Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)

Overview

Shi Jingtang was an emperor Gaozu of Later Jin.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal name	Jingtang		Jingtang
Posthumous name	Sagely, Literary, Martial, Virtuous, and Filial Emperor	聖文章武明德孝皇帝	Sheng Wenzhang Wumingde Xiao Huangdi
Temple name	Gaozu	高祖	Gaozu
Regnal name	Heroic Martial and Clear Righteousness Emperor	英武明義皇帝	Yingwu Mingyi Huangdi

Life and dates

Birth

AD 892 唐景福元年二月二十八日
At Fenyang Lane, Taiyuan 太原汾陽裏
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 12

Death

AD 942 天福七年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 14
AD 942 高祖崩
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 60
AD 942 天福七年六月乙丑
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 12
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passages 14, 60

Attested activity

AD 892 唐景福元年二月二十八日
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 12
AD 930 丁亥
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 197
AD 916 十三年二月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 18, 20-21
AD 934 應順元年三月二十九日夜
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passages 138-140, 151, 153-154
AD 934 應順元年三月己酉
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passages 96-97
AD 934 應順元年二月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 67

Show 115 more source-backed claims

AD 934 應順元年二月己卯
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passages 76-77
AD 934 應順元年正月戊子
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passages 31-32
AD 934 清泰元年五月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 108
AD 935 清泰二年夏
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 109
AD 936 清泰三年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 123-124, 128-130
AD 936 清泰三年五月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 110-121
AD 941 天福六年秋
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passage 104
AD 930 AD 930-932
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 65, passage 106
AD 936
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 26, passage 101
AD 936 Chronology stated or entailed by s0182
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 182
AD 933 丁亥
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 81
AD 936 七月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 135
AD 936 七月丙申
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 132
AD 928 三年四月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 68
AD 934 三月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 94
AD 930 九月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 252
AD 927 二年二月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 62
AD 931 二年春
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 254
AD 928 五月丁未
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 69
AD 927 八月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 64
AD 936 八月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 136-137
AD 936 八月庚午
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 133
AD 931 六月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 256
AD 935 六月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passages 112, 114
AD 936 六月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 134
AD 933 十一月乙酉
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 76, 78
AD 933 十二月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 85
AD 918 十五年胡柳之戰
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passages 8-9
AD 927 十月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 65
AD 930 十月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 253
AD 935 十月己巳
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passages 193-194
AD 936 即位於太原
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 147
AD 936 及重圍晉陽
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 218, 249
AD 926 同光四年在汴
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 61, passage 178
AD 908 to AD 915 唐明宗為代州刺史
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 14
AD 936 唐石敬瑭反於河東
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 229
AD 931 四月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 255
AD 928 to AD 933 天成三年至明宗末
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passages 21-27
AD 927 天成二年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 20
AD 926 天成五月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 61
AD 915 天祐十二年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 17, 20
AD 936 to AD 942 天福
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 96, passages 16, 30
AD 936 to AD 944 天福
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 13
AD 942 天福七年；高祖崩
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 14
AD 942 天福七年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 29, passage 19
AD 942 天福七年十一月庚寅
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 30
AD 938 天福三年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passages 89, 92, 95, 101, 103-104, 107, 111
AD 938 天福三年八月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 69
AD 936 to AD 942 天福中至天福七年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 5, 12
AD 937 天福二年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 13; New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passages 59-60, 64-65, 68, 86, 88
AD 940 天福五年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passage 103; New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passages 130, 136, 139, 141
AD 936 天福元年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passages 28, 31-32, 34-35, 49
AD 939 天福四年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passages 112, 116, 120-121, 128, 185; New History of the Five Dynasties 29, passages 14, 16
AD 936 天顯十一年
Directly stated · History of Liao 75, passage 85
AD 936 太宗立石敬瑭為晉主
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 72, passage 133
AD 936 契丹立敬瑭 / 帝自焚
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 73, 84, 89
AD 934 岐陽兵亂
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 104
AD 935 帝即位之前一年，歲在乙未
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 213
AD 936 帝即位之年乃丙申也
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 205, 210
AD 934 to AD 936 廢帝/清泰間
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 52, 56
AD 934 廢帝即位
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 12
AD 934 應順元年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 9
AD 934 應順元年正月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 86
AD 934 應順元年正月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 87
AD 933 明宗崩、愍帝即位
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 170
AD 926 to AD 933 明宗時
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 11
AD 926 to AD 933 明宗朝
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 66, passage 38
AD 917 明年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 23-24
AD 943 明年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 138, passage 19
AD 936 是年冬
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 126
AD 933 是時
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 70, 73
AD 926 是月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 60
AD 935 時
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passage 139
AD 930 時鄴都
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 251
AD 938 晉主石敬瑭來獻十六城
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 36, passages 9, 55
AD 936 to AD 944 晉天福中
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 167
AD 936 to AD 942 晉高祖
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 130, passage 151
AD 936 晉高祖
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 69, passage 55
AD 938 晉高祖使馮道、劉煦冊應天太后、太宗皇帝
Directly stated · History of Liao 54, passage 72
AD 936 晉高祖入洛
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 69, passages 208, 211
AD 936 晉高祖入立
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 117
AD 936 晉高祖即位
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 184
AD 936 晉高祖建義
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 5
AD 936 to AD 942 晉高祖時
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 138, passage 64
AD 936 to AD 942 晉高祖時
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 32, passage 65; New History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 27
AD 936 晉高祖時
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 49, passage 7
AD 936 晉高祖滅唐
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 121
AD 936 晉高祖立
Directly stated · History of Liao 76, passages 5, 74; New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 44
AD 936 晉高祖聞暠
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 95
AD 932 晉高祖討璋
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 49, passage 25
AD 936 清泰三年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 70, passage 171; Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passage 16; New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 83
AD 934 to AD 936 清泰中
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 70, passage 170
AD 934 清泰元年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passages 171-174
AD 936 to AD 942 濤事晉高祖
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 119, passage 168
AD 936 石敬瑭反太原
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 115
AD 936 石敬瑭已反
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 16, passage 9
AD 938 石敬瑭獻沿邊錢
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 60, passage 33
AD 936 石敬瑭破張敬達
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 73, passage 107
AD 938 石晉獻土
Directly stated · History of Liao 36, passage 221
AD 935 秋七月丙申
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passages 120-121, 123-125
AD 936 立敬瑭
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 55, passage 3
AD 923 與知遠俱事明宗
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 4
AD 915 to AD 923 莊宗取魏、救清平
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passages 1, 3-7
AD 926 趙在禮之亂、明宗即位
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passages 10-11, 14, 16-19
AD 932 長興三年冬十月庚申
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 152
AD 932 長興三年十一月丁亥
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 184
AD 930 to AD 933 長興中
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 68, passage 196
AD 931 長興二年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passages 47, 99
AD 930 長興元年二月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 250
AD 930 長興元年二月乙巳
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 15
AD 930 長興元年秋
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 151
AD 934 閔帝自洛陽出奔於衛
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 105-107
AD 936 高祖即位
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 29, passage 13
AD 942 高祖崩
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 60
AD 936 高祖建義於太原
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 10

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Descendant of Emperor Xiaoping (睿祖孝平皇帝)
grandfather 祖 · paternal line · 2 generations
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 67
Descendant of Lady Lai (來氏)
grandmother 祖妣 · paternal line · 2 generations
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 67
Ancestor of Yanbao (延寶)
grandson 諸孫 · 2 generations
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 70
Ancestor of Yanxu (延煦)
grandson 諸孫 · 2 generations
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 70
Descendant of Shi Yi (石翌)
imperial grandfather 皇祖 · paternal line · 2 generations
imperial grandfather 皇祖 · 2 generations
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 8
Descendant of Bin (彬)
great-grandfather 曾祖 · paternal line · 3 generations
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 66
Descendant of Lady An (安氏)
great-grandmother 曾祖妣 · paternal line · 3 generations
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 66
Descendant of Shi Chen (石郴)
third-generation ancestor 三代祖 · paternal line · 3 generations
third-generation ancestor 三代祖 · 3 generations
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 6
Descendant of Shi Jing (石璟)
fourth-generation ancestor 四代祖 · paternal line · 4 generations
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 3
Descendant of Jing (璟)
great-great-grandfather 高祖 · paternal line · 4 generations
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 65
Descendant of Lady Qin (秦氏)
great-great-grandmother 高祖妣 · paternal line · 4 generations
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 65
Kin of Li Siyuan (李嗣源)
son-in-law 婿 · Through Daughter of Mingzong, wife of Shi Jingtang (明宗女、石敬瑭妻)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 151
Child of Emperor Taizong of Liao (遼太宗)
adoptive father and son 父子 · Adoptive parentage
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 34
Parent of Shi Chonggui (石重貴)
adoptive father 子 · Adoptive parentage
son 子
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 1; New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 111
Descendant of Qi (碏)
descendant 之後 · paternal line
ancestor 之後 · paternal line
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 2
Descendant of Fen (奮)
descendant 之後 · paternal line
ancestor 之後 · paternal line
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 2
Spouse of Beloved daughter of Emperor Mingzong (明宗愛女)
gave in marriage 妻 · Marriage
beloved daughter given in marriage 愛女 · Marriage
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 14
Sibling of Jingru (敬儒)
elder brother 兄
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 1
Sibling of Chongyin (重胤)
younger brother 弟 · Uncertain siblings
youngest brother 少弟 · Uncertain siblings
elder brother 兄
youngest brother 少弟
Sources vary in certainty · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 61; Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 58; Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passages 27-28
Kin of Hui (暉)
elder paternal cousin 從兄 · paternal line
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 15
Parent of Lady of Gaoping County (高平縣主)
eldest daughter of the secondary wife 從長女
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 75
Parent of Princess of Chang'an (長安公主)
eldest daughter 長女
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 74
Parent of Chongying (重英)
eldest son 長子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 32
Spouse of Empress Dowager Li (李氏)
husband 夫 · Primary marriage
empress 皇后 · Primary marriage
Sources vary in certainty · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passages 3, 9
Spouse of Elder sister of Congyi (從益姊)
empress 皇后 · Primary marriage
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 167
Parent of Chongrui (重睿)
father 子
imperial younger brother 皇弟
seventh son 第七子
young son 幼子
Sources vary in certainty · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 2; New History of the Five Dynasties 29, passage 30; Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passages 59, 61
Child of Exalted Ancestor (獻祖)
father 父／考
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passages 1, 3, 68
Parent of Chongjin (重進)
fifth son 第五子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 53
Spouse of Lady An (安氏)
grand consort 太妃 · Secondary marriage
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passages 44, 47
Child of Shi Shaoyong (石紹雍)
imperial father 皇考 · paternal line
imperial father 皇考
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 10, 12
Child of Lady He (何氏)
imperial mother 皇妣
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 11-12
Parent of Prince Chongxin (皇子重信)
imperial prince 皇子
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 74
Parent of Prince Chongyi (皇子重乂)
imperial prince 皇子
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 75
Kin of Wang Hongzan (王宏贄)
kinsman 戚屬
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passages 141, 149
Kin of Lady An (安氏)
lady / consort 夫人
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 64
Spouse of Stone Princess (石氏公主)
married 尚 · Marriage
wife 妻
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 54, 61
Child of Lady He (何氏)
mother 妣
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 68
Child of Lady Liu (劉氏)
mother 母
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 17
Kin of Princess Shi of Jin (晉國公主石氏)
princess 公主
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 68, passage 196
Spouse of The Princess (公主)
princess 公主 · Marriage
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 114
Parent of Chongyin (重胤)
raised as son 養以為子 · Adoptive parentage
son 子 · Adoptive parentage
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 58; Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 27
Parent of Lady of Xinping County (新平縣主)
second daughter 第二女
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 75
Parent of Chongxin (重信)
second son 第二子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 34
Spouse of Daughter of Mingzong, wife of Shi Jingtang (明宗女、石敬瑭妻)
son-in-law 婿 · Marriage
wife 妻
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 151
Parent of Lady of Qiansheng County (千乘縣主)
third daughter 第三女
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 75
Parent of Chongyi (重乂)
third son 第三子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 88
Spouse of Princess Yongning (永寧公主)
wife 妻
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 4
Spouse of Wife of Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭妻)
wife 妻
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 61, passage 178
Kin of Shi Chonggui (石重貴)
Young Emperor successor 少帝
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passages 110, 174
Sibling of Younger paternal uncle of Shi Chonggui
younger brother 叔
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 200
Kin of Jingwei (敬威)
younger paternal cousin 從父弟 · paternal line
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 4
Parent of Chonggao (重杲)
youngest son 少子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 56

Ladies of Yongqing County 孫女永慶縣主
AD 942 天福七年五月 · Kinship Role granddaughters · Count 2
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 75
Kinship Role sons · Count 5 · Qualifiers died early
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 2
Kinship Role sons · Count 6
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 2
Kinship Role elder brothers · Quantity unspecified
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 12

Key source chapters

Origins and identity

Lineage Shi clan, descended from Qi of Wei and Fen of Han 石氏，衛大夫碏、漢丞相奮之後
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 1-2
The origin of the acquired surname was unknown.
Surname Shi 石氏
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 3

Career and standing

cavalry officer 領親騎
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 16
Director of the Secretariat 中書令
Additional appointment
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 170
concurrent Director of the Secretariat 兼中書令
AD 934 應順元年正月戊子 · Advanced
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 32
Dongchuan campaign commander-in-chief 東川行營都招討使
AD 930 丁亥 · Appointed concurrent
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 197
Deputy of the Six Armies and guards; Tianxiong Army military commissioner 六軍諸衛副使、天雄軍節度使
AD 931 長興二年 · Appointed concurrently
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 47
military governor of Baoyi 保義軍節度使
Appointed · Authority Li Siyuan (李嗣源)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 17

Show 100 more source-backed claims

Palace Attendant 侍中
AD 933 丁亥 · Appointed · Concurrent true
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 81
concurrent control of the Dongchuan expeditionary headquarters 知東川行府事
AD 930 九月 · Appointed · Concurrent true
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 252
deputy commander of the Six Armies and various guards 六軍諸衛副使
AD 927 二年二月 · Appointed · Concurrent true
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 62-63
acting administrator of Zhenzhou 權知鎮州軍州事
AD 934 應順元年二月己卯 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 77
garrison commander of the Northern Capital 北京留守
AD 933 丁亥 · Appointed
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 81
military commissioner of Hedong 河東節度使
AD 933 丁亥 · Appointed
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 81
overall commander of Han and non-Han horse and foot of Datong, Zhenwu, Zhangguo, Weisai and other armies 大同、振武、彰國、威塞等軍蕃漢馬步軍總管
AD 933 丁亥 · Appointed
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 81
prefect of Taiyuan 太原尹
AD 933 丁亥 · Appointed
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 81
garrison commander of Yedu 鄴都留守
AD 928 三年四月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 68
Grand Councilor of the Secretariat and Chancellery 同中書門下平章事
AD 928 三年四月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 68
Honorary Grand Tutor 檢校太傅
AD 928 三年四月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 68
military commissioner of the Tianxiong Army 天雄軍節度使
AD 928 三年四月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 68
prefect of Xingtang 興唐尹
AD 928 三年四月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 68
commander-in-chief of the Dongchuan expeditionary forces 東川行營都招討使
AD 930 九月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 252
Honorary Grand Tutor 檢校太傅
AD 927 二年二月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 62
Commandant of the Imperial Sons-in-Law 駙馬都尉
AD 928 五月丁未 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 69
commander-in-chief of the personal army's horse and foot forces 侍衛親軍馬步軍都指揮使
AD 927 十月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 67
director of the imperial camp 御營使
AD 927 十月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 65
military commissioner of the Xuanwu Army 宣武軍節度使
AD 927 十月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 67
Honorary Minister of Education 檢校司徒
AD 926 天成五月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 61
military commissioner of the Baoyi Army at Shaanzhou 陜州保義軍節度使
AD 926 天成五月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 61
Chief of the Secretariat 中書令
AD 934 應順元年正月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 86
military commissioner and acting prefect of Shaan 陜府兵馬留後
AD 926 是月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 60
Heyang-Tianxiong military commissioner 河陽天雄軍節度使
AD 931 長興二年 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 99
Honorary Grand Commandant 檢校太尉
AD 930 長興元年二月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 250
imperial camp commissioner 御營使
AD 930 長興元年二月乙巳 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 15
co-grand councilor 同中書門下平章事
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 21
commander of the Palace Attendant Personal Army horse and foot 侍衛親軍馬步軍都指揮使
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 20
commander of the personal cavalry, the Three Campaigns Army 領親騎，號三討軍
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 16
commissioner of imperial sons-in-law 駙馬都尉
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 22
deputy commander of the Six Armies and imperial guards 六軍諸衛副使
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 17
Eastern Chuan campaign commissioner 東川行營招討使
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 151
grand suppression commissioner of the field army 行營都招討使
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 23
Hedong military commissioner and overall Tangut-Han commander of Datong, Zhangguo, Zhenwu, and Weisai 河東節度使，兼大同、彰國、振武、威塞等軍蕃漢馬步總管
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 184-185
imperial camp commissioner 御營使
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 20
metropolitan magistrate of Xingtang 興唐尹
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 21
military governor of Hedong 河東節度使
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 27; New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 55
military governor of Xuanwu 宣武軍節度使
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 20
overall commander of Datong, Zhenwu, Weisai, Zhangguo Tangut and Han forces 大同、振武、威塞、彰國等軍蕃漢馬步軍都總管
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 56
overall commander of the Han and non-Han horse and foot of the Datong, Zhenwu, Zhangguo, Weisai, and other armies 大同、振武、彰國、威塞等軍蕃漢馬步總管
Appointed · From Source Date: Text: 清泰元年五月 · Regnal Year: 1 · Western Year: AD 934
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 108
overall commander of the Han and tribal horse and foot armies 蕃漢馬步軍總管
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 27
deputy commander of the Six Armies and various guards 六軍諸衛副使
AD 927 十月 · Held concurrently
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 67
Hedong military commissioner 河東節度使
AD 936 七月丙申 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 132
Northern Front camp overall commander 北面行營總管
AD 935 十月己巳 · Held
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passage 194
chief officer of the general commander's office 總管府都校
AD 926 是月 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 60
Tianxiong army military commissioner 天雄軍節度使
AD 930 長興元年二月乙巳 · Held
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 15
Beijing regent / northern capital commissioner 北京留守
Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 37, 185
Beijing regent and Hedong commissioner, honorary Grand Commandant, concurrent Director of the Secretariat 北京留守、河東節度使、檢校太尉、兼中書令
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 97
Beijing regent 北京留守
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passages 32, 77
Hedong commissioner 河東節度使
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 32
Hedong military commissioner 河東節度使
Held · At Hedong 河東
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passage 112
Heyang military commissioner and deputy Six Armies commander 河陽節度使兼六軍諸衛副使
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 184
left to garrison Yedu 留守鄴都
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 59
military commissioner of Zhenzhou 鎮州節度使
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 138
overall commander of Han and non-Han forces of Datong, Zhangguo, Zhenwu, Weisai, and other armies 大同彰國振武威塞等軍蕃漢馬步總管
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 32
Tianxiong military commissioner 天雄軍節度使
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 197
Tianxiong military governor 天雄軍節度使
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 151
deputy commander of the Six Armies and various guards 六軍諸衛副使
AD 931 四月 · Reappointed concurrently
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 255
garrison commander of the Northern Capital 北京留守
Reappointed · From Source Date: Text: 清泰元年五月 · Regnal Year: 1 · Western Year: AD 934
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 108
military commissioner of Taiyuan 太原節度使
Reappointed · From Source Date: Text: 清泰元年五月 · Regnal Year: 1 · Western Year: AD 934
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 108
Taiyuan command 太原
AD 934 清泰元年五月 · Restored
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 172
deputy commander of the Six Armies and guards 六軍諸衛副使
Resumed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 24
deputy of the Six Armies 六軍副使
AD 933 是時 · Retained · Negated Removal true
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 75
mayor of Zhending, commissioner of Zhenzhou, and overall commander of Han and non-Han northern armies 真定尹、鎮州節度使、大同彰國振武威塞等軍蕃漢馬步總管
Retained
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 97
Tianping command 天平
AD 936 天福元年五月 · Transfer refused
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 28
garrison commander at Changshan 移鎮常山
AD 934 三月 · Transferred
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 94
Chengde military command 成德
AD 934 三月（愍帝時） · Transferred
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 171
military commissioner of Heyang 河陽節度使
AD 931 六月 · Transferred
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 256
military commissioner of Yunzhou 鄆州節度使
Transferred · From Source Date: Text: 清泰三年五月 · Regnal Year: 3 · Western Year: AD 936
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 110-111
military governor of Tianxiong 天雄軍節度使
Transferred
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 21
Baron of the Opening State 開國伯
AD 927 二年二月 · Advanced · Fief Households 400
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 62
Duke of the Opening State 開國公
AD 927 十月 · Advanced · Households 500
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 67
Duke of Zhao 趙國公
Advanced · From Source Date: Text: 清泰三年五月 · Regnal Year: 3 · Western Year: AD 936
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 110
Increased
AD 927 八月 · Households 800 · Actual Households 100 · Reason in recognition of the effect of his governance 旌為政之效也
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 64
Increased
AD 934 應順元年正月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 86
Increased
AD 930 長興元年二月 · Households 500
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 250
Prince of Yan
Target Person Id Yelü Bei (突欲) · Posthumous true
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 8
Meritorious Minister Who Exhausts Loyalty, Rectifies Fortune, and Pacifies the State 竭忠匡運寧國功臣
AD 933 丁亥 · Changed to
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 81
Meritorious Minister Who Supports Heaven, Initiates Fortune, and Upholds Rectitude 扶天啟運中正功臣
Changed · From Source Date: Text: 清泰三年五月 · Regnal Year: 3 · Western Year: AD 936
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 110
Meritorious Minister Who Glorifies Loyalty, Rectifies and Secures, and Preserves Integrity 耀忠匡定保節功臣
AD 927 十月 · Granted
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 67
Meritorious in Glorious Loyalty in Securing the Realm and Preserving the Fief 耀忠匡定保節功臣
AD 927 天成二年十月 · Granted
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 20
Grand Master of Splendid Happiness 光祿大夫
AD 926 天成五月 · Granted
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 61
Meritorious in Exhausting Loyalty and Framing Policy for Restoration 竭忠建策興復功臣
Granted
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 17
Heroic Martial and Clear Righteousness Emperor 英武明義皇帝
Invested by Khitan document
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 103
Ascended
AD 936 帝即位之年乃丙申也 · Emperor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 197, 205
Declined empress installation
AD 937 天福二年 · Emperor · Negated false · Reason ancestral temple not yet established
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 13
Suffered
AD 935 時 · Authority reduced · Jingda assigned as deputy to the northern armies to reduce Jingtang's authority
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passage 139
Deprived
AD 936 清泰三年 · Stripped of offices and titles
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 129
Executed
AD 935 清泰二年夏 · Executioner · With Li Hui (李暉) · Quantity Li Hui and more than thirty men
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 109
executed the emperor's fifty-odd attending horsemen 盡誅帝之從騎五十餘輩
AD 934 應順元年三月二十九日夜 · Ordered
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 154
execution of the shopkeeper's wife after the horse inspection 戮其婦人
AD 934 應順元年 · Ordered
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 92
Pardoned non capital prisoners and the remaining factions of Zhang Congbin, Fu Yanrao, and Wang Hui
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 86
emperor of Jin 晉皇帝
AD 936 天福元年十一月丁酉 · Acceded
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 35
Took the throne as Jin Gaozu
AD 936 晉高祖即位
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 184
AD 936 丁酉，契丹立晉
enthroned by Khitan as Jin
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 98
AD 936 帝即位之年乃丙申也
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 197, 205, 210
AD 936 高祖即位
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 39; New History of the Five Dynasties 29, passage 13
AD 936
Installed By Person Id Emperor Taizong of Liao (遼太宗)
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 182
Polity Later Jin 晉
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 117
Emperor · Support Khitan
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 84

Places and affiliations

AD 936 帝即位之年乃丙申也
Polity Great Jin 大晉 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 212
AD 936 帝即位之年乃丙申也
Polity Jin 晉 · Relation Founded
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 198, 212
AD 936 晉高祖即位
Polity Later Jin 後晉 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 184
Khitan 契丹
Relation Allied with
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 84
Later Jin 後晉
Relation Ruled
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 96, passage 16
Later Jin 後晉
Relation Ruled
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 84, 89

Show 45 more source-backed claims

Later Jin 晉
Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 167; History of Liao 36, passage 9; New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passages 98, 135; New History of the Five Dynasties 26, passage 101; New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 95, 117
Later Jin 晉
Relation Ruled
Strongly inferred · History of Liao 60, passages 18, 33
Later Tang 後唐
Relation Served
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 11, 52
Polities Later Jin
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 8
Polity Khitan 契丹 · Relation Allied with
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 130, 132
Polity Later Jin 後晉 · Relation Founder of
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 123, 126-127
Polity Later Jin 後晉 · Relation Ruled
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 1
Polity Later Jin 後晉 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 5
Polity Later Jin 晉 · Relation Founded
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 35
Polity Later Jin 晉 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 69, passages 208, 211; Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 5; Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passages 16, 104; New History of the Five Dynasties 32, passage 65; New History of the Five Dynasties 49, passage 7
Polity Later Jin 晉 · Relation Ruled
Strongly inferred · History of Liao 55, passage 3
Polity Later Jin 晋 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 29, passage 13
Polity Later Tang 後唐 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 15; Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passages 32, 77, 97, 138; Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passages 112, 139; Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 15-16, 61, 86, 108, 128
Polity Later Tang 後唐 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 152, 184
At Taiyuan 太原
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 1
AD 892 唐景福元年二月二十八日
At Fenyang Lane 汾陽裏 · Relation Born at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 12
AD 892 唐景福元年二月二十八日
At Taiyuan 太原 · Relation Born at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 12
AD 934 清泰元年五月
At Northern Capital 北京 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 108
AD 934 清泰元年五月
At Taiyuan 太原 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 108, 112
AD 935 清泰二年夏
At Xinzhou 忻州 · Relation Encamped at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 109
AD 936 清泰三年
At Bing province 並部 · Relation Resided at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 123
AD 936 清泰三年
At Jinyang 晉陽 · Relation Besieged at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 129
AD 936 清泰三年
At Taiyuan 太原 · Relation Defended
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 119
AD 933 丁亥
At Hedong 河東 · Relation Posted to
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 81
AD 933 丁亥
At Taiyuan 太原 · Relation Posted to
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 81
AD 928 三年四月
At Yedu 鄴都 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 68, 251
AD 934 三月
At Changshan 常山 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 94
AD 931 六月
At Heyang 河陽 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 256
AD 927 十月
At Bianzhou 汴州 · Relation Posted to
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 67
AD 935 十月己巳
At Dai Prefecture 代州 · Relation Traveled from
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passage 194
AD 936 及重圍晉陽
At Jinyang 晉陽 · Relation Besieged at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 218, 232
AD 936 唐石敬瑭反於河東
At Hedong 河東 · Relation Rebelled at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 229
AD 926 天成五月
At Shaanzhou 陜州 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 61
AD 936 帝即位之年乃丙申也
At Bing province 并土 · Relation Raised righteous banner in
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 198
AD 930 長興元年二月乙巳
At Tianxiong 天雄 · Relation Posted to
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 15
AD 934 閔帝自洛陽出奔於衛
At Weizhou 衛州 · Relation Traveled to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 105
At Bing and Fen 並、汾 · Relation Present at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 16
At Hedong 河東 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 32; Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passage 112
At Taiyuan 太原 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 53
At Xianling 顯陵 · Relation Buried at
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 30, 196
At Xin Prefecture 忻州 · Relation Encamped at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passages 121, 123
At Xinzhou 忻州 · Relation Stationed at
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 56
At Yunzhou 鄆州 · Relation Ordered transferred to
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 65
Organization Left Shooter Army 左射軍 · Relation Commanded
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passages 4, 8
Organization Three Campaigns Army 三討軍 · Relation Commander of
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 16

Learning and skills

Subject military texts 兵法 · Relation Studied
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 13
Skill archery 射 · Level renowned
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 15

Works and attributed material

Idle Talk of the Jade Hall 玉堂閑話
Relation Quoted speaker
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 123
History of Liao, Basic Annals of Taizong 遼史太宗紀
Relation Subject of
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 132-133
Proposed claiming illness
Planned memorial · Author · Mode quoted-speech Speaker Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 121
AD 934 應順元年三月二十九日夜
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · Addressed to Wang Hongzan (王宏贄)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 141
AD 934 應順元年三月二十九日夜
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · Addressed to Emperor Min (閔帝)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 140
Speech · Speaker · Audience guests-and-staff · Units s0123, s0124 · Mode named-source-report Source Work Idle Talk of the Jade Hall 玉堂閑話
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 123-124

Show 21 more source-backed claims

Speech · Speaker · Audience staff · Units s0112, s0113, s0114, s0115, s0116, s0117, s0118, s0119, s0120, s0121
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 112-121
AD 916 十三年二月
Speech · Addressee · Speaker Emperor Zhuangzong (莊宗) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 21
Address to subordinates · Speaker · Mode direct-quotation Speaker Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passages 28-29
Amnesty edict and reign change · Issuer · Mode imperial-edict Speaker Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 37
Edict · Author · With Feng Hui (馮暉)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 49, passage 31
Edict · Addressee · With Emperor Taizong of Liao (遼太宗) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 190-204
Imperial rescript seeking frank counsel · Issuer · Mode imperial-rescript Speaker Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passages 49, 64
Judgment · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 90-91, 100-102
Memorial · Author · reported returning from Dai Prefecture to his command
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passage 194
Memorial · Author · With Li Congke (從珂) · Mode paraphrased-document Speaker Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 31
Memorial · Author · With Li Congke (從珂)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 74
Memorial · Author · Direct quotation · At Hall of Central Revival 中興殿
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 82
Memorial · Author · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 73, 78
Memorial · Author
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passages 112, 114, 120
Military counsel · Speaker · With Li Siyuan (李嗣源) · Mode direct-quotation Speaker Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passages 11-13
Speech · Speaker · With He Ning (和凝) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passage 105
Speech · Speaker · With Yelü Deguang (耶律德光)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 106
Speech · Speaker · With Emperor Taizong of Liao (遼太宗) · Paraphrased
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 249
Speech · Speaker · With Zhang Jianming (張薦明)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 33
Speech · Speaker · Quote true
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 45; New History of the Five Dynasties 29, passage 17
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 240

Events and relationships

Abolished the office of commissioner of military affairs
AD 939 天福4年 · Administrative · Emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 120
Adjudicated Jiumen land sale
Legal · Judge · At Jiumen 九門
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 97-103
Again prohibited coin casting
AD 939 天福4年 · Legal · Emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 121
Appointed against rebel
AD 930 九月 · Military · Commander · With Dong Zhang (董璋)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 252
Arrived from Taiyuan
AD 936 天福1年 · Travel · Emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 42
Asked diviners whom five colored clouds concerned
AD 936 及重圍晉陽 · Scholarly · Questioner
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 240-241

Show 132 more source-backed claims

Asked Huai Meng taxes delivered at Xin and Dai
AD 935 六月甲子朔 · Logistics · Requester · At Xin and Dai Prefectures 忻、代州
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passage 114
Asked if Daoism can govern
Audience · Questioner · With Zhang Jianming (張薦明)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 33
Attacked by his ruler
AD 936 七月丙申 · Military · Attacked party · Mode named-source-report Source Work History of Liao, Basic Annals of Taizong 遼史太宗紀
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 132
Burned camps and withdrew
Military · Commander
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 16
Burned incense and prayed
AD 936 及重圍晉陽 · Ritual · Worshipper · At Northern Palace shrine of Vaisravana 北宮毗沙門天王祠
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 232
Campaign against Shu
Military · Commander
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 11
Campaigned against
Military · Commander · With Dong Zhang (董璋)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 49, passage 25
Cancelled public and private debts owed by the people
AD 940 天福5年 · Fiscal · Emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 130
Ceded sixteen named prefectures to the Khitan
Diplomatic territorial · Ceding ruler
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 36
Ceded lands north of Yanmen and Youzhou and promised yearly silk
AD 936 及重圍晉陽 · Diplomatic · Offeror · With Emperor Taizong of Liao (遼太宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 249
Ceded sixteen prefectures
AD 938 晉主石敬瑭來獻十六城 · Diplomatic · Ceding ruler · With Emperor Taizong of Liao (遼太宗)
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 36, passages 9, 55
Ceded territory causing loss of five passes
AD 938 石晉獻土 · Political · Subject
Directly stated · History of Liao 36, passage 221
Charged with a dozen odd riders and brought Zhuangzong out of Liu Yan's attack
Military · Rescuer · With Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang (後唐莊宗)
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 6
Crossed Liyang and advanced on Bian with three hundred elite cavalry
Military · Vanguard
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 14
Defeated
Military · Commander · With Zhang Jingda (張敬達) · At north of Taiyuan 太原北
Directly stated · History of Liao 73, passage 107
Dreamed of riding with emperor and sitting facing west
AD 936 清泰三年 · Dream · Dreamer · With Tianzi (天子) · Mode self-report Speaker Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭) Source Work Idle Talk of the Jade Hall 玉堂閑話
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 123-124
Dynastic revolution
AD 936 是年冬 · Political · Founder · Mode commentator-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 126-127
Encamped
AD 935 清泰二年夏 · Military · Commander · At Xinzhou 忻州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 109
Entered capital
Political · Actor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 89
Executed Li Hui and thirty five others for plotting rebellion
AD 935 秋七月丙申 · Legal · Execution authority · With Li Hui (李暉) · At Xin Prefecture 忻州
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passages 120-121
Executed men after troops shouted wansui
AD 935 清泰二年夏 · Military · Commander · With Li Hui (李暉)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 109
Executed those who divided property while parents lived
Legal · Judge
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 95
Failed to defeat Dong Zhang and returned
Military · Suppression commander · With Dong Zhang (董璋)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 23
Farewell banquet and final meeting
Personal · Participant · With Mingzong (明宗)
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 82-84
Feigned illness to leave court
Political · Subject
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 53
First used the two ritual dances at the winter solstice
AD 940 天福5年 · Ritual · Emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 141
Followed Mingzong and defeated the Liang army at Huliu
AD 918 十五年，戰於胡柳 · Military · Commander · With Li Siyuan (李嗣源)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 8
Fought inside the enemy formation with Mingzong and drove Xun east of old Yuancheng
AD 917 明年 · Military · Fighter · With Emperor Mingzong (唐明宗), Liu Xun (劉鄩) · At east of old Yuancheng 故元城之東
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 23-24
Galloped toward Luoyang
AD 934 應順元年三月二十九日夜 · Travel · Commander · At Luoyang 洛
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 154
Honored as teacher
Honor · Bestower · With Zhang Jianming (張薦明)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 35
Inquired about night command voices on the wall
AD 936 及重圍晉陽 · Military · Defender
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 244
Inspected crops at Shatai
AD 940 天福5年 · Agricultural inspection · Emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 139
Inspected crops in the western suburbs
AD 940 天福5年 · Agricultural inspection · Emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 136
Killed more than one hundred of Mindi's attendants and confined Mindi at Weizhou
Political violence · Captor · With Li Conghou (李從厚)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 173
Led a dozen horsemen into the enemy and brought the unit back intact
AD 916 十三年二月 · Military · Cavalry commander · With Liu Xun (劉鄩) · At Qingping 清平
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 18, 20
Led army west
AD 930 十月 · Military · Commander · At Weibo 魏博
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 253
Lifted the coin casting prohibition
AD 938 天福3年 · Legal · Emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 110
Made Bian the Eastern Capital, Luoyang the Western Capital, and Yongzhou the Jinchang Army
AD 938 天福3年 · Administrative · Emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 104
Made imperial camp commissioner
AD 930 長興元年二月乙巳 · Political · Appointee
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 15
Married Mingzong's beloved daughter
AD 908 to AD 915 唐明宗為代州刺史 · Marriage · Bridegroom · With Beloved daughter of Emperor Mingzong (明宗愛女)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 14
Met emperor east of Weizhou
AD 934 應順元年三月二十九日夜 · Travel · Commander · With Emperor Min (閔帝)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passages 138-139
Met on road and returned into Weizhou
AD 934 閔帝自洛陽出奔於衛 · Travel · Companion · With Emperor Min (閔帝)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 105
Mourned Mingzong as parents
AD 933 十二月 · Personal · Mourner · With Mingzong (明宗)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 85
Named to campaign against Dongchuan
AD 930 丁亥 · Military · Commander · With Dong Zhang (董璋)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 197
Ordered burial
AD 936 · Ritual · Authority · With Li Congke (從珂) · At Huiling 徽陵
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 135
Ordered horse opened and executed the woman when no grain found
Legal · Judge
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 88-93
Ordered Liu Zhiyuan to behead thirty six as warning
AD 935 秋七月丙申 · Legal · Orderer · With Liu Zhiyuan (劉知遠) · At Xin Prefecture 忻州 · Mode named-source-report Source Work Chronicle of the Khitan State 契丹國志
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passage 124
Ordered to return to post
AD 930 長興元年二月 · Political · Official
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 250
Ordered to take up Yunzhou post
AD 936 清泰三年五月 · Political · Appointee
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 111
Ordered to withdraw
AD 931 二年春 · Military · Commander · Reason perilous Sichuan routes and failed grain transport
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 254
Pardoned prisoners and remitted taxes
AD 937 天福2年 · Legal fiscal · Emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 60
Pardoned Weizhou and remitted its people's taxes
AD 938 天福3年 · Legal fiscal · Emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 101
Permitted provisional official appointments
AD 938 天福3年 · Administrative · Emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 95
Personally faced arrows and stones
AD 936 是月 · Military · Defender · At Jinyang 晉陽
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 137
Pitied and restored
Political · Ruler · With Hao (暠)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 95
Posthumously honored
Ritual · Ruler · With Yao Yanchou (藥彥稠)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 182
Posthumously honored
Ritual · Ruler · With Kang Sili (康思立)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 117
Praised and promoted
AD 926 是月 · Political · Promoted official · With Mingzong (明宗)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 60
Presented border coin
AD 938 石敬瑭又獻沿邊所積錢 · Diplomatic · Presenter · With Emperor Taizong of Liao (遼太宗)
Directly stated · History of Liao 60, passage 33
Proclaimed a general amnesty
AD 938 天福3年 · Legal · Emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 107
Prohibited manufacture of armor and weapons
AD 937 天福2年 · Legal · Emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 88
Prohibited private copper casting
AD 938 天福3年 · Legal · Emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 91
Promulgated the Tiaoyuan Calendar
AD 939 天福4年 · Calendrical · Emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 116
Questioned senior monk about smoke omen
AD 936 及重圍晉陽 · Scholarly · Questioner
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 237-238
Raised Guangjin to the capital of Ye
AD 938 天福3年 · Administrative · Emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 109
Raised righteous cause
Military · Leader
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 5
Raised righteous enterprise
AD 936 高祖建義於太原 · Political · Leader · At Taiyuan 太原
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 10
Read complaint letters personally
Administrative · Administrator · At Yedu 鄴都
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 251
Rebelled with Khitans
Military · Leader
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passage 16
Rebelled
AD 936 唐石敬瑭反於河東 · Military · Rebel · At Hedong 河東 · With Zhang Jingda (張敬達)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 229
Rebelled
AD 936 河東節度使石敬瑭反 · Military · Rebel leader · At Hedong 河東
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 83
Rebelled
AD 936 石敬瑭已反 · Military · Rebel leader
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 16, passage 9
Rebelled
Military · Commander · At Taiyuan 太原
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 12
Rebelled
Military · Rebel · At Taiyuan 太原
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 115
Rebelled
Military · Rebel
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 100
Rebelled
Rebellion · Rebel
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 73-74
Received an imperial visit at his residence
AD 932 長興三年冬十月庚申 · Travel · Host · With Mingzong (明宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 152
Received goods from all military commands
AD 938 天福3年 · Tribute · Emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 89
Received enthronement command
AD 936 帝即位之年乃丙申也 · Ritual · Honoree · With Emperor Taizong of Liao (遼太宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 197, 205
Refused Last Emperor command
AD 936 清泰三年 · Political · Refuser · With Prince of Lu (潞王)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 128
Remitted taxes in flood and drought stricken districts
AD 938 天福3年 · Fiscal · Emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 96
Repeatedly extricated Mingzong from danger after defeats at Hulu Tao and Yangcun
Military · Rescuer · With Li Siyuan (李嗣源)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 9
Requested An Chongrong patrol move to Zhenwu for grain
AD 935 六月甲子朔 · Logistics · Reporter · With An Chongrong (安重榮) · At Zhenwu 振武
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passages 112-113
Requested reinforcements
AD 935 時 · Military · Commander · repeatedly asked for additional troops after the Khitan crossed the border
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passage 139
Returned palace actors to the Khitan
AD 938 天福3年 · Diplomatic transfer · Emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 97
Returned to command
AD 935 十月己巳 · Military · Commander · At Dai Prefecture 代州
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passage 194
Returned with drums and pipes after ceremony
AD 936 帝即位之年乃丙申也 · Ritual · Subject
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 205
Seized attendant horsemen
AD 934 閔帝自洛陽出奔於衛 · Military · Captor · Quantity more than one hundred
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 106
Sent comfort to battlement guards at dawn
AD 936 及重圍晉陽 · Military · Defender
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 242
Sent envoy for aid
AD 936 及重圍晉陽 · Diplomatic · Principal · With He Fu (何福) · At Jinyang 晉陽
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 218
Sent envoys to invest liao rulers
Diplomatic · Sender · With Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · History of Liao 54, passage 72
Sent memorial and bribes seeking troops
AD 936 唐石敬瑭反於河東 · Diplomatic · Principal · With Zhao Ying (趙瑩)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 229
Sent to circuits for aid
AD 936 清泰三年 · Diplomatic · Principal · With Sang Weihan (桑維翰)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 130
Sent to lodge Min in public residence
AD 934 閔帝自洛陽出奔於衛 · Political · Superior · With Wang Hongzan (王宏贄)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 107
Sought filial men
Edict · Issuer
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 70
Stabbed at by Sha and Ben
AD 934 應順元年三月二十九日夜 · Violent · Target · With Sha Shourong (沙守榮)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 153
Stationed large army at Xin
AD 935 秋七月丙申 · Military · Commander · At Xin Prefecture 忻州
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passages 121, 123
Summoned as remonstrance counselor
Summons · Summoner · With Zheng Ao (鄭遨)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 27
Summoned staff to discuss popular welfare and penal policy
Administrative · Administrator
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 87
Summoned staff to discuss transfer
AD 936 清泰三年五月 · Political · Speaker
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 112
Summoned to court
AD 934 岐陽兵亂 · Political · Summoned official · With Emperor Min (閔帝)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 104
Suppressed mutiny by beheading
Military · Subject
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 57
Suppressed rebellion
AD 927 十月 · Military · Commander · With Zhu Shouyin (朱守殷) · At Xun city 浚城 · Outcome Took the city in one battle
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 66
Twice declined transfer while the Six Armies deputy post remained
Career decision · Petitioner
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passages 25-26
Volunteered for northern command then delayed
AD 933 是時 · Political · Official
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 73, 75
Waited on emperor at post station
AD 934 應順元年三月二十九日夜 · Political · Planner · With Emperor Min (閔帝)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 150
Went to Bianzhou
AD 937 天福2年 · Travel · Emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 59
Went to Heyang
AD 936 天福1年 · Travel · Emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 45
Went to court
AD 927 是月 · Political · Official
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 63
Wept and interred
Ritual · Mourner · With Yelü Bei (突欲)
Directly stated · History of Liao 72, passage 136
White vapor filled the courtyard at birth
AD 892 唐景福元年二月二十八日 · Omen · Subject · At Fenyang Lane, Taiyuan 太原汾陽裏
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 12
Withdrew for supply failure
Military · Commander · With Dong Zhang (董璋)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 153
Zhuangzong clapped his back, awarded vessels and silks, and personally fed him butter
AD 916 十三年二月 · Honor · Recipient · With Emperor Zhuangzong (莊宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 21-22
AD 936 及重圍晉陽
Relation Aided by · Person Emperor Taizong of Liao (遼太宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 218-219, 247
Relation Recommended alongside · Person Kang Yicheng (康義誠)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 72, 77
Relation Lord of · Person He Fu (何福)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 218
Relation Rival of · Person Li Congke (從珂)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 52, 58
Relation Subordinate of · Person Emperor Min (閔帝)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 86
Relation Commander of · Person Liu Zhiyuan (劉知遠)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passage 124
Relation Opposed by · Person Zhang Jingda (張敬達)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 229-230
Relation Superior of · Person An Chongrong (安重榮)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passage 112
Relation Patron of · Person Duan Xiyao (段希堯)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passage 124
Relation Subject of · Person Prince of Lu (潞王)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 108, 112, 128
Relation Son in law of · Person Emperor Mingzong (唐明宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 14
Relation Subordinate of · Person Emperor Mingzong (唐明宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 14, 16
Relation Trusted confidant of · Person Emperor Mingzong (唐明宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 16
Relation Agreed father son bond with · Person Emperor Taizong of Liao (遼太宗)
Directly stated · History of Liao 76, passage 70
Relation Subordinate of · Person Mingzong (明宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 60, 74
Relation Subordinate of · Person Emperor Zhuangzong (莊宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 15-16
Relation Lord of · Person Zhao Ying (趙瑩)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 229
Relation Summoned by · Person Emperor Min (閔帝)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 104
Relation Student of · Person Zhang Jianming (張薦明)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 35

Assessments and attributes

Assessment a general's house produces a general · Mode named-speech Speaker Emperor Zhuangzong (莊宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 21
Assessment admired the careers of Li Mu and Zhou Yafu · With Li Mu (李牧), Zhou Yafu (周亞夫) · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 13
Assessment carried lifelong guilt over Emperor Min's death · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 107
Assessment contemporary opinion lowered its estimate of him because of the lawsuit backlog · Mode hearsay
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 251
Assessment diligent in administration; no stalled lawsuits · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 96
Assessment extraordinary favor; became widely known · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 22

Show 15 more source-backed claims

Assessment grave, substantial, and taciturn · Mode historian-description
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 4
Assessment had long harbored rebellious intent and used the dream to mislead followers · Mode commentator-judgment Source Work Idle Talk of the Jade Hall 玉堂閑話
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 127
Assessment kept private imperial-enterprise money · Mode historian-judgment Source Work Xin Wudaishi
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 183
Assessment known for incorrupt administration at Shaan · Mode contemporary-reputation
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 18
AD 926 to AD 927 歲未期
Assessment military and civil administration in excellent order within a year · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 61
Assessment placed first among the honest officials praised by Mingzong · Mode imperial-edict Source Person Id Li Siyuan (李嗣源)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 19
Assessment simple and frugal; did not indulge in music, women, or fine food · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 87
Assessment superiors and subordinates admired his clarity of judgment · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 103
Assessment territory became solemn; none dared bring deceitful suits · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 93
Assessment the ruler shared ministers' acquisitive desires as tribute harmed the people and bribery became open · Mode historian-judgment Source Work Xin Wudaishi
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passages 181-182
Assessment virtue of sheltering the people, merit in quelling hardship, selfless conduct, and unspoken faithfulness · Mode quotation Speaker Emperor Taizong of Liao (遼太宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 192-196
Assessment won fame throughout the army after Zhuangzong's praise · Mode historian-narrative
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 7
reserved and quiet; seldom spoke or laughed
Character
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 13
AD 916 十三年二月
Item vessels and silks 器帛 · Relation Bestowed · With Emperor Zhuangzong (莊宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 22
Item Seal of Received Mandate 受命寶 · Relation Made from imperial enterprise coin
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 92

Source notes

Main annals: Shi Jingtang executed Li Hui and thirty-five others after soldiers shouted Long live. Khitan chronicle: Duan Xiyao urged executing ringleaders and Liu Zhiyuan beheaded thirty-six.
Field Xinzhou-executions · Witness Work Chronicle of the Khitan State 契丹國志
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passages 120-121, 124
Historicity historical
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passages 112, 139; Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 1, 72; History of Liao 55, passage 3; History of Liao 60, passage 33; New History of the Five Dynasties 32, passage 65
Value historical
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 15; Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 104, 132, 205, 229
claimed to have no other (rebellious) intent while arguing the court had opened disaster
Mode quoted-speech Speaker Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 118
said that from the Yingshun flight of the young ruler he had burned with anger for three years, unable to shore up the tottering state
Mode quoted-speech Speaker Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 117
later appears as Jin Gaozu
To Jin Gaozu 晉高祖
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 184

References in the histories

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History

315 passages

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 41Volume 41 Book of Later Tang 17: Mingzong Annals 7 · 2 passages

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以天雄軍節度使石敬瑭為御營使。 Shi Jingtang of Tianxiong became imperial camp commissioner.

丁亥，以西川節度使孟知祥兼西南面供饋使，天雄軍節度使石敬瑭兼東川行營都招討使，以遂州節度使夏魯奇兼東川行營招討副使。 On dinghai Meng Zhixiang became southwest supply commissioner; Shi Jingtang became Dongchuan campaign commander; Xia Luqi became deputy.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 42Volume 42 Book of Later Tang 18: Mingzong Annals 8 · 2 passages

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己酉，天雄軍節度使石敬瑭兼六軍諸衛副使。 On jiyou Shi Jingtang of Tianxiong became deputy of the six armies and guards.

乙亥，以鎮州節度使、宋王從厚為興唐尹，以石敬瑭為河陽天雄軍節度使，以天雄軍節度使石敬班為河陽節度使，依前六軍諸衛副使。 On yihai Conghou of Song became Xingtang intendant; Shi Jingtang took Heyang-Tianxiong; Shi Jingban took Heyang while keeping six armies deputy.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 43Volume 43 Book of Later Tang 19: Mingzong Annals 9 · 2 passages

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庚申，幸至德宮，因幸石敬瑭、李從昶、李從敏之第。 On gengshen Mingzong visited the Palace of Highest Virtue, then the homes of Shi Jingtang, Li Congchang, and Li Congmin.

丁亥，以河陽節度使兼六軍諸衛副使石敬瑭為河東節度使，兼大同、彰國、振武、威塞等軍蕃漢馬步總管。 On dinghai Shi Jingtang of Heyang, deputy Six Armies commander, became Hedong commissioner and overall Tangut-Han commander of Datong, Zhangguo, Zhenwu, Weisai, and other armies.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 45Volume 45 Book of Later Tang 21: Emperor Min Annals 1 · 11 passages

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北京留守、河東節度使兼大同彰國振武威塞等軍蕃漢馬步總管石敬瑭加兼中書令； Shi Jingtang, Beijing regent, Hedong commissioner, and overall commander of Han and non-Han forces of Datong, Zhangguo, Zhenwu, Weisai, and other armies, was made concurrent Director of the Secretariat;

以北京留守石敬瑭權知鎮州軍州事； Shi Jingtang, Beijing regent, was made acting administrator of Zhenzhou;

以北京留守、河東節度使石敬瑭依前檢校太尉、兼中書令，其真定尹、充鎮州節度使、大同彰國振武威塞等軍蕃漢馬步總管如故。 Shi Jingtang, Beijing regent and Hedong commissioner, retained his honorary Grand Commandant rank and concurrent Directorship, and kept his posts as mayor of Zhending, commissioner of Zhenzhou, and overall commander of Han and non-Han forces of Datong, Zhangguo, Zhenwu, Weisai, and other armies.

是月二十九日夜，帝至衛州東七八里，遇騎從自東來不避，左右叱之，乃曰：「鎮州節度使石敬瑭也。」 On the night of the twenty-ninth of that month the Emperor reached a point seven or eight li east of Weizhou and met horsemen riding from the east who did not give way. When attendants shouted at them, they answered, "It is Shi Jingtang, military commissioner of Zhenzhou."

帝喜，敬瑭拜舞於路，帝下馬慟哭，諭以「潞王危社稷，康義誠以下叛我，無以自庇，長公主見教，逆爾於路，謀社稷大計。」 The Emperor rejoiced. Jingtang bowed and danced in the road. The Emperor dismounted and wept bitterly, telling him, "The Prince of Lu endangers the realm. Kang Yicheng and those below have betrayed me, and I have no means to protect myself. The Grand Princess gave me counsel and sent me to meet you on the road to plan the great design for the realm."

敬瑭曰：「衛州王宏贄宿舊諳事，且就宏贄圖之。」 Jingtang said, "Wang Hongzhi of Weizhou is an old acquaintance who knows how affairs are managed. Let us first go to Hongzhi and devise a plan."

敬瑭即馳騎而前，見宏贄曰：「主上播遷，至此危迫，吾戚屬也，何以圖全？」 Jingtang immediately galloped ahead, saw Hongzan, and said, "The sovereign is in flight and has come to this desperate pass. We are kinsmen—how can we find a way to preserve him?"

敬瑭以宏贄所陳以聞，弓箭庫使沙守榮、奔洪進前謂敬瑭曰：「主上即明宗愛子，公即明宗愛婿，富貴既同受，休戚合共之。 Jingtang reported what Hongzan had said. Sha Shourong and Ben Hongjin, commissioners of the Bow-and-Arrow Store, stepped forward and said to Jingtang, "The sovereign is Mingzong's beloved son, and you are Mingzong's beloved son-in-law. You have shared fortune alike—glory and peril ought to be borne together.

乃抽佩刀刺敬瑭，敬瑭親將陳暉捍之，守榮與暉單戰而死，洪進亦自刎。 They then drew their girdle daggers to stab Jingtang. Chen Hui, Jingtang's personal guard, parried them. Shourong and Hui fought one-on-one and died, and Hongjin cut his own throat.

是日，敬瑭盡誅帝之從騎五十餘輩，獨留帝於驛，乃馳騎趨洛。 That day Jingtang had all fifty-odd of the Emperor's attending horsemen executed, left the Emperor alone at the post station, and galloped toward Luoyang.

晉高祖即位，諡曰閔，與秦王及末帝子重吉並葬於徽陵域中，封才數尺，路人觀者悲之。 When Jin Gaozu took the throne, he was given the posthumous title Min. He was buried together with the Prince of Qin and the Last Emperor's son Chongji within the precinct of Huiling Mausoleum. The mound was only a few feet high, and passersby who saw it were moved to grief.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 47Volume 47 Book of Later Tang 23: Later Emperors Annals 2 · 8 passages

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河東節度使石敬瑭奏，邊軍乏芻糧，其安重榮巡邊兵士欲移振武就糧。 Shi Jingtang, Hedong military commissioner, reported that border troops lacked fodder and grain and that soldiers under An Chongrong's border patrol wished to move to Zhenwu for provisions.

秋七月丙申，石敬瑭奏，斬挾馬都指揮使李暉等三十六人，以謀亂故也。 In autumn, the seventh month, on bingshen Shi Jingtang reported that he had executed the horse-guard commander Li Hui and thirty-five others for plotting rebellion.

時敬瑭以兵屯忻州，一日，軍士喧噪，遽呼萬歲，乃斬暉等以止之。 At the time Jingtang had troops at Xin Prefecture; one day the soldiers raised a clamor and suddenly shouted "Long live!"; he then executed Hui and the others to stop it.

〈（《契丹國志》：契丹屢攻北邊，時石敬瑭將大兵屯忻州，潞王遣使賜軍士夏衣，傳詔撫諭，軍士呼萬歲者數四。 (The 《Chronicle of the Khitan State》 records: The Khitan repeatedly attacked the northern border. At the time Shi Jingtang had a large army at Xin Prefecture; the Prince of Lu sent an envoy to bestow summer garments on the soldiers and transmitted an edict of consolation—the soldiers shouted "Long live!" four times.

敬瑭懼，幕僚段希堯請誅其倡者，敬瑭命劉知遠斬三十六人以殉。 Jingtang was afraid; his staff officer Duan Xiyao urged executing the ringleaders; Jingtang ordered Liu Zhiyuan to behead thirty-six men as a warning.

潞王聞，益疑之。）〉 When the Prince of Lu heard of it, he grew even more suspicious of Jingtang.)〉

時契丹入邊，石敬瑭屢請益兵，朝廷軍士多在北鄙，俄聞忻州諸軍呼噪，帝不悅，乃命敬達為北軍之副，以減敬瑭之權也。 At the time the Khitan had crossed the border; Shi Jingtang repeatedly asked for reinforcements; most court troops were on the northern frontier; soon word came that the Xin Prefecture armies were raising a clamor; the Emperor was displeased and assigned Jingda as deputy to the northern armies to reduce Jingtang's authority.

北面行營總管石敬瑭奏，自代州歸鎮。 Shi Jingtang, Northern Front camp overall commander, reported that he had returned from Dai Prefecture to his command.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 51Volume 51 Book of Later Tang 27: Biographies 3: Imperial Family · 1 passage

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晉高祖即位，以皇后即其姊也，乃養從益於宮中。 When Gaozu of Jin took the throne, the empress being his elder sister, Congyi was raised in the palace.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 61Volume 61 Book of Later Tang 37: Biographies 13: An Jinquan, An Yuanxin, An Zhongba, Liu Xun, Zhang Jingxun, Liu Yancong, Yuan Jianfeng, Xifang Ye, Zhang Zunhui, Sun Zhang · 1 passage

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鄴度循不可爭，以石敬瑭妻，明宗女也，時方在汴，欲殺之以堅人心。 Seeing that Xun would not yield, Ye considered killing Shi Jingtang's wife—the emperor's daughter, then at Bian—to steady loyalty.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 62Volume 62 Book of Later Tang 38: Biographies 14: Meng Fangli, Zhang Wenli, Dong Zhang · 2 passages

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其年秋，詔削奪璋在身官爵，命天雄軍節度使石敬瑭為東川行營招討使，率師以討之。 That autumn an edict stripped Zhang of his ranks and appointed Tianxiong governor Shi Jingtang Eastern Chuan campaign commissioner to lead troops against him.

及石敬瑭率師進討，以糧運不接，班師。 When Shi Jingtang marched against him, supply lines failed and the army withdrew.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 65Volume 65 Book of Later Tang 41: Biographies 17: Li Jianji, Shi Junli, Gao Xinggui, Zhang Tingyu, Wang Sitong, Suo Zitong · 2 passages

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石敬瑭入大散關。 Shi Jingtang pushed through Dasan Pass.

及敬瑭班師，思同以曾獲劍門之功，移鎮山南西道。 When Jingtang pulled the army back, Sitong was shifted to Shannan West Circuit for his earlier success at Jianmen.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 66Volume 66 Book of Later Tang 42: Biographies 8: an Zhonghui, Zhu Hongzhao, Zhu Hongshi, Kang Yicheng, Yao Yanchou, Song Lingxun · 5 passages

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及石敬瑭領王師伐蜀，峽路艱阻，糧運不繼，明宗憂之，而重誨請行。 Shi Jingtang's expedition into Shu stalled on bad passes and broken supply lines; Mingzong worried, and Chonghui volunteered to go west.

重誨既辭，弘昭遣人具奏：「重誨怨望出惡言，不可令至行營，恐奪石敬瑭兵柄。」 After he left, Hongzhao reported, "Chonghui spoke bitterly in resentment; keep him from the front lest he steal Shi's command."

出鎮鳳翔，會朝廷命石敬塘帥師伐蜀，久未成功，安重誨自請西行。 He took Fengxiang; Shi Jingtang's Shu campaign stalled; An Chonghui volunteered to go west.

弘昭密遣人謂敬瑭曰：「安公親來勞軍，觀其舉措孟浪，儻令得至，恐士心迎合，則不戰而自潰也。 He secretly told Jingtang, "Lord An comes to oversee the army; he acts rashly—if he reaches camp the men may rally to him and you will collapse without fighting.

敬瑭聞其言大懼，即日燒營遁還。 Jingtang, terrified, burned camp and retreated the same day.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 68Volume 68 Book of Later Tang 44: Biographies 20: Xue Tinggui, Cui Yi, Liu Yue, Liu Ye, Feng Shunqing, Dou Mengzheng, Li Baoyin, Gui Ai, Kong, Miao, Zhang Wenbao, Chen Yi, Liu Zan · 3 passages

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長興中，嘗自舍人銜命冊晉國公主石氏於太原，晉高祖善待之，但訝其高岸。 During Changxing, as drafting secretary he carried orders to invest Princess Shi of Jin at Taiyuan. The Gaozu of Jin treated him well but was surprised at his lofty and stern bearing.

人或有獻可於乂，宜陳一謳頌以稱晉高祖之美，可邀其厚賄耳。 Some advised Yi to present a eulogy praising the Gaozu of Jin and thereby win a generous reward.

晉高祖即位，贈禮部尚書。 When the Gaozu of Jin took the throne, Yi was posthumously awarded minister of rites.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 69Volume 69 Book of Later Tang 45: Biographies 21: Zhang Xian, Wang Zhengyan, Hu Zhuang, Cui Yisun, Meng Hu, Sun Yue, Zhang Yanlang, Liu Yanhao, Liu Yanlang · 4 passages

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晉高祖在太原，朝廷猜忌，不欲令有積聚，係官財貨留使之外，延朗悉遣取之，晉高祖深銜其事。 When the Gaozu of Jin was at Taiyuan the court was suspicious and did not wish him to accumulate stores; apart from official goods left with the commissioner, Yanlang sent men to take them all, and the Gaozu of Jin deeply resented the matter.

晉高祖入洛，送台獄以誅之。 When the Gaozu of Jin entered Luoyang he sent him to the metropolitan prison and executed him.

及晉高祖入洛，延皓逃匿龍門廣化寺，數日，自經而死。 When the Gaozu of Jin entered Luoyang, Yanhao hid in Guanghua Temple at Longmen; after several days he hanged himself.

及晉高祖入洛，延朗將竄於南山，與從者數輩，過其私第，指而歎曰：「我有錢三十萬貫聚於此，不知為何人所得。」 When the Gaozu of Jin entered Luoyang, Yanlang was about to flee into the southern mountains; with several followers he passed his private residence, pointed at it, and sighed, "I have three hundred thousand strings of cash gathered here—I do not know who will obtain it."

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 70Volume 70 Book of Later Tang 46: Biographies 22: Yuan Xingqin, Xia Luqi, Yao Hong, Li Yan, Li Renju, Kang Sili, Zhang Jingda · 5 passages

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晉高祖即位，追其宿舊，為輟朝一日，贈太子少師。 When Jin Gaozu took the throne, he honored their old friendship by halting court for one day and posthumously enfeoffing him as Vice Mentor of the Heir Apparent.

清泰中，自彭門移鎮平陽，加檢校太傅，從石敬瑭為北面兵馬副總管，仍屯兵雁門。 During the Qingtai era he was transferred from Pengmen to Pingyang, made acting Grand Preceptor, and served under Shi Jingtang as deputy overall commander of the northern forces while keeping his troops at Yanmen.

未幾，晉高祖建義，末帝詔以敬達為北面行營都招討使，仍使悉引部下兵圍太原，以定州節度使楊光遠副焉。 Before long, when the Jin founder rose in revolt, the Last Emperor appointed Jingda overall pacification commissioner of the northern campaign and ordered him to lead all his troops to besiege Taiyuan, with Yang Guangyuan, military governor of Dingzhou, as his deputy.

晉高祖及蕃眾自晉安寨南門外，長百餘里，闊五十里，布以氈帳，用毛索掛鈴，而部伍多犬，以備警急。 The Jin founder and the barbarian hosts spread from beyond the south gate of the Jin'an camp for more than a hundred li in length and fifty li across, pitching felt tents and hanging bells on hair ropes. Most units kept dogs to sound the alarm.

晉高祖即位後，所有田宅，鹹賜其妻子焉。 After Jin Gaozu took the throne, all his fields and residences were bestowed upon his wife and children.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 75Volume 75 Book of Later Jin 1: Gaozu Annals 1 · 61 passages

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高祖聖文章武明德孝皇帝，姓石氏，諱敬瑭，太原人也。 Gaozu, the Sagely, Cultured, Martial, and Virtuous Emperor of Brilliant Filial Piety, was of the Shi clan; his personal name was Jingtang, and he came from Taiyuan.

帝即孝元之第二子也，以唐景福元年二月二十八日生於太原汾陽裏，時有白氣充庭，人甚異焉。 The Emperor was the second son of Xiaoyuan. On the twenty-eighth day of the second month of the first year of Jingfu of Tang he was born in Fenyang Lane in Taiyuan. White vapor then filled the courtyard, and people were greatly astonished.

後明宗從莊宗征行，命帝領親騎，號「三討軍」，倚以心腹。 Later, when Mingzong followed Zhuangzong on campaign, he put the Emperor in command of the personal cavalry, a unit called the "Three Campaigns Army," and treated him as a trusted inner circle man.

帝領十餘騎，橫槊深入，東西馳突，無敢當者，卒全部伍而還。 The Emperor led a dozen horsemen, spear in hand, and plunged deep into the enemy lines, charging back and forth until no one dared stand against him. He finally brought the whole unit back intact.

久之，塵埃四合，帝與明宗俱陷陣內，帝挺身躍劍，反復轉鬥，行數十里，逐鄩於故元城之東。 After a long while dust blotted out the field on every side. Both the Emperor and Mingzong were caught inside the enemy formation. The Emperor threw himself forward with sword drawn and fought back and forth for miles, finally driving Xun east of the old Yuancheng.

是月，明宗入洛，嘉帝之功，自總管府都校署陜府兵馬留後。 That month Mingzong entered Luoyang, praised the Emperor's achievements, and promoted him from chief officer of the general commander's office to military commissioner and acting prefect of Shaan.

明宗即位，改元天成，五月，加帝光祿大夫、檢校司徒，充陜州保義軍節度使，歲未期而軍民之政大治焉。 When Mingzong took the throne he changed the era name to Tiancheng. In the fifth month he gave the Emperor the titles Grand Master of Splendid Happiness and Honorary Minister of Education and appointed him military commissioner of the Baoyi Army at Shaanzhou. Before a year had passed both military and civil administration were in excellent order.

是月，帝赴闕，以倅六軍諸衛事故也。 That month the Emperor went to court in connection with his duties as deputy commander of the Six Armies and various guards.

十月，明宗幸汴，以帝為御營使。 In the tenth month Mingzong visited Bian and made the Emperor director of the imperial camp.

車駕次京水，飛報汴州節度使朱守殷叛，明宗命帝董親軍倍道星行，信宿及浚城，一戰而拔之。 When the imperial carriage halted at Jingshui, urgent reports arrived that Zhu Shouyin, military commissioner of Bianzhou, had rebelled. Mingzong ordered the Emperor to lead the personal army by forced marches day and night. Within two nights he reached Xun city and took it in one battle.

尋以帝為宣武軍節度使、侍衛親軍馬步軍都指揮使兼六軍諸衛副使，進封開國公，加食邑五百戶，賜耀忠匡定保節功臣。 Soon he was made military commissioner of the Xuanwu Army, commander-in-chief of the personal army's horse and foot forces, and concurrent deputy commander of the Six Armies and various guards. He was advanced in enfeoffment to Duke of the Opening State, granted five hundred additional households in his fief, and given the title Meritorious Minister Who Glorifies Loyalty, Rectifies and Secures, and Preserves Integrity.

五月丁未，加駙馬都尉。 On the dingwei day of the fifth month he was made Commandant of the Imperial Sons-in-Law.

長興元年二月，明宗南郊禮畢，加檢校太尉，增食邑五百戶，尋詔歸任。 In the second month of the first year of Changxing, when Mingzong had completed the southern suburban sacrifice, he added for the Emperor the title of Honorary Grand Commandant, increased his fief by five hundred households, and soon ordered him to return to his post.

時鄴都繁富為天下之冠，而土俗獷悍，民多爭訟，帝令投函府門，一一覽之，及逾年，盈積几案，滯於獄者甚眾，時論以此減之。 At that time Yedu was the wealthiest place under heaven, but local customs were fierce and truculent and the people were much given to lawsuits. The Emperor ordered that complaint letters be deposited in a box at the government gate and read each one himself. After more than a year his desks were piled high, and many cases were backlogged in the courts; contemporary opinion lowered its estimate of him on this account.

九月，東川董璋叛，朝廷命帝為東川行營都招討使，兼知東川行府事。 In the ninth month Dong Zhang of Dongchuan rebelled. The court appointed the Emperor commander-in-chief of the Dongchuan expeditionary forces and gave him concurrent control of the Dongchuan expeditionary headquarters.

從榮與諸大臣奏曰：「將校之中，唯石敬瑭、康義誠二人可行。」 Congrong and the ministers memorialized: "Among the generals and officers, only Shi Jingtang and Kang Yicheng are fit for the task."

帝素不欲為禁軍之副，即奏曰：「臣願北行。」 The Emperor had long wished to leave his post as deputy of the palace army and immediately memorialized: "Your servant is willing to go north."

及受詔，不落六軍副使，帝復遷延辭避。 When he received the edict he was not removed from his deputy post in the Six Armies, and the Emperor again delayed and declined.

樞密使範延光奏曰：「已議石敬瑭與康義誠北行，然其定奪，即在宸旨。」 Chief Palace Secretary Fan Yanguang memorialized: "Shi Jingtang and Kang Yicheng going north have already been discussed, but the final decision rests with Your Majesty."

帝奏曰：「臣雖不才，爭敢避事，但進退惟命。」 The Emperor memorialized: "Although I lack talent, how could I dare avoid duty? I await only Your Majesty's command whether to go or stay."

翌日，宴於中興殿，帝捧觴上壽，因奏曰：「臣雖微怯，惟邊事敢不盡其忠力，但臣遠違玉階，無以時申補報。」 The next day, at a banquet in the Hall of Central Revival, the Emperor raised his cup to wish the emperor long life and memorialized: "Although I am slight and timid, in frontier affairs how could I fail to give my full loyalty and strength? Yet I am far from the throne and have no means to repay Your Majesty in timely fashion."

帝因再拜告辭，明宗泣下沾衿。 The Emperor bowed twice in farewell. Mingzong wept until his collar was wet.

左右怪其過傷，果與帝因此為訣，不復相見矣。 Those at his side wondered at such excessive grief. Indeed, from this the Emperor and he took their leave of one another and never met again.

十二月，明宗晏駕，帝聞之，長慟若喪考妣。 In the twelfth month Mingzong died. When the Emperor heard of it, he mourned long and deeply as if he had lost his own parents.

應順元年正月，閔帝即位，加中書令，及增食邑。 In the first month of the first year of Yingshun, Emperor Min took the throne. The Emperor was made Chief of the Secretariat and his fief was increased.

帝性簡儉，未嘗以聲色滋味輒自宴樂，每公退，必召幕客論民間利害及刑政得失，明而難犯，事多親決。 The Emperor was simple and frugal by nature. He never indulged himself in music, women, or fine food for private pleasure. Whenever he left public duties he summoned his staff to discuss what helped or harmed the people and what was right or wrong in penal administration. He was clear-minded and hard to cross, and he decided many matters personally.

帝謂鞫吏曰：「兩訟未分，何以為斷？ The Emperor said to the examining officer: "The two suits are unresolved. How can there be a judgment?

帝監之曰：「人之不義，由牧長新至，教化所未能及，吾甚愧焉。 The Emperor reviewed the case and said: "Men's lack of righteousness comes from the prefect having newly arrived and instruction not yet reaching them. I am deeply ashamed.

及岐陽兵亂，推潞王為天子，閔帝急詔帝赴闕，欲以社稷為托。 When the Qiyang army rebelled and raised the Prince of Lu as emperor, Emperor Min urgently summoned the Emperor to court, intending to entrust the realm to him.

閔帝自洛陽出奔於衛，相遇於途，遂與閔帝回入衛州。 Emperor Min fled Luoyang toward Wei. They met on the road, and the Emperor turned back with him into Weizhou.

時閔帝左右將不利於帝，帝覺之，因擒其從騎百餘人。 At that time those about Emperor Min were about to move against the Emperor. He sensed it and seized more than a hundred of their attendant horsemen.

閔帝知事不濟，與帝長慟而別，帝遣刺史王宏贄安置閔帝於公舍而去，尋為潞王所害，帝後長以此愧心焉。 Emperor Min knew the affair was lost and parted from the Emperor in long, bitter weeping. The Emperor sent Prefect Wang Hongzan to lodge Emperor Min in a public residence and then departed. Before long Emperor Min was killed by the Prince of Lu, and the Emperor carried guilt over this for the rest of his life.

二年夏，帝屯軍於忻州，朝廷遣使送夏衣，傳詔撫諭，後軍人遽呼萬歲者數四，帝懼，斬挾馬將李暉以下三十餘人以徇，乃止。 In the summer of the second year the Emperor encamped at Xinzhou. The court sent envoys with summer garments and an edict of reassurance, but afterward the soldiers suddenly shouted "Long live!" four times. The Emperor was alarmed, executed the horse-gripping general Li Hui and more than thirty men as a warning, and only then did it stop.

三年五月，移授鄆州節度使，進封趙國公，仍改扶天啟運中正功臣。 In the fifth month of the third year he was transferred to military commissioner of Yunzhou, advanced in enfeoffment to Duke of Zhao, and his title was changed to Meritorious Minister Who Supports Heaven, Initiates Fortune, and Upholds Rectitude.

尋降詔促帝赴任。 Soon an edict was issued ordering the Emperor to take up his new post at once.

帝心疑之，乃召僚佐議曰：「孤再受太原之日，主上面宣云：『與卿北門，一生無議除改。』 The Emperor grew suspicious and summoned his staff to discuss the matter. He said, "When I received Taiyuan a second time, the ruler announced to my face: 'I give you the northern gate; in your lifetime there shall be no talk of transfer or removal.'

又今年千春節，公主入覲，當辭時，謂公主曰：『爾歸心甚急，欲與石郎反耶？』 Moreover, at this year's Thousand Spring Festival when the princess came to court, as she was taking leave he said to her, 'Your heart to return is very urgent. Do you wish to rebel with Master Shi?'

〈（《玉堂閑話》：晉祖在並部，嘗從容謂賓佐云：「近因晝寢，忽夢若頃年在洛京時，與天子連鑣於路，過舊第，天子請某入其第，某遜讓者數四，不得已即促轡而入，至廳事下馬，升自阼階，西向而坐，天子已馳車去矣。 (From 《Idle Talk of the Jade Hall》: While in Bing province, the Jin founder once said calmly to his guests and staff: "Recently, during a daytime nap, I dreamed that I was back in Luoyang years ago, riding abreast with the emperor along the road. Passing my old residence, the emperor asked me to enter. I declined several times, but unable to refuse further I urged my horse inside. Reaching the hall I dismounted, ascended from the eastern steps, and sat facing west while the emperor had already driven away.

蓋晉祖懷不軌之心久矣，故托夢以惑眾也。）〉 For the Jin founder had long harbored rebellious intent and used the dream to mislead his followers.)〉

朝廷以帝不奉詔，降旨削奪官爵，即詔晉州刺史、北面副招討使張敬達領兵圍帝於晉陽。 Because the Emperor did not obey the edict, the court stripped his offices and titles and immediately ordered Jinzhou prefect and northern deputy campaign commander Zhang Jingda to lead troops and besiege him at Jinyang.

帝尋命桑維翰詣諸道求援，契丹遣人復書諾之，約以中秋赴義。 The Emperor soon sent Sang Weihan to the various circuits seeking aid. The Khitan sent a reply promising help and agreeing to come by the Mid-Autumn Festival.

〈（《遼史太宗紀》云：七月丙申，唐河東節度使石敬瑭為其主所討，遣趙瑩求救，時趙德鈞亦遣使至，河東復遣桑維翰來告急，遂許興師。 (The 《Basic Annals of Taizong》 in the 《History of Liao》 states: On the bingshen day of the seventh month, Tang's Hedong military commissioner Shi Jingtang was attacked by his ruler and sent Zhao Ying to seek rescue. At that time Zhao Dejun also sent envoys, and Hedong again sent Sang Weihan to report urgency, whereupon the Khitan ruler permitted the raising of troops.

八月庚午，自將以援敬瑭。）〉 On the gengwu day of the eighth month he personally led troops to rescue Jingtang.)〉

是月，外眾攻我甚急，帝親當矢石，人心雖固，廩食漸困。 That month the besieging army pressed the attack very hard. The Emperor personally faced arrows and stones. Though morale held firm, granary provisions grew strained.

禮畢，帝鼓吹道從而歸。 When the ceremony was complete, the Emperor returned with drums and pipes clearing the road before him.

始梁開國之歲，即前唐天祐四年也，潞州行營使李思安奏：「壺關縣庶穰鄉鄉人伐樹，樹倒自分兩片，內有六字如左書，云『天十四載石進』。」 In the year when Liang first founded its state, the fourth year of Tianyou of former Tang, Lu prefecture campaign commissioner Li Si'an memorialized: "In Shurang township of Huguan county, when villagers felled a tree, it split of itself into two pieces. Within were six characters in seal script reading 'Heaven, fourteenth year, Shi advances.'"

至帝即位，識者曰：「『天』字取『四』字中兩畫加之於傍，則『丙』字也； When the Emperor took the throne, those who understood said: "If one takes the two strokes from the middle of the character for 'four' in the character for 'Heaven' and adds them to the side, one gets the character for 'bing';

帝即位之年乃丙申也。 The year the Emperor took the throne was indeed bingshen.

又，帝即位之前一年，歲在乙未，鄴西有柵曰李固，清、淇合流在其側。 Moreover, in the year before the Emperor took the throne, the year was yiwei. West of Ye there was a stockade called Liguo, where the Qing and Qi rivers joined beside it.

及重圍晉陽，帝遣心腹何福輕騎求援北蕃，蕃主自將諸部赴之。 When Jinyang was heavily besieged, the Emperor sent his trusted man He Fu with light cavalry to seek aid from the northern tribes. The Khitan ruler personally led his tribes to come.

神人語德光曰：「石郎使人喚汝，汝須去。」 The divine man said to Deguang: "Master Shi has sent men to summon you. You must go."

後復夢，即前神人也，衣冠儀貌，儼然如故，曰：「石郎已使人來喚汝。」 Later he dreamed again. It was the same divine man as before, robes, cap, bearing, and appearance all exactly as before, who said: "Master Shi has already sent men to summon you."

乃召巫筮，言：「太祖從西樓來，言中國將立天王，要爾為助，爾須去。」 He summoned a shaman to divine, who said: "The Founding Ancestor comes from the Western Tower and says China will establish a Heavenly King and wants you to assist. You must go."

未浹旬，唐石敬瑭反於河東，為後唐張敬達所敗，亟遣趙瑩持表重賂，許割燕雲，求兵為援，契丹主曰：「我非為石郎興師，乃奉天帝敕使也。」）〉 Before ten days had passed, Tang's Shi Jingtang rebelled in Hedong, was defeated by Later Tang's Zhang Jingda, and urgently sent Zhao Ying with a memorial and heavy bribes, promising to cede Yan and Yun and seeking troops as aid. The Khitan ruler said, "I do not raise troops for Master Shi. I obey the Heavenly Emperor's command.".)〉

晉陽有北宮，宮城之上有祠曰毗沙門天王，帝曾焚修默而禱之。 Jinyang had a Northern Palace. Above the palace city was a shrine to Vaisravana, the Heavenly King. The Emperor once burned incense in cultivation and prayed to it in silence.

帝心異之。 The Emperor was astonished.

事尋達帝，帝召僧之臘高者問焉，僧曰：「貧道見莊宗將得天下，曾有此煙。 The matter soon reached the Emperor. He summoned the monk of highest monastic standing and asked him. The monk said: "This humble priest saw when Zhuangzong was about to gain the realm that there was once this smoke.

帝召占者視之，謂曰：「此驗應誰？」 The Emperor summoned diviners to observe them and said: "For whom is this sign fulfilled?"

又，帝每詰旦使慰撫守陴者，率以為常。 Moreover, every dawn the Emperor sent men to comfort and reassure those guarding the battlements, and this was his constant practice.

帝使人問之，將吏云：「從上傳來者。」 The Emperor sent men to ask about it. The generals and officers said: "They come transmitted from above."

是日，帝言於契丹主，願以雁門已北及幽州之地為戎王壽，仍約歲輸帛三十萬，戎王許之。 That day the Emperor spoke to the Khitan ruler, offering the lands north of Yanmen and Youzhou as a gift for the Khitan ruler's longevity and agreeing to deliver three hundred thousand bolts of silk yearly. The Khitan ruler consented.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 86Volume 86 Book of Later Jin 12: Biographies 1: Empresses and Consorts · 8 passages

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妾伏念先皇帝頃在並、汾，適逢屯難，危同累卵，急若倒懸，智勇俱窮，朝夕不保。 Your handmaid humbly recalls that when the late emperor was at Bing and Fen, he suddenly met with encirclement and disaster; danger was as fragile as a pile of eggs, urgency as desperate as a man hung upside down; wisdom and courage were both spent, and from morning to evening he could not be preserved.

不幸先帝厭代，嗣子承祧，不能繼好息民，而反虧恩辜義，兵戈屢動，駟馬難追，戚實自貽，咎將誰執。 Unfortunately the late emperor passed away; the heir received the ancestral line yet could not continue friendship and give the people rest, but instead violated kindness and betrayed righteousness; war was raised again and again, and what four horses could not overtake was truly sorrow of our own making — upon whom shall the blame fall?

太后答曰：「重貴事妾謹慎，所失者違先君之志，絕兩國之歡。 The empress dowager replied: "Chonggui has served me with care; what was lost was going against the late sovereign's will and severing friendship between our two states.

《張從訓傳》亦云，高祖鎮太原，為少帝娶從訓長女為妃。）〉 The Biography of Zhang Congxun also records that when Gaozu was posted at Taiyuan, he took Congxun's eldest daughter as consort for the Young Emperor.)〉

初，高祖愛少弟重胤，養以為子。 At first Gaozu loved his youngest brother Chongyin and raised him as his own son.

高祖崩，梓宮在殯，帝遂納之。 While Gaozu's coffin still lay in state, the emperor took her as his consort.

群臣出，帝與夫人酣飲，過梓宮前，叕而告曰：「皇太后之命，與先帝不任大慶。」 When the officials had gone out, the emperor drank heavily with the lady. Passing before the imperial coffin, he bowed twice and announced: "By the empress dowager's command, my late father cannot bear the burden of grand celebration either."

又，按《薛史》不載外戚傳，據《五代會要》云：晉高祖長女長安公主降楊承祚，天福二年五月封，至六年五月卒，追封秦國公主，至七年九月，又追封梁國長公主。 Also, examining Xue's History, it includes no biography of maternal relatives; according to the Five Dynasties Essentials, Gaozu's eldest daughter, Princess of Chang'an, was married to Yang Chengzuo; she was enfeoffed in the fifth month of Tianfu 2, died in the fifth month of the sixth year, was posthumously enfeoffed Princess of Qin, and in the ninth month of the seventh year was again posthumously enfeoffed Princess of Liang.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 87Volume 87 Book of Later Jin 13: Biographies 2: Imperial Family · 21 passages

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廣王敬威，字奉信，高祖之從父弟也。 Prince Jingwei of Guang, styled Fengxin, was Gaozu's younger paternal cousin.

及高祖建義於太原，敬威時在洛下，知禍必及，召所親謂曰：「夫人生而有死，理之常也。 When Gaozu raised his righteous enterprise at Taiyuan, Jingwei was in Luoyang. Seeing that disaster was inevitable, he summoned his intimates and said, "That we are born only to die is the constant way of things.

韓王暉，字德昭，睿祖孝平皇帝之孫，高祖之從兄也。 Prince Hui of Han, styled Dezhao, was a grandson of the Exalted Ancestor Emperor Xiaoping and Gaozu's paternal cousin.

暉生而龐厚，剛毅雄直，有器局，行不由徑，臨事多智，故高祖於宗族之中，獨厚遇之。 Hui was born stout and solid, firm, bold, and upright, with breadth of character. He would not take shortcuts, and in affairs he was often resourceful. Among the clan Gaozu singled him out for generous treatment.

初，張敬達之圍晉陽也，高祖署暉為突騎都將，常引所部，出敵之不意，深入力戰，雖夷傷流血，矢鏃貫骨，而辭氣益厲，高祖壯之。 Earlier, when Zhang Jingda besieged Jinyang, Gaozu appointed Hui commander of the assault cavalry. He often led his men where the enemy did not expect, plunging deep and fighting with all his strength. Though wounded and bleeding, with arrowheads driven through bone, his voice only grew fiercer, and Gaozu admired him.

《歐陽史》云：重允，高祖弟也，亦不知其為親疏，然高祖愛之，養以為子，故於名加「重」而下齒諸子。 The Ouyang History says Chongyun was Gaozu's younger brother; whether he was close or distant kin is unknown, yet Gaozu loved him and raised him as a son. Therefore "Chong" was added to his name and he was ranked below Gaozu's sons.

《通鑒·齊王紀》：高帝少弟重胤早卒。）〉 The Comprehensive Mirror, Annals of the Prince of Qi: Gaozu's youngest brother Chongyin died young.)〉

考《五代會要》云：重英，高祖長子，天福四年四月追封。 The Institutions of the Five Dynasties records that Chongying was Gaozu's eldest son, posthumously enfeoffed in the fourth month of Tianfu 4.

楚王重信，字守孚，高祖第二子，後唐明宗之外孫也。 Prince Chongxin of Chu, styled Shoufu, was Gaozu's second son and a maternal grandson of Later Tang's Emperor Mingzong.

高祖即位，出鎮孟津，到任逾月，去民病十餘事，朝廷有詔褒之。 When Gaozu took the throne, Chongxin was sent to govern Mengjin. Within a month of taking office he removed more than ten abuses afflicting the people, and the court issued an edict commending him.

高祖曰：「此兒為善被禍，予甚湣之，自我作古，寧有例乎。」 Gaozu said, "This boy did good yet suffered disaster; I pity him deeply. To break precedent myself—what example is there?"

壽王重乂，字宏理，高祖第三子也。 Prince Chongyi of Shou, styled Hongli, was Gaozu's third son.

幼岐嶷，好儒書，亦通兵法，高祖素所鐘愛。 From youth he was precocious and sharp, loved Confucian books, and also understood military strategy; Gaozu had long cherished him.

及即位，自北京皇城使拜左驍衛大將軍。 When Gaozu took the throne, Chongyi was promoted from Beijing Imperial City commissioner to general of the Left Valiant Cavalry Guard.

從賓敗，高祖發哀於便殿，輟視朝三日，詔贈太傅。 When Congbin was defeated, Gaozu expressed mourning in the side hall, suspended court audiences for three days, and issued an edict posthumously honoring Chongyi as Grand Tutor.

〈（《五代會要》云：重進，高祖第五子，天福七年四月追封。）〉 (The Institutions of the Five Dynasties says Chongjin was Gaozu's fifth son, posthumously enfeoffed in the fourth month of Tianfu 7.)〉

〈（《歐陽史》：高祖少子曰馮六，未名而卒，贈太傅，追封陳王，賜名重杲。）〉 (The Ouyang History: Gaozu's youngest son was called Feng Six; he died before receiving a name, was posthumously honored as Grand Tutor, enfeoffed as Prince of Chen, and given the name Chonggao.)〉

〈（案《契丹國志》：高祖憂悒成疾，一旦馮道獨對，高祖命幼子重睿出拜之，又令宦者抱置道懷中，蓋欲馮道輔立之。 (Note: According to the Khitan State Chronicles, Gaozu, weighed down by worry, fell ill. One day Feng Dao had a private audience; Gaozu ordered his young son Chongrui to come forth and bow to him, and had a eunuch place the child in Dao's arms—apparently intending Feng Dao to assist in installing him as heir.

高祖崩，道與侍衛馬步都虞候景延廣議，以國家多難，宜立長君，乃奉齊王重貴為嗣。 When Gaozu died, Dao discussed with Jing Yanguang, chief of the palace guards infantry and cavalry, that the state faced many difficulties and a mature ruler should be installed; they thereupon enthroned Prince Chonggui of Qi as successor.

《五代會要》：重睿，高祖第七子，許州節度使，未封王。 The Institutions of the Five Dynasties: Chongrui was Gaozu's seventh son, military commissioner of Xu, and had not yet received a princely title.

《通鑒》云：延煦及弟延寶皆高祖諸孫，帝養以為子。 The Comprehensive Mirror says Yanxu and his younger brother Yanbao were all Gaozu's grandsons; the emperor raised them as sons.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 96Volume 96 Book of Later Jin 22: Biographies 11: Kong Chongbi, Chen Baoji, Wang Yu, Zhang Jizuo, Zhen Ruan, Hu Rao, Liu Suiqing, Fang Gao, Meng Chenghui, Liu Jixun, Zheng Shouyi, Cheng Xun, Li Yu, Zheng Xuansu, Ma Zhongji, Chen Xuan · 13 passages

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既而襄、鄧長吏以行止入奏，維翰乃奏於高祖曰：「保極閩人，多狡，恐逃入淮海。」 Soon the senior officials of Xiang and Deng reported his movements to court. Weihan then told Gaozu, "Baoji is a Fujian man and notoriously cunning; I fear he may flee to the Huaihai region."

瑜即以書上奏，高祖覽章嘆曰：「廉直清慎有如此者，誠良臣也。」 Yu then submitted a memorial. When Gaozu read it he exclaimed, "Such integrity, uprightness, purity, and caution—this is truly a fine minister."

屬朝廷起兵，將討鄴城，為巡兵所獲，奏之，高祖深忌之。 When the court marched to attack Ye, patrol troops seized the gift and reported it, and Gaozu took deep offense.

及敗，宰臣桑維翰以父珙早事齊王，奏欲雪之，高祖不允， After the defeat, chief minister Sang Weihan—whose father Gong had long served the prince of Qi—memorialized to clear the family's name, but Gaozu refused,

高祖建義入洛，阮自郡來朝，旋為本州指揮使石重立所殺，舉族無孑遺。 When Gaozu raised the righteous cause and entered Luoyang, Ruan came from his prefecture to court and was soon killed by Shi Chongli, commander of his native prefecture, with his entire clan wiped out to the last.

高祖即位之二年，授鳳州防禦使，加檢校司徒，會丁母憂，起復，授內客省使、右監門衛大將軍。 In the second year of Gaozu's reign he was made defense commissioner of Fengzhou and given the honorary title of minister of education. When his mother died he was recalled from mourning and appointed commissioner of the inner guests bureau and great general of the right gate guard.

高祖即位，以暠濡足閏朝，不專與奪，故特恩原之，命為左驍衛大將軍，留西京。 When Gaozu took the throne, since Gao had served under two dynasties and had not monopolized decisions on life and death, he was specially shown grace and pardoned, appointed grand general of the Left Valiant Guards, and kept at the western capital.

始為本府牙校，遇高祖臨其地，升為客將。 At first he was a military adjutant of his prefecture; when Gaozu came to the region, he was promoted to guest officer.

高祖有天下，擢為閣門副使，累遷宣徽使，官至檢校司空、太府卿、右武衛大將軍。 After Gaozu possessed the realm, Chenghui was promoted to deputy gate commissioner, rose through posts to palace secretariat commissioner, and reached the offices of honorary minister of works, grand minister of the court treasury, and grand general of the Right Martial Guards.

唐天成中，高祖鎮鄴都，繼勛時為客將，高祖愛其端謹，籍其名於帳下，從歷數鎮。 During Tang's Tiancheng era, when Gaozu governed Yedu, Jixun served as a guest officer. Gaozu admired his steady, careful manner, kept him on his staff register, and took him through several provincial postings.

及即位，擢為閣門使，出為淄州刺史，遷澶州防禦使，俄改鄭州，自宣徽北院使拜華州刺史。 After Gaozu took the throne, Jixun was made gate commissioner, then prefect of Zi, defense commissioner of Chan, and soon of Zheng; from commissioner of the northern palace secretariat bureau he was appointed prefect of Hua.

高祖晏駕，以不赴國哀停任，會赦，拜京兆少尹。 When Gaozu died he was suspended for failing to attend the state mourning; after an amnesty he was appointed vice prefect of the capital district.

高祖登極，授光祿卿。 When Gaozu took the throne he was appointed minister of imperial entertainments.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 104Volume 104 Book of Later Jin 6: Biographies 1: Empresses and Consorts · 1 passage

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後聞而諫曰：「自晉高祖建義，及國家興運，雖出於天意，亦土地人民福力同致耳，未能惠其眾而欲奪其財，非新天子恤隱之理也。 The empress heard of it and remonstrated, saying, "From the time Jin Gaozu raised the righteous cause down to our dynasty's rise to fortune, although it came from Heaven's will, it was also because the blessing-power of the land and the people arrived together; to fail to show kindness to the multitude yet wish to strip their wealth is not the way a new Son of Heaven should pity the distressed.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 119Volume 119 Book of Later Zhou 21: Shizong Annals 6 · 2 passages

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且濤事晉高祖，曾上疏論邠州節度使張彥澤蓄無君心，宜早圖之，不然則為國患。 Moreover, Tao served Gaozu of Later Jin and once memorialized that Zhang Yanzhe, military commissioner of Bin, harbored disloyal intent and should be dealt with early, or he would become a national calamity.

晉祖不納，其後契丹南侵，彥澤果有中渡之變，晉社殲焉。 Gaozu did not accept it; afterward the Khitan invaded south, Yanzhe brought about the disaster at Zhongdu, and the Jin state perished.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 127Volume 127 Book of Later Zhou 29: Biographies 7: Lu Wenji, Ma Yisun, He Ning, Su Yugui, Jing Fan · 7 passages

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三年夏，晉祖引契丹拒命，既而大軍挫衄，官寨受圍。 That summer in the third year, the Jin founder brought in Khitan forces in rebellion. The main army was soon broken and the imperial encampment surrounded.

晉祖入洛，罷相為吏部尚書，再遷太子少傅。 When the Jin founder entered Luoyang, Wenji left the chief ministership for director of the Ministry of Personnel, then was promoted again to junior tutor of the heir.

晉祖受命，廢歸田里。 When the Jin founder took the Mandate, Yisun was sent home.

晉祖每召問以時事，言皆稱旨。 The Jin founder summoned him on affairs of state; his answers always pleased.

六年秋，晉高祖將幸鄴都，時襄州安從進反狀已彰，凝乃奏曰：「車駕離闕，安從進或有悖逆，何以待之？」 In autumn of the sixth year Gaozu of Jin was bound for Yedu while An Congjin of Xiang showed open rebellion. Ning memorialized: "If the throne leaves the capital, Congjin may rebel—what is our plan?"

晉高祖曰：「卿意如何？」 Gaozu asked, "What do you advise?"

晉高祖從之。 Gaozu agreed.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 130Volume 130 Book of Later Zhou 32: Biographies 10: Wang Jun, Murong Yanchao, Yan Honglu, Cui Zhoudu · 1 passage

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宏魯事唐明宗、晉高祖，累歷事任。 Honglu served under Emperor Mingzong of Tang and the Jin founder, rising through a series of offices.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 138Volume 138: Foreign States Biographies 2: Tubo, Huihu, Goryeo, Bohai Tungusic Tribes, Heishui Tungusic Tribes, Silla, Tangut, Kunming Tribes, Yutian, Champa, Zangkeman · 2 passages

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明年，晉高祖遣涇州押牙陳延暉齎詔書安撫涼州，涼州人共劫留延暉，立以爲刺史。 The following year Emperor Gaozu of Jin sent Chen Yanhui, adjutant of Jing Prefecture, with an edict to reassure Liangzhou. The people of Liangzhou seized him and made him their prefect.

《歐陽史》：「晉高祖時，又加冊命，阿咄欲不知其爲狄銀親疏，亦不知其立卒，而仁裕訖五代常來朝貢，史亦失其紀。」 The Ouyang History states: "Under Emperor Gaozu of Jin further investiture was granted. Whether Atouyu was near or distant kin to Diyin is unknown, as are the circumstances of his rise and death, whereas Renyu continued to send tribute throughout the Five Dynasties—yet the histories have lost the record of his reign as well."

History of Liao, Chapter 36Volume 36 Treatises 6: Military 3 · 2 passages

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太宗定晉，晉主石敬瑭來獻十六城，乃定四京，改皇都為上京。 When Taizong pacified Jin, Shi Jingtang of Later Jin ceded sixteen prefectures; the court then fixed four capitals and renamed the imperial seat Shangjing.

良由石晉獻土，中國失五關之固然也。 The root cause was Shi Jingtang's land grant and the Central States' forfeiture of the five passes' natural defenses.

History of Liao, Chapter 54Volume 54 Treatises 24: Music · 1 passage

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晉高祖使馮道、劉煦冊應天太后、太宗皇帝，其聲器、工官與法駕，同歸於遼。 When Jin Gaozu sent Feng Dao and Liu Xu to invest Empress Dowager Yingtian and Emperor Taizong, the musical instruments, musicians, and imperial regalia all passed into Liao hands together.

History of Liao, Chapter 55Volume 55 Treatises 25: Ceremonial Guards 1 · 1 passage

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於是舉渤海，立敬瑭，破重貴，盡致周、秦、兩漢、隋、唐文物之遺餘而居有之。 He then subjugated Bohai, installed Shi Jingtang, defeated Shi Chonggui, and gathered into his possession the surviving regalia and artifacts of Zhou, Qin, both Han dynasties, Sui, and Tang.

History of Liao, Chapter 60Volume 60 Treatises 30: Finance and Economics 2 · 1 passage

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石敬瑭又獻沿邊所積錢，以備軍實。 Shi Jingtang further presented hoarded border-region coin to provision the armies.

History of Liao, Chapter 72Volume 72 Biographies 2: Imperial Family: Yi Zongbei, the Foreign Emperor Zhang Su, Shun Zongjun, Jin Wangaoluwo · 2 passages

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及太宗立石敬瑭為晉主，加兵於洛。 When Taizong set up Shi Jingtang as Jin emperor and sent additional troops against Luoyang.

敬瑭入洛，喪服臨哭，以王禮權厝。 When Jingtang entered Luoyang he came in mourning to weep at the coffin and provisionally interred Bei with royal rites.

History of Liao, Chapter 73Volume 73 Biographies 3: Yelu Helu, Xiao Dilu, Yelu Xieniechi, Yelu Yuwen, Yelu Haili · 2 passages

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石敬瑭破張敬達軍於太原北，時頗德勒兵為援，敬達遁。 Shi Jingtang defeated Zhang Jingda's army north of Taiyuan. Pide led troops in relief at the time, and Jingda fled.

敬瑭追至晉安寨圍之，頗德領輕騎襲潞州，塞其餉道。 Jingtang pursued to Jin'an Stockade and besieged it. Pide led light cavalry to strike Luzhou and cut off their supply route.

History of Liao, Chapter 75Volume 75 Biographies 5: Yelu Dilie, Yelu Duozhen, Wang Yu, Yelu Tulujiong · 1 passage

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十一年，送晉主石敬瑭入洛。 In the eleventh year he escorted the Jin ruler Shi Jingtang into Luoyang.

History of Liao, Chapter 76Volume 76 Biographies 6: Yelu Jieli, Yelu Balide, Yelu Shuogu, Yelu Lubugu, Zhao Yanshou, Gao Mohan, Zhao Siwen, Yelu Oulisi, Zhang Li · 8 passages

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晉高祖立，始歸國。 Only when Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin took the throne did he return home.

會河東節度使石敬瑭為其主所討，遣人求援，魯不古導送於朝，如其請。 When the Hedong military governor Shi Jingtang was attacked by his own ruler and sent envoys to seek help, Lubugu escorted them to court and the plea was granted as requested.

石敬瑭發兵太原，唐遣張敬達往討。 When Shi Jingtang raised an army at Taiyuan, Tang dispatched Zhang Jingda to suppress him.

石敬瑭遣人求救，太宗許之。 Shi Jingtang sent envoys to beg for aid, and Taizong agreed.

敬瑭夜出謁帝，約為父子。 Jingtang came out by night to pay homage to the emperor and agreed to enter a father-and-son bond with him.

會敬瑭自立為晉帝，光遠斬敬達以降，諸州悉下。 When Jingtang declared himself emperor of Jin, Guangyuan killed Jingda and surrendered, and every prefecture fell in line.

天顯十一年，唐兵攻太原，石敬瑭遣使求救，上命思溫自嵐、憲間出兵援之。 In the eleventh year of Tianxian, when Tang attacked Taiyuan, Shi Jingtang sent envoys begging for aid; the emperor ordered Siwen to march out through Lan and Xian to relieve the city.

會石敬瑭起兵，唐主以礪為招討判官，從趙德鈞援張敬達於河東。 When Shi Jingtang rebelled, the Tang ruler made Li judge on the pacification campaign and sent him with Zhao Dejun to relieve Zhang Jingda in Hedong.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 7Volume 7 Later Tang Annals 4: Deposed Emperors · 6 passages

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北京留守石敬瑭獻銀絹助作山陵。 Shi Jingtang, who held Taiyuan as military governor and metropolitan defender, sent silver and silk for the imperial tomb.

河東節度使石敬瑭反。 Shi Jingtang, military governor of Hedong, rose in rebellion.

戊申，先鋒指揮使安審信叛降於石敬瑭。 On wushen the vanguard commander An Shenxin defected to Shi Jingtang.

己酉，振武戍將安重榮叛降於石敬瑭。 On jiyou An Chongrong, officer of the Zhenwu garrison, went over to Shi Jingtang.

癸丑，彰聖指揮使張萬迪叛降於石敬瑭。 On guichou Zhang Wandi of the Zhangsheng command went over to Shi Jingtang.

年五十一，帝自焚死，晉高祖命葬其燼骨於徽陵域中。 He was fifty-one. The emperor burned himself to death, and Gaozu of Jin ordered his charred bones buried within the Huiling precinct.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 8Volume 8 Later Jin Annals 1: Gaozu · 26 passages

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高祖聖文章武明德孝皇帝，其父臬捩雞，本出於西夷，自朱邪歸唐，從朱邪入居陰山。 Gaozu, the Sagely, Literary, Martial, Virtuous, and Filial Emperor, was born to Niezhji. The family sprang from western tribes; they left the Zhuye for Tang service and settled with them in the Yin Mountains.

臬捩雞生敬瑭，其姓石氏，不知其得姓之始也。 Niezhji’s son was Jingtang. The clan took the surname Shi; when or how they first bore it is not recorded.

敬瑭為人沈厚寡言，明宗愛之，妻以女，是為永寧公主，由是常隸明宗帳下，號左射軍。 Jingtang was grave and taciturn. Mingzong favored him, married him to a princess—Princess Yongning—and kept him in his personal train as commander of the Left Shooter Army.

兵未及陣，為掞所掩，敬瑭以十餘騎橫槊馳擊，取之以旋。 Yan caught the column before it could form. Jingtang led barely a dozen riders in a slashing charge, brought Zhuangzong out, and broke clear.

莊宗拊其背而壯之，手啗以酥，啗酥，夷狄所重，由是名動軍中。 Zhuangzong smote his back in admiration and fed him curd from his own hand—a delicacy the nomads prized—so that Jingtang’s fame rang through the host.

十五年，莊宗戰於胡柳，前鋒周德威戰死，敬瑭以左射軍從明宗復擊敗梁兵。 In year fifteen Zhuangzong fought at Huliu; Zhou Dewei, his vanguard, fell. Jingtang and the Left Shooter Army followed Mingzong in a counter-stroke and broke the Liang line.

明宗戰胡盧套、楊村，為梁兵所敗，敬瑭常脫明宗於危。 At Hulu Tao and Yangcun Mingzong met defeat; again and again Jingtang pulled him out of the killing ground.

敬瑭獻計曰：「豈有軍變於外，上將獨無事者乎？ Jingtang urged: “If soldiers mutiny in the field, can their general stand blameless?

明宗然之，與之驍騎三百，渡黎陽為前鋒，明宗遂入汴。 Mingzong agreed and lent him three hundred picked riders. Jingtang crossed Liyang in the van; Mingzong entered Bian on his heels.

莊宗西還，明宗以敬瑭為前鋒趣汜水，且收其散卒。 Zhuangzong withdrew westward. Mingzong sent Jingtang ahead to Sishui to round up the stragglers.

莊宗遇弒，明宗入立，拜敬瑭保義軍節度使，賜號「竭忠建策興復功臣」，兼六軍諸衛副使。 After Zhuangzong’s murder Mingzong took the throne. He made Jingtang governor of Baoyi, titled him “Loyal Architect of Restoration,” and named him deputy over the Six Armies and palace guards.

是時，諸侯多不奉法，鄧州陶玘、亳州李鄴皆以贓汙論死，明宗下詔書褒廉吏普州安崇阮、洺州張萬進、耀州孫嶽等以諷天下，而以敬瑭為首。 Feudatories then flouted the law wholesale; Tao Qi of Deng and Li Ye of Bo died for graft. Mingzong published an edict holding up honest governors—An Chongruan, Zhang Wanjin, Sun Yue, and the rest—with Jingtang first among them.

董璋反東川，為行營都招討使，不克而還。 Dong Zhang rose in eastern Sichuan. Jingtang led the campaign army against him, failed to win, and came back.

徙鎮河陽三城，未行，而契丹、吐渾、突厥皆入寇，是時，秦王從榮統六軍，敬瑭疑其必及禍，不欲為其副，乃自請行。 Before he could leave for Heyang, Khitan, Tuyuhun, and Turkish bands struck the frontiers. Congrong, Prince of Qin, held the Six Armies. Fearing ruin as his deputy, Jingtang volunteered for frontier duty.

明宗數責大臣問誰可行者，範延光、趙延壽等卒以敬瑭為請，乃拜河東節度使、大同彰國振武威塞等軍蕃漢馬步軍總管，落六軍副使，乃行。 Mingzong upbraided his council again and again for a suitable man. Fan Yanguang and Zhao Yanshou at last proposed Jingtang. He received Hedong and command over Han and tribal forces of Datong, Zhangguo, Zhenwu, Weisai, and the rest, shed the Six Armies deputy title, and marched.

明年，明宗崩，愍帝即位，加中書令。 The following year Mingzong died; when Mindi came to the throne, Jingtang was given the additional title Director of the Secretariat.

潞王從珂反於鳳翔，愍帝出奔，遇敬瑭于道，敬瑭殺帝從者百餘人，幽帝于衞州而去。 When Prince Congke of Lu rebelled at Fengxiang, Mindi fled. Jingtang met him on the road, killed more than a hundred of his attendants, confined him at Weizhou, and departed.

廢帝即位，疑敬瑭必反。 After the Deposed Emperor took the throne, he suspected that Jingtang was certain to rebel.

天福元年五月，徙鎮天平，敬瑭果不受命，謂其屬曰：「先帝授吾太原使老焉，今無故而遷，是疑吾反也。 In the fifth month of Tianfu 1 the court ordered him to Tianping. Jingtang defied the transfer. He told his staff: “The late emperor set me in Taiyuan to end my days; a move without cause means they think me a traitor.

廢帝下詔削奪敬瑭官爵，命張敬達等討之，敬瑭求援於契丹。 Congke stripped his titles and sent Zhang Jingda against him. Jingtang turned to the Khitan.

敬瑭夜出北門見耶律德光，約為父子。 Jingtang slipped out the north gate by night, met Yelü Deguang, and pledged himself as the Khitan emperor’s adopted son.

十一月丁酉，皇帝即位，國號晉。 On dingyou of the eleventh month he ascended the throne as emperor of Jin.

冬十月戊寅，契丹使中書令韓頻來奉冊曰英武明義皇帝。 On wuyin of the tenth month the Khitan chief councillor Han Pin arrived with the investiture scroll, styling him Heroic Martial and Clear Righteousness Emperor.

初，延光請降，高祖不許，延光遂堅壁，攻之，久不克，卒悔而赦之，故不書降。 At first Yanguang asked to surrender, but Gaozu refused, so Yanguang held his walls. After a long siege failed, Gaozu regretted the decision and pardoned him; for that reason the text does not say that Yanguang surrendered.

愍帝附于明宗徽陵域中，無陵名，故曰「墓」，晉高祖即位，追謚為愍皇帝。 Emperor Min had been buried in the precinct of Mingzong's Huiling and had no separate mausoleum name, so the text says "tomb." After Gaozu of Jin took the throne, he gave him the posthumous title Emperor Min.

秋八月丁酉，閱稼於西郊。 On dingyou of the eighth month the emperor reviewed the harvest in the western suburbs.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 9Volume 9 Later Jin Annals 2: the Emperor That Fled · 10 passages

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出帝父敬儒，高祖兄也，為唐莊宗騎將，早卒，高祖以其子重貴為子。 The Fleeing Emperor’s father, Jingru, was Gaozu’s elder brother—a horseman under Tang’s Zhuangzong who died young. Gaozu adopted his son Chonggui.

高祖六子，五皆早死，而重睿幼，故重貴得立。 Of Gaozu’s six sons five had died in childhood and Chongrui was still an infant, so the throne passed to Chonggui.

高祖使博士王震教以《禮記》，久之，不能通大義，謂震曰：「此非我家事也。」 Gaozu set the Erudite Wang Zhen to instruct him in the Book of Rites. Months passed without his mastering the text’s larger sense, and he told Zhen, “Ritual learning is not our house’s trade.”

高祖為契丹所立，謀以一子留守太原。 When Gaozu, enthroned with Khitan backing, planned to station a son at Taiyuan,

六年，高祖幸鄴，留守東京。 In the sixth year, while Gaozu went to Ye, he stayed behind as guardian of the Eastern Capital.

七年六月乙丑，高祖崩，皇帝即位於柩前。 On yichou of the sixth month in the seventh year Gaozu died, and the emperor took the throne before the coffin.

庚寅，葬聖文章武孝皇帝於顯陵。 On gengyin Gaozu, temple name the Sagely, Literary, Martial, and Filial Emperor, was laid to rest at Xianling.

庚子，祔高祖神主於太廟。 On gengzi Gaozu’s spirit tablet was placed in the Imperial Ancestral Temple.

辛丑，蠲高祖靈車所過民租之半。 On xinchou communities along the funeral route had half their rent forgiven.

晉自高祖以父事契丹甚謹，而歲時遣使，舊史、實錄皆不書。 From Gaozu on, Jin served the Khitan as a father with punctilious care, sending regular envoys, though the old history and Veritable Records did not record them all.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 10Volume 10 Later Jin Annals 1: Gaozu, Emperor Yin · 11 passages

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與晉高祖俱事明宗為偏將，明宗及梁人戰德勝，晉高祖馬甲斷，梁兵幾及，知遠以所乘馬授之，復取高祖馬殿而還，高祖德之。 He and Gaozu of Jin served Mingzong as subordinate commanders. At Desheng, Gaozu’s horse armor broke and Liang soldiers nearly reached him; Zhiyuan gave Gaozu his own mount, then took Gaozu’s horse and guarded the rear. Gaozu was grateful.

高祖留守北京，知遠為押衙。 When Gaozu held the Northern Capital, Zhiyuan was his chief adjutant.

潞王從珂反，愍帝出奔，高祖自鎮州朝京師，遇愍帝于衞州，止傳舍，知遠遣勇士石敢袖鐵槌侍高祖以虞變。 When Prince Congke of Lu rebelled and Mindi fled, Gaozu came from Zhenzhou toward the capital and met Mindi at Weizhou, where they stopped at the courier lodge. Zhiyuan sent the warrior Shi Gan to wait on Gaozu with an iron mallet hidden in his sleeve in case matters turned dangerous.

高祖與愍帝議事未決，左右欲兵之，知遠擁高祖入室，敢與左右格鬬而死，知遠即率兵盡殺愍帝左右，留帝傳舍而去。 When Gaozu and Mindi could not settle matters, the emperor’s attendants moved to seize Gaozu. Zhiyuan bundled Gaozu into an inner room. Shi Gan fought the attendants and died, and Zhiyuan then led troops in, killed all of Mindi’s attendants, left the emperor at the lodge, and went away.

廢帝入立，高祖復鎮河東，已而有隙，高祖將舉兵，知遠與桑維翰密為高祖謀畫，贊成之。 After the Deposed Emperor took the throne, Gaozu returned to Hedong. A rift soon opened; when Gaozu prepared to raise troops, Zhiyuan and Sang Weihan secretly planned for him and helped make the revolt happen.

高祖即位於太原，以知遠為侍衞親軍都虞候，領保義軍節度使。 When Gaozu proclaimed himself emperor at Taiyuan, he appointed Zhiyuan chief aide of the Palace Guard and military governor of Baoyi.

契丹耶律德光送高祖至潞州，臨決，指知遠曰：「此都軍甚操剌」，世俗謂勇猛為「操剌」，錄其本語，「無大故勿棄之。」 Yelü Deguang of the Khitan escorted Gaozu to Luzhou. As they parted, he pointed at Zhiyuan and said, “This commander is very caola”; common speech used caola for bravery, and the text preserves the original word; “Do not abandon him without serious cause.”

高祖怒，欲罷其兵職，宰相趙瑩以為不可，高祖乃遣端明殿學士和凝就第宣諭，知遠乃受命。 Jin Gaozu, furious, meant to remove him from command, but Chancellor Zhao Ying dissuaded him. He Ning of the Duanming Hall was sent to Zhiyuan’s home to read the imperial reassurance, and only then did Zhiyuan take up his duties again.

九月，朝京師，高祖幸其第。 In the ninth month he came to court, and Jin Gaozu called at his house.

七年，高祖崩。 In the seventh year Jin Gaozu died.

知遠從高祖起太原，有佐命功，自出帝立，與契丹絕盟，用兵北方，常疑知遠勛位已高，幸晉多故而有異志，每優尊之。 Zhiyuan had stood with Jin Gaozu from the founding at Taiyuan and earned his place among the founders. After the Outgoing Emperor broke with the Khitan and warred in the north, the court often feared that Zhiyuan’s honors had outgrown his loyalty and that Jin’s calamities might tempt him elsewhere—yet he was lavished with ever greater favor.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 15Volume 15: Mingzong of Later Tang's Family · 4 passages

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廢帝即位，追尊魏氏為皇太后，議建陵寢，而太原石敬瑭反，乃於京師河南府東立寢宮。 The Deposed Emperor posthumously honored her as empress dowager and planned a mausoleum, but when Shi Jingtang rebelled at Taiyuan they built a resting palace east of Henan in the capital.

石敬瑭兵犯京師，廢帝聚族將自焚。 When Shi Jingtang’s army closed on the capital, the Deposed Emperor gathered his kin to die by fire.

晉高祖立，妃自請為尼，不可，乃遷於至德宮。 When Jin Gaozu rose, the consort begged to become a nun but was denied and sent to Zhide Palace.

晉高祖立，追謚曰哀。 When Jin Gaozu rose he posthumously named her Ai.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 16Volume 16: Family of the Tang Deposed Emperor · 4 passages

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是時，石敬瑭已反，方用兵，而令昭之亂作。 Shi Jingtang had already rebelled and fighting was under way when Lingzhao’s revolt erupted.

石敬瑭反，廢帝欲北征，重美謂宜持重，固請毋行。 When Shi Jingtang rebelled, the deposed emperor wanted to march north; Chongmei urged caution and firmly pleaded that he not go.

廢帝心憚敬瑭，初不欲往，聞重美言，以為然，而劉延皓與劉延朗等迫之不已，廢帝遂如河陽，留重美守京師。 The deposed emperor feared Jingtang and at first did not want to march; hearing Chongmei, he agreed, but Liu Yanhao, Liu Yanlang, and others kept pressing him, so he proceeded to Heyang and left Chongmei to hold the capital.

及晉兵將至，劉皇后積薪于地，將焚其宮室，重美曰：「新天子至，必不露坐，但佗日重勞民力，取怨身後耳！」 As the Jin army neared, Empress Liu heaped firewood to burn the palace. Chongmei said, “When the new emperor arrives he will not sit in the open air; this would only waste the people’s labor later and bring hatred after our deaths!”

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 26Volume 26 Later Tang Biographies 6: Fu Xi, Wu Zhen, Kong Qian, Zhang Yanlang, Li Yan, Li Renju, Mao Zhang · 3 passages

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晉高祖有異志，三司財貨在太原者，延朗悉調取之，高祖深以為恨。 Gaozu of Later Jin already nursed designs of his own. Yanlang seized every coin and store the Three Departments had at Taiyuan, and Gaozu never forgave him.

晉兵起，廢帝欲親征，而心畏高祖，遲疑不決，延朗與劉延朗等勸帝必行。 When Jin’s armies rose, the deposed emperor meant to take the field himself—but he feared Gaozu and hung back. Yanlang, Liu Yanlang, and others pressed him to march.

延朗籍諸道民為丁及括其馬，丁馬未至，晉兵入京師，高祖得延朗，殺之。 Yanlang drafted men from every circuit and seized their horses. Before either men or mounts arrived, Jin troops were already in the capital. Gaozu took Yanlang and killed him.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 27Volume 27 Later Tang Biographies 7: Zhu Hongzhao, Liu Yanlang, Kang Sili, Kang Yicheng, Yao Yanchou · 26 passages

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孟知祥反，石敬瑭伐蜀，久無功，明宗遣安重誨督軍。 When Meng Zhixiang rebelled, Shi Jingtang’s campaign against Shu dragged on without success. Mingzong sent An Chonghui to take charge of the army.

弘昭即奏言重誨怨望，又陰遣人馳告敬瑭，使拒重誨。 Hongzhao at once reported that Chonghui was disaffected, and secretly sent riders to urge Jingtang to defy him.

會敬瑭以糧餉不繼，遽燒營返軍。 Jingtang’s supplies failed; he burned the camps and marched home.

明年正月，漢瓊請入朝，弘昭、赟乃議徙成德範延光代漢瓊，北京留守石敬瑭代延光，鳳翔潞王從珂代敬瑭。 The next year’s first month, Hanqiong sought audience. Hongzhao and Yun proposed shifting Fan Yanguang from Chengde into Hanqiong’s post, Shi Jingtang from the northern capital into Fan’s, and the Prince of Lu Congke from Fengxiang into Jingtang’s.

初，帝與晉高祖俱事明宗，而心不相悅。 The emperor and the Jin High Ancestor had both served Mingzong, yet they never liked each other.

帝既入立，高祖不得已來朝，而心頗自疑，欲求歸鎮，且難言之，乃陽為羸疾，灸灼滿身，冀帝憐而遣之。 Once enthroned, the emperor compelled the High Ancestor to attend court. Jingtang came, uneasy and eager to return to his post. Unable to speak plainly, he pretended grave illness and covered himself with moxa burns, hoping pity would send him home.

延朗等多言敬瑭可留京師，昭胤、專美曰：「敬瑭與趙延壽皆尚唐公主，不可獨留。」 Yanlang’s faction urged keeping Jingtang in the capital. Zhaoyin and Zhuanmei objected: “Jingtang and Zhao Yanshou both married Tang princesses. You cannot hold one and not the other.”

乃復授高祖河東而遣之。 So the High Ancestor was sent back to Hedong.

是時，契丹數寇北邊，以高祖為大同、振武、威塞、彰國等軍蕃漢馬步軍都總管，屯於忻州。 Khitan raids pressed the north. Jingtang was made overall commander of Tangut and Han forces of Datong, Zhenwu, Weisai, Zhangguo, and other commands, encamped at Xinzhou.

而屯兵忽變，擁高祖呼「萬歲」，高祖懼，斬三十餘人而後止。 His troops mutinied, surrounded him, and shouted “Long live!” He cut down thirty-odd men before order returned.

是時，高祖悉握精兵在北，饋運芻糧，遠近勞弊。 Jingtang held the best troops in the north; supply lines stretched far and exhausted the country.

是時，高祖弟重胤為皇城副使，而石氏公主母曹太后居中，因得伺帝動靜言語以報高祖，高祖益自危懼。 Jingtang’s brother Chongyin was deputy commissioner of the Imperial City. The Stone princess’s mother, Dowager Cao, was inside the palace. They watched the emperor’s every move and word and reported to Jingtang, who grew more fearful still.

每帝遣使者勞軍，即陽為羸疾不自堪，因數求解總管以探帝心。 Whenever the emperor sent envoys to the army, Jingtang played at collapse and begged again and again to be relieved of command—testing the throne’s intent.

高祖建言陵與民家墓相雜，不可立宮。 Jingtang argued the tomb lay among commoners’ graves and that no palace should be raised.

帝疑高祖欲毀民墓，為國取怨，帝由此發怒，罷高祖總管，徙鄆州。 The emperor thought Jingtang meant to raze common graves and earn the realm’s hatred. Enraged, he stripped him of command and moved him to Yunzhou.

後月余，文遇獨直，帝夜召之，語罷敬瑭事，文遇曰：「臣聞『作舍道邊，三年不成』。 A month later Wenyu held night watch alone. The emperor called him at night. When they came to Jingtang, Wenyu said: “They say, ‘Build a house beside the road and in three years it is still unfinished.’

且敬瑭徙亦反，不徙亦反，遲速爾，不如先事圖之。」 Move Jingtang and he rebels; leave him and he rebels—only the timing differs. Strike first.”

居五六日，敬瑭以反聞。 Within a week came word that Jingtang had rebelled.

敬瑭上書，言帝非明宗子，而許王從益次當立。 Jingtang’s memorial claimed the emperor was not Mingzong’s son and that Prince Xu Congyi should reign.

延朗等請帝親征，帝心憂懼，常惡言敬瑭事，每戒人曰：「爾無說石郎，令我心膽墮地！」 Yanlang urged a personal campaign. The emperor was sick with fear, could not bear talk of Jingtang, and warned his court: “Do not mention Lord Stone—I feel my heart fall through the floor!”

是時，契丹已立敬瑭為天子，以兵而南，帝惶惑不知所之。 The Khitan had made Jingtang emperor and marched south. The emperor panicked, without a plan.

高祖入京師，延朗等六人皆除名為民。 Jingtang entered the capital. Yanlang and five others were demoted to commoners.

晉高祖聞暠常不與延朗事，哀之，後復以為將。 The Jin High Ancestor heard Hao had kept out of Yanlang’s plots and pitied him; later he was restored to command.

石敬瑭反太原，廢帝以思立為北面行營馬軍都指揮使。 When Shi Jingtang rebelled at Taiyuan, the Deposed Emperor made Sili commander of the northern campaign’s cavalry.

晉高祖入立，贈太子少師。 Jingtang posthumously made him Junior Tutor of the Heir Apparent.

晉高祖立，贈侍中。 Jingtang posthumously made him Palace Attendant.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 29Volume 29 Later Jin Biographies 9: Sang Weihan, Jing Yanguang, Wu Luan · 17 passages

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晋高祖辟为河阳节度掌书记，其后常以自从。 The Jin High Ancestor made him chief secretary at Heyang and kept him close thereafter.

高祖自太原徙天平，不受命，而有异谋，以问将佐，将佐皆恐惧不敢言，独维翰与刘知远赞成之，因使维翰为书求援于契丹。 The High Ancestor refused transfer from Taiyuan to Tianping and plotted rebellion. He asked his staff; all feared and were silent. Only Weihan and Liu Zhiyuan urged him on. Weihan wrote to the Khitan for aid.

高祖惧事不果，乃遣维翰往见德光，为陈利害甚辩，德光意乃决，卒以灭唐而兴晋，维翰之力也。 Fearing failure, the High Ancestor sent Weihan to Deguang. Weihan argued the stakes so well that Deguang committed. Tang fell and Jin rose—chiefly through Weihan.

高祖即位，以维翰为翰林学士、礼部侍郎、知枢密院事，迁中书侍郎、同中书门下平章事，兼枢密使。 At enthronement Weihan became Hanlin academician, Vice Minister of Rites, and Military Affairs director, then Vice Grand Councillor, co-signer, and chief councillor of Military Affairs.

高祖重违重荣，意未决。 The High Ancestor hesitated to cross Chongrong.

维翰上疏言契丹未可与争者七，高祖召维翰使者至卧内，谓曰：「北面之事，方挠吾胸中，得卿此疏，计已决矣，可无忧也。」 Weihan listed seven reasons not to fight the Khitan. The High Ancestor called the messenger to his bedside: “The north has tormented me. This memorial settles it.”

维翰又劝高祖幸邺都。 Weihan also urged a royal progress to Ye.

七年，高祖在邺，维翰来朝，徙镇晋昌。 Year seven the High Ancestor was at Ye. Weihan attended court and was sent to Jinchang.

初，李瀚为翰林学士，好饮而多酒过，高祖以为浮薄。 Li Han of the Hanlin loved wine and drank too deep. The High Ancestor found him flighty.

明宗时，朱守殷以汴州反，晋高祖为六军副使，主诛从守殷反者。 Under Mingzong, Zhu Shouyin rebelled at Bian. The Jin High Ancestor commanded punishment of the rebels.

延广为汴州军校当诛，高祖惜其才，阴纵之使亡，后录以为客将。 Yanguang was marked for death. The High Ancestor prized him, let him slip away, and later took him as a guest officer.

高祖即位，以为侍卫步军都指挥使，领果州团练使，从领宁江军节度使。 At enthronement Yanguang commanded the palace foot guard and governed Guo, then Ningjiang.

高祖崩，出帝立，延广有力，颇伐其功。 The High Ancestor died; the Deposed Emperor rose. Yanguang had clout and trumpeted his deeds.

晋高祖起太原，召契丹为援，契丹过云州，彦珣出城迎谒，为契丹所虏。 The Jin High Ancestor rose at Taiyuan and called in the Khitan. They passed Yun; Yanxun went out to greet them and was captured.

高祖入立，以云州入于契丹，而峦犹守城不下，契丹围之凡七月。 The High Ancestor ceded Yun to the Khitan—but Luan still would not yield. The siege lasted seven months.

高祖义峦所为，乃以书告契丹，使解兵去。 The High Ancestor admired his stand and asked the Khitan to withdraw.

高祖召峦，以为武宁军节度副使、谏议大夫、复州防御使。 He summoned Luan, made him deputy governor of Wuning, Remonstrating Censor, and defender of Fu.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 32Volume 32 Biographies of Martyrs to Virtue 12: Wang Yanzhang · 1 passage

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晉高祖時，追贈彥章太師。 Under Jin Gaozu he was posthumously made Grand Preceptor.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 33Volume 33 Biographies of Martyrs to Service 13: Zhang Yuande, Xia Luqi, Yao Hong, Wang Sitong, Zhang Jingda, Di Jinzong, Shen Bin, Wang Qing, Shi Yanchao, Sun Cheng · 8 passages

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石敬瑭討董璋，思同為先鋒指揮使，兵入劍門，而後軍不繼，思同與璋戰，不勝而卻。 When Shi Jingtang attacked Dong Zhang, Sitong led the vanguard into Jianmen; the rear failed to follow; he fought Zhang, lost, and withdrew.

敬瑭兵罷，思同徙鎮山南西道，已而復為京兆尹、西京留守。 When Jingtang’s campaign ended, Sitong governed Shannan West Circuit, then again became metropolitan prefect and western capital regent.

清泰二年，契丹數犯邊，廢帝以河東節度使石敬瑭兼大同、彰國、振武、威塞等軍蕃漢馬步軍都總管，屯於忻州，屯兵聚噪遮敬瑭呼「萬歲」，敬瑭斬三十餘人以止之。 In Qingtai’s second year Khitan raids multiplied; the Deposed Emperor made Shi Jingtang overall commander of the northern armies at Xinzhou; his troops mutinied, blocked him, and shouted “Long live!”; he beheaded thirty men to quell them.

廢帝疑敬瑭有異志，乃以敬達為北面副總管，以分其兵。 The Deposed Emperor suspected Jingtang and made Jingda deputy northern commander to split his force.

明年夏，徙敬瑭鎮天平，遂以敬達為大同、彰國、振武、威塞等軍蕃漢馬步軍都部署，敬瑭因此遂反。 Next summer Jingtang was moved to Tianping; Jingda took his armies—and Jingtang rebelled.

敬瑭求救於契丹。 Jingtang sought Khitan aid.

德光先遣人告敬瑭曰：「吾欲今日破敵可乎？」 Deguang first asked Jingtang, “Shall I break the enemy today?"

敬瑭報曰：「大兵遠來，而賊勢方盛，要在成功，不必速也。」 Jingtang replied, “You have marched far; the foe is strong—success matters, not haste.”

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 34Volume 34 Biographies of Recluses 14: Zhen Gao, Shi Ang, Cheng Fuyun, Li Zilun · 5 passages

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唐明宗時以左拾遺、晉高祖時以諫議大夫召之，皆不起，即賜號為逍遙先生。 Mingzong summoned him as Left Reminder, Gaozu as Grand Master of Remonstrance—he refused both and was named Master Free Wanderer.

高祖召見，問「道家可以治國乎？」 Gaozu summoned him and asked, “Can Daoism govern the state?”

高祖大其言，延入內殿講《道德經》，拜以為師。 Gaozu prized his words, drew him into the inner hall to lecture on the Daodejing, and honored him as teacher.

高祖善之，賜號通玄先生，後不知其所終。 Gaozu approved and named him Master Penetrating Mystery; later his end is unknown.

晉高祖時，詔天下求孝悌之士，戶部尚書王權、宗正卿石光贊、國子祭酒田敏、兵部侍郎王延等相與詣東上閤門，上昂行義可以應詔。 Under Gaozu of Jin, the court sought filial and dutiful men across the realm. Wang Quan, Minister of Revenue; Shi Guangzan, Director of the Imperial Clan Court; Tian Min, Director of the National University; Wang Yan, Vice Minister of War; and others went together to the Eastern Upper Gate and recommended Ang’s conduct as meeting the edict.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 49Volume 49 Miscellaneous Biographies 29: Di Guangye, Feng Hui, Huang Fuhui, Tang Jingsi, Wang Jin, Chang Si, Sun Fangjian · 5 passages

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晉高祖時，歷棣沂二州刺史、西京副留守。 Under Jin Gaozu he was prefect of Di and Yi in turn and deputy defender of the Western Capital.

董璋反東川，暉從晉高祖討璋，軍至劍門，劍門兵守，不得入，暉從佗道出其左，擊蜀守兵殆盡。 Dong Zhang rebelled in Dongchuan. Hui marched with Jin Gaozu to Jianmen, which held shut. He swung left by another road and cut down the Shu garrison almost to a man.

會晉高祖班師，拜暉澶州刺史。 Gaozu withdrew and made Hui prefect of Chan.

暉始至，則推以恩信，部族懷惠，止息侵奪，然後廣屯田以省轉餉，治倉庫、亭館千餘區，多出俸錢，民不加賦，管內大治，晉高祖下詔書褒美。 Hui came and ruled by grace and trust; the tribes took his favor and raids stopped. He widened garrison farms to spare the convoys, raised a thousand storehouses and lodges from his own pay without new levies, and brought the circuit to order. Jin Gaozu praised him by edict.

晉高祖時，為貝州行軍司馬。 Under Jin Gaozu he was Bei’s marching marshal.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 50Volume 50 Miscellaneous Biographies 30: Wang Jun, Wang Yin, Liu Ci, Wang Huan, Zhe Congruan · 2 passages

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晉高祖滅唐，殺延朗，是時漢高祖從晉起兵，因悉以延朗貲產賜之，峻因得事漢高祖。 Jin Gaozu destroyed Tang and killed Yanlang. Han Gaozu rose with Jin and received all Yanlang’s property; Jun thereby entered Han Gaozu’s service.

母亡服喪，晉高祖詔殷起復，以為憲州刺史，殷乞終喪。 His mother died and he mourned. Jin Gaozu ordered him back to office as Xian prefect; Yin begged to finish mourning.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 69Volume 69: Hereditary House of Nanping · 3 passages

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