British and Danish land and submarine lines gradually pressing inland, he raised capital for a Tianjin–Shanghai land line, founded a telegraph school, and invoked international law in dispute—only then were the terms firmly fixed.

宣懷復勸集華商自設緣海各口陸綫，以絕覬覦。 Xuanhuai again urged Chinese merchants to fund land lines at coastal ports, so as to forestall foreign encroachment.

宣懷曰：「今琿春、海蘭泡欲接俄綫，俄方有挾求。 Xuanhuai said: "Hunchun and Hailanpao now seek to link with Russian lines, and Russia will use that as leverage.

滬上織布局廠災，宣懷籌設華盛總廠，復任彌漢冶鐵廠虧耗。 After fire destroyed the Shanghai weaving mill, Xuanhuai organized the Huasheng General Mill and again shouldered the Hanyang Ironworks' deficits.

宣懷建議貸美款歸自辦，具改歸商辦本末以上； Xuanhuai proposed an American loan to bring the line back under Chinese management and submitted a full account of reverting it to merchant operation;

宣懷具報曲折，上乃慰而勉之。 Xuanhuai reported the full circumstances; the throne consoled him and urged him on.

宣懷自請解職，仍留京會議洋貨稅則。 Xuanhuai asked to be relieved of his post but stayed in the capital to negotiate foreign-goods tariffs.

宣懷具以實對，奏上，被溫旨。 Xuanhuai answered with the full facts; when his report reached the throne he received a warm edict in reply.

宣懷倡互保議，電粵、江、鄂、閩諸疆吏，獲同意，遂與各領事訂定辦法九條，世所稱東南保護約款是也。 Xuanhuai proposed mutual protection, telegraphed the governors of Guangdong, the lower Yangzi, Huguang, and Fujian, won their assent, and with the consuls fixed nine articles—the Southeastern Protection pact of later fame.

厥後宣懷數續議，仍無效。 Xuanhuai tried again several times afterward, to no avail.

詔禁宣懷干預，命唐紹儀代督兩局。 An edict barred Xuanhuai from further involvement and put Tang Shaoyi in charge of both bureaus.

宣懷遂奏罷鐵路總公司。 Xuanhuai then memorialized to dissolve the Railway Company.

後四年，浙路事益棘，上終以宣懷諳路政，復召見問籌策。 Four years later the Zhejiang railway crisis worsened; the court still judged Xuanhuai expert in railway affairs and summoned him again for counsel.

宣懷言：「既借款，不應令商造； Xuanhuai said: "Once you borrow foreign funds, you should not leave construction to merchants;

命甫下，而浙路總理湯壽潛因言宣懷短，請離路事。 Hardly had the appointment been issued when Zhejiang railway director Tang Shouqian attacked Xuanhuai's faults and asked to leave railway work.

壽潛獲嚴譴，宣懷亦不復久居中，仍命詣滬辦商約。 Shouqian was severely reprimanded; Xuanhuai did not long remain at court either and was again sent to Shanghai to negotiate commercial treaties.

先是日俄戰爭，宣懷與呂海寰等謀加入瑞士總會，中國有紅十字會自此始。 Earlier, during the Russo-Japanese War, Xuanhuai and Lü Haihuan and others had worked to join the Swiss headquarters—the origin of China's Red Cross.

諭交部議，宣懷復奏言：「中國幅員廣袤，邊疆遼遠，必有縱橫四境諸大幹路，方足以利行政而握中樞。 An edict sent the matter to the ministry; Xuanhuai memorialized again: "China's territory is vast and its frontiers remote; only great trunk lines running in all directions can serve administration and hold the center firm.

宣懷復與英、德、法、美四國結借款之約，各省聞之，群情疑懼，湘省首起抗阻，川省繼之。 Xuanhuai then signed loan agreements with Britain, Germany, France, and the United States; the provinces heard of it with alarm, Hunan resisted first, and Sichuan followed.

宣懷又會度支部奏收回辦法：「請收回粵、川、湘、鄂四省公司股票，由部特出國家鐵路股票換給，粵路發六成，湘、鄂路照本發還，川路宜昌實用工料之款四百餘萬，給國家保利股票。 Xuanhuai and the Board of Revenue jointly memorialized on recovery: "Request recovery of the stocks of Guangdong, Sichuan, Hunan, and Hubei and exchange them for state railway bonds—60 percent for Guangdong, principal for Hunan and Hubei, and for Sichuan more than four million taels spent at Yichang in materials to be paid in state bonds bearing guaranteed interest.

四川紳民羅綸等二千四百餘人，以收路國有，盛宣懷、端方會度支部奏定辦法，對待川民，純用威力，未為持平，不敢從命。 More than 2,400 Sichuan gentry and commoners led by Luo Lun, on nationalization and the recovery plan drawn up by Sheng Xuanhuai, Duanfang, and the Board of Revenue, declared that Sichuan had been treated with naked force, not fairness, and refused to comply.

資政院以宣懷侵權違法，罔上欺君，塗附政策，釀成禍亂，實為誤國首惡，請罪之，詔奪職，遂歸。 The Constitutional Advisory Council charged him with abuse of power, deceiving the throne, distorting policy, and causing catastrophe—the chief culprit of the state's ruin—and asked that he be punished; an edict removed him from office, and he went home.

宣懷有智略，尤善治賑。 Xuanhuai was resourceful and especially adept at famine relief.

宣懷實創斯議，遂為首惡。 Xuanhuai had in fact originated this policy and was therefore counted the chief culprit.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 472Volume 472 Biographies 259: Lu Runxiang, Shi Xu, Yi Ketan, Liang Dingfen, Xu Fang, Lao Naixuan, Shen Cengzhi · 1 passage

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拳亂啟釁，曾植與盛宣懷等密商保護長江之策，力疾走江、鄂，決大計於劉坤一、張之洞，而以李鴻章主其成，所謂「畫保東南約」也。 When the Boxer troubles began, Cengzhi joined Sheng Xuanhuai and others in secretly planning to protect the Yangzi; despite illness he hurried to Jiangsu and Hubei, settled the great decision with Liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong, and had Li Hongzhang bring it to completion—the so-called "Southeast Mutual Protection Pact."