Liu Kunyi (劉坤一) | 24 Histories

Overview

The translated histories identify Liu Kunyi as an administrator, general, official, and statesman. This record brings together 16 passages from 10 chapters across 1 history, with names, dates, relationships, offices, and events preserved as source-backed claims.

Names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal	Liu Kunyi	劉坤一	Liu Kunyi
Title	Governor-General	總督
Given	Kunyi	坤一	Kūnyī
Alternate	Kunyi	坤一
Surname	Liu	劉	Liú
Personal	Liu Kunyi	劉坤一	Liú Kūnyī
Personal name	Liu Kunyi	劉坤一	Liu Kunyi
Personal	Liu Kunyi	劉坤一
Title	minister of the Southern Seas	南洋大臣

Identity

Historicity: Historical
Identification: Named
Sex: Male

Sex: male
Strongly inferred · qingshigao:141:s0131, qingshigao:142:s0120, qingshigao:143:s0125, qingshigao:150:s0064, qingshigao:152:s0011, qingshigao:437:s0156
Sex: male
Explicit · qingshigao:450:s0083, qingshigao:472:s0224

Roles

Administrator
General
Official
Statesman

Life and dates

Attested activity

Source Date: Text: 光緒二十九年 · Regnal Year: 29 · Western Year: AD 1903
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0131
Source Date: Text: 三十年 · Western Year: AD 1904
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:143:s0125
Source Date: Text: 二十六年 · Western Year: AD 1900
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:437:s0168
Source Date: Text: 代劉坤一督兩江 · Western Year: AD 1895
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:437:s0156
Source Date: Text: 光緒二十七年 · Western Year: AD 1901
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:139:s0234, qingshigao:139:s0236
Source Date: Text: 光緒二十八年 · Western Year: AD 1902
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:142:s0120
Source Date: Text: 光緒六年 · Western Year: AD 1880
Explicit · qingshigao:150:s0064
Source Date: Text: 光緒十九年 · Western Year: AD 1893
Explicit · qingshigao:152:s0011
Source Date: Text: 光緒十九年五月 · Western Year: AD 1893
Explicit · qingshigao:152:s0043
Source Date: Text: 光緒十六年 · Western Year: AD 1890
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:150:s0169
Source Date: Text: 同治至光緒間 · Western Interval: Start: AD 1861 · End: AD 1879
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:450:s0083
Source Date: Text: 太后議廢帝 · Western Year: AD 1899
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:473:s0103, qingshigao:473:s0102
Source Date: Text: 拳亂 · Western Year: AD 1900
Explicit · qingshigao:472:s0224

Career and standing

Label: Governor-General of Jiangsu / 江督 · Action: held · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒六年 · Western Year: AD 1880
Explicit · qingshigao:150:s0064
Label: Governor-General of the Two Jiangs · Action: held
Explicit · qingshigao:450:s0083
Label: Minister of the Southern Seas / 南洋大臣 · Action: held
Explicit · qingshigao:152:s0011
Label: Viceroy of Liangjiang / 兩江總督 · Action: held
Explicit · qingshigao:142:s0120

Places and affiliations

Label: Qing / 清 · Relation: served
Strongly inferred · qingshigao:139:s0236, qingshigao:150:s0064
Polity: Qing / 清 · Relation: served
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0131, qingshigao:142:s0120, qingshigao:143:s0125
Polity: Qing / 清 · Relation: served
Strongly inferred · qingshigao:152:s0011
Place: Liangjiang / 兩江 · Relation: posted-to
Explicit · qingshigao:142:s0120

Works and attributed material

Kind: memorial · Role: author · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒十六年 · Western Year: AD 1890
Explicit · qingshigao:150:s0169
Kind: joint-proposal · Role: author · Other Person Id: Zhang Zhidong (張之洞) · Summary: twelve essentials; capital general-staff yamen
Explicit · qingshigao:139:s0236, qingshigao:139:s0237, qingshigao:139:s0241
Kind: memorial · Role: author · Other Person Id: Zhang Zhidong (張之洞)
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0131, qingshigao:141:s0132, qingshigao:141:s0133, qingshigao:141:s0134, qingshigao:143:s0125

Events and relationships

Kind: political · Role: memorialist · Action: joint-reform-memorial · Other Person Id: Zhang Zhidong (張之洞)
Explicit · qingshigao:143:s0125
Kind: political · Role: proposer · Action: jointly-proposed-officer-training-and-staff-office
Explicit · qingshigao:139:s0236, qingshigao:139:s0244
Kind: political · Role: recommender · Action: jointly-recommended-legal-revisers
Explicit · qingshigao:142:s0120
Kind: political · Role: memorialist · Action: opposed-small-steamers-on-inner-rivers
Explicit · qingshigao:150:s0169
Kind: administrative · Role: memorialist · Action: proposed-postal-reform · Other Person Id: Zhang Zhidong (張之洞) · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒二十九年 · Regnal Year: 29 · Western Year: AD 1903
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0131, qingshigao:141:s0132, qingshigao:141:s0133, qingshigao:141:s0134
Kind: administrative · Role: reporter · Action: relayed-nie-jigui-warning · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒十九年五月 · Western Year: AD 1893
Explicit · qingshigao:152:s0043
Kind: legal · Role: accuser · Action: requested-dismissal · Other Person Id: Sheng Xuanhuai (盛宣懷)
Explicit · qingshigao:150:s0064
Kind: administrative · Role: reporter · Action: requested-postal-countermeasures · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒十九年 · Western Year: AD 1893
Explicit · qingshigao:152:s0011
Relation: co-author-with · Person Id: Zhang Zhidong (張之洞)
Explicit · qingshigao:143:s0125
Relation: colleague-of · Person Id: Zhang Zhidong (張之洞)
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0131
Relation: recommender-of · Person Id: Shen Jiaben (沈家本)
Explicit · qingshigao:142:s0120
Relation: recommender-of · Person Id: Wu Tingfang (伍廷芳)
Explicit · qingshigao:142:s0120
Relation: relayed-report-of · Person Id: Nie Jigui (聶緝槼)
Explicit · qingshigao:152:s0043

Source notes

Historicity: historical
Explicit · qingshigao:473:s0056

References in the histories

Open any source group to read the Chinese and English passage in context.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 139Volume 139 Treatises 114: Military 10, Training · 1 passage

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是年，劉坤一、張之洞等，以二十年來，各省練習洋操，屢經整頓，而舊日將領，於新操多未諳習。 That year Liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong noted that after twenty years of foreign drill reforms, many old officers still did not know the new methods.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 141Volume 141 Treatises 116: Military 12, Horse Administration · 1 passage

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二十九年，劉坤一、張之洞條陳新法，謂驛站耗財，不如仿外人之郵政。 Guangxu 29 (1903) Liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong proposed reforms, arguing that courier stations wasted money and that China should adopt Western-style postal service.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 142Volume 142 Treatises 117: Penal Law 1 · 1 passage

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二十八年，直隸總督袁世凱、兩江總督劉坤一、湖廣總督張之洞，會保刑部左侍郎沈家本、出使美國大臣伍廷芳修訂法律，兼取中西。 In the twenty-eighth year, Viceroy Yuan Shikai of Zhili, Viceroy Liu Kunyi of Liangjiang, and Viceroy Zhang Zhidong of Huguang jointly recommended Left Vice Minister of Punishments Shen Jiaben and Minister to the United States Wu Tingfang to revise the laws, combining Chinese and Western approaches.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 143Volume 143 Treatises 118: Penal Law 2 · 1 passage

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三十年，劉坤一、張之洞會奏變法第二摺內，有恤刑獄九條。 In 1904 Liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong's joint reform memorial included nine articles on leniency in criminal justice.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 150Volume 150 Treatises 125: Transportation 2, Lun Chuan · 2 passages

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疏下江督劉坤一，言宣懷於購旗昌輪船時，聲言有商款百餘萬，實無所有，有意欺謾，冀獲酬金，請奪宣懷職。 The memorial was sent to Governor-General Liu Kunyi of Jiangsu, who charged that Sheng had claimed more than a million taels in merchant funds when buying the Russell fleet when none existed—a deliberate deception aimed at securing a commission—and asked that Sheng be dismissed.

江督劉坤一亦言小輪行駛內河，流弊滋多，礙民生，妨國課，病地方，請嚴禁之。 Governor-General Liu Kunyi of Jiangsu likewise argued that small steamers on inner rivers would multiply abuses, harm livelihoods, reduce tax revenue, and injure local interests, and asked that they be strictly forbidden.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 152Volume 152 Treatises 127: Transportation 4, You Zheng · 2 passages

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十九年，北洋大臣李鴻章、南洋大臣劉坤一以各國增設各地信局，妨推廣之路，請速籌善策。 In the nineteenth year, Li Hongzhang and Liu Kunyi reported that foreign powers were opening letter offices everywhere, blocking China's expansion, and asked for prompt planning of an effective response.

十九年五月，李鴻章、劉坤一稱江海關道聶緝槼稟稱，上海英、美工部局現議增設各口信局，異日中國再議推廣，必更維艱。 In the fifth month of the nineteenth year, Li Hongzhang and Liu Kunyi relayed Nie Jigui's report that the British and American municipal councils in Shanghai were now planning to add letter offices at the various ports—making any later Chinese expansion far harder.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 437Volume 437 Biographies 224: Rong Lu, Wang Wenshao, Zhang Zhidong, Qu Hongji · 5 passages

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二十一年，中東事棘，代劉坤一督兩江，至則巡閱江防，購新出後膛砲，改築西式砲台，設專將專兵領之。 In the twenty-first year, when the Sino-Japanese crisis erupted, he replaced Liu Kunyi as governor-general of the two Jiangs; on arrival he inspected river defenses, bought new breech-loading guns, rebuilt Western-style forts, and assigned dedicated commanders and troops.

二十六年，京師拳亂，時坤一督兩江，鴻章督兩廣，袁世凱撫山東，要請之洞，同與外國領事定保護東南之約。 In the twenty-sixth year, when the Boxer uprising convulsed Beijing, Kunyi governed the two Jiangs, Li Hongzhang the two Guang, and Yuan Shikai Shandong; they urgently asked Zhidong to join foreign consuls in the agreement to protect the southeast.

以兵事粗定，乃與坤一合上變法三疏。 Once military affairs had settled somewhat, he and Liu Kunyi jointly submitted three reform memorials.

日本增兵遼東，鴻禨以敵情叵測，請敕劉坤一、王文韶簡練勁旅，不可專任淮軍。 When Japan reinforced its troops in Liaodong, Hongji, finding the enemy's intentions unpredictable, urged that Liu Kunyi and Wang Wenshao train crack forces and that the court not rely solely on the Huai army.

適坤一奏劾山西將賀星明侵餉，革職，鴻禨言：「刑賞治天下之大柄，軍紀廢弛已久，宜嚴懲以儆其餘。」 Just then Liu Kunyi impeached Shanxi General He Xingming for embezzling pay and had him dismissed; Hongji argued: "Reward and punishment are the great levers of government; military discipline has long been lax, and stern punishment is needed to warn others."

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 450Volume 450 Biographies 237: Li Henian, Wen Bin, Ren Daorong, Xu Zhenyi, Wu Dacheng · 1 passage

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兩江總督劉坤一以文彬遺愛在民，請建專祠清江浦，允之。 Governor-General Liu Kunyi of the Two Jiangs, citing the affection the people still bore for Wen Bin, requested a dedicated shrine at Qingjiangpu, and the court approved.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 472Volume 472 Biographies 259: Lu Runxiang, Shi Xu, Yi Ketan, Liang Dingfen, Xu Fang, Lao Naixuan, Shen Cengzhi · 1 passage

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拳亂啟釁，曾植與盛宣懷等密商保護長江之策，力疾走江、鄂，決大計於劉坤一、張之洞，而以李鴻章主其成，所謂「畫保東南約」也。 When the Boxer troubles began, Cengzhi joined Sheng Xuanhuai and others in secretly planning to protect the Yangzi; despite illness he hurried to Jiangsu and Hubei, settled the great decision with Liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong, and had Li Hongzhang bring it to completion—the so-called "Southeast Mutual Protection Pact."

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 473Volume 473 Biographies 260: Zhang Xun, Kang Youwei · 1 passage

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有為聞之，首發其謀，清議爭阻，外人亦起責言，兩江總督劉坤一言「君臣之分已定，中外之口難防」，始罷廢立。 When Kang heard of it he was the first to expose the plot. Qing faction memorialists disputed and blocked it, foreigners also protested, and Liangjiang governor-general Liu Kunyi said, "The bond between sovereign and minister is already settled; opinion at home and abroad cannot be silenced." Only then was the plan to depose him abandoned.