Kangxi Emperor (聖祖)

Overview

The translated histories identify Kangxi Emperor as a ruler. This record brings together 101 passages from 12 chapters across 1 history, with names, dates, relationships, offices, and events preserved as source-backed claims.

Names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal	Kangxi Emperor	聖祖	Shengzu
Title	Emperor Kangxi	康熙帝
Title	His Majesty	皇上
Regnal name	Kangxi	康熙	Kangxi
Regnal	Kangxi	康熙
Regnal	Kangxi	康熙	Kangxi
Title	Kangxi Emperor
Title	Kangxi Emperor	康熙帝
Regnal	Kangxi Emperor	康熙帝
Temple name	Kangxi Emperor	聖祖	Shengzu
Temple	Kangxi Emperor	聖祖	Shengzu
Title	Kangxi Emperor	聖祖
Temple name	Sacred Ancestor	聖祖	Shengzu
Temple	Sacred Ancestor	聖祖
Temple	Sacred Ancestor	聖祖	Shengzu
Temple	Sage Ancestor	聖祖	Shengzu
Temple name	Shengzu	聖祖	Shengzu
Temple	Shengzu	聖祖	Shèngzǔ
Title	the emperor	上

Identity

Historicity: Historical
Identification: Named
Sex: Male

Sex: male
Strongly inferred · qingshigao:027:s0005, qingshigao:141:s0045, qingshigao:272:s0058, qingshigao:278:s0016, qingshigao:315:s0105
Sex: male
Explicit · qingshigao:269:s0185, qingshigao:286:s0029, qingshigao:287:s0013, qingshigao:436:s0107, qingshigao:464:s0048, qingshigao:483:s0021

Roles

Ruler

Life and dates

Attested activity

Source Date: Text: 康熙三十年 · Regnal Year: 30 · Western Year: AD 1691
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0085
Source Date: Text: 康熙三十四年 · Regnal Year: 34 · Western Year: AD 1695
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0071
Source Date: Text: 康熙三十五年 · Regnal Year: 35 · Western Year: AD 1696
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0086
Source Date: Text: 康熙四十四年 · Regnal Year: 44 · Western Year: AD 1705
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0045
Source Date: Text: 康熙八年 · Regnal Year: 8 · Western Year: AD 1669
Explicit · qingshigao:027:s0005
Source Date: Text: 二十三年 · Western Year: AD 1684
Explicit · qingshigao:483:s0026
Source Date: Text: 二十年 · Western Year: AD 1894
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:464:s0048
Source Date: Text: 四十七年 · Western Year: AD 1708
Explicit · qingshigao:287:s0017
Source Date: Text: 四十八年正月 · Western Year: AD 1709
Explicit · qingshigao:287:s0024
Source Date: Text: 康熙 · Western Interval: Start: AD 1662 · End: AD 1722
Explicit · qingshigao:436:s0107
Source Date: Text: 康熙七年 · Western Year: AD 1668
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:269:s0004
Source Date: Text: 康熙九年 · Western Year: AD 1670
Explicit · qingshigao:287:s0005
Source Date: Text: 康熙二十七年 · Western Year: AD 1688
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:269:s0129
Source Date: Text: 康熙五年 · Western Year: AD 1666
Explicit · qingshigao:272:s0047
Source Date: Text: 康熙八年 · Western Year: AD 1669
Explicit · qingshigao:272:s0084
Source Date: Text: 康熙六年 · Western Year: AD 1667
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:483:s0021, qingshigao:483:s0017
Source Date: Text: 康熙十五年 · Western Year: AD 1676
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:278:s0015, qingshigao:278:s0016
Source Date: Text: 康熙四十二年五月 · Western Year: AD 1703
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:269:s0049
Source Date: Text: 康熙四十年 · Western Year: AD 1701
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:285:s0174
Source Date: Text: 康熙朝 · Western Interval: Start: AD 1662 · End: AD 1722
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:286:s0029
Source Date: Text: 康熙朝記事 · Western Interval: Start: AD 1670 · End: AD 1714
Strongly inferred · qingshigao:278:s0006, qingshigao:278:s0185
Source Date: Text: 昭莫多之勝後 · Western Year: AD 1696
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:315:s0104, qingshigao:315:s0105
Source Date: Text: 聖祖既親政 · Western Year: AD 1669
Explicit · qingshigao:272:s0058

Family

Immediate source-linked family. Drag to pan, scroll or pinch to zoom, and select a person to open their record.

Child of Empress Xiaokang (孝康章皇后)
Kinship Term: mother / 母 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: mother · Object Role: son
Parent of Yinreng (允礽)
Kinship Term: son / 子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: father

Career and standing

Status: emperor · Action: held
Explicit · qingshigao:027:s0005

Places and affiliations

Label: Qing / 清 · Relation: served
Explicit · qingshigao:269:s0015, qingshigao:464:s0048
Label: Qing / 清 · Relation: served
Strongly inferred · qingshigao:315:s0105
Label: Qing · Relation: ruled
Explicit · qingshigao:287:s0005, qingshigao:287:s0013
Polity: Qing / 清 · Relation: ruled
Explicit · qingshigao:027:s0005, qingshigao:272:s0058
Polity: Qing / 清 · Relation: served
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0045

Works and attributed material

Work: Imperially compiled Zhouyi / 御纂周易 · Relation: compiler
Explicit · qingshigao:464:s0048
Kind: speech · Role: speaker · Addressee Person Id: Tong Guowei (佟國維)
Explicit · qingshigao:287:s0025, qingshigao:287:s0026, qingshigao:287:s0028, qingshigao:287:s0029, qingshigao:287:s0030, qingshigao:287:s0031, qingshigao:287:s0032, qingshigao:287:s0033, qingshigao:287:s0034, qingshigao:287:s0035, qingshigao:287:s0036, qingshigao:287:s0037, qingshigao:287:s0038, qingshigao:287:s0039, qingshigao:287:s0040, qingshigao:287:s0041, qingshigao:287:s0043, qingshigao:287:s0044, qingshigao:287:s0045, qingshigao:287:s0046, qingshigao:287:s0047
Kind: edict · Role: author · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 康熙四十四年 · Regnal Year: 44 · Western Year: AD 1705
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0045, qingshigao:141:s0046, qingshigao:141:s0047, qingshigao:141:s0048
Kind: counsel · Role: addressee · Other Person Id: Ferdinand Verbiest (南懷仁) · Quoted: false
Explicit · qingshigao:027:s0005
Kind: edict · Role: author
Explicit · qingshigao:286:s0036, qingshigao:286:s0037
Kind: speech · Role: speaker · Other Person Id: Song Luo (宋犖) · Quoted: true
Explicit · qingshigao:285:s0174
Kind: speech · Role: speaker
Explicit · qingshigao:272:s0085, qingshigao:272:s0128

Events and relationships

Kind: administrative · Role: commissioner · Action: commissioned-remaking · Label: remade six astronomical instruments / 改造六儀 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 康熙八年 · Regnal Year: 8 · Western Year: AD 1669
Explicit · qingshigao:027:s0005
Kind: military · Role: commander · Action: defeated · Other Person Id: Galdan (噶爾丹) · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 康熙三十五年 · Regnal Year: 35 · Western Year: AD 1696
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0086
Kind: ritual · Role: sovereign · Action: eastern-tour-and-libation · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 二十三年 · Western Year: AD 1684
Explicit · qingshigao:483:s0026, qingshigao:483:s0027
Kind: political · Role: ruler · Action: refused · Other Person Id: Yang Fu (楊福) · Object: purchase of horses for soldiers / 市馬給兵丁 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 康熙四十四年 · Regnal Year: 44 · Western Year: AD 1705
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0045
Kind: diplomatic · Role: ruler · Action: retained-khan-titles · Other Person Id: Tushiyetu Khan (土謝圖) · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 康熙三十年 · Regnal Year: 30 · Western Year: AD 1691
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0085
Kind: scholarly · Role: student · Action: studied calendar disputes to mastery
Explicit · qingshigao:272:s0128
Relation: advisee-of · Person Id: Ferdinand Verbiest (南懷仁)
Explicit · qingshigao:027:s0005

Assessments and attributes

Assessment: excellent grain intendant · About Person Id: Wang Xu (王繻) · Provenance: Mode: named-speech · Speaker Person Id: Kangxi Emperor (聖祖)
Explicit · qingshigao:285:s0174
Assessment: Tianyan lacked reputation for integrity · About Person Id: Mu Tianyan (慕天顏) · Provenance: Mode: ruler-judgment · Speaker Person Id: Kangxi Emperor (聖祖)
Explicit · qingshigao:278:s0043
Assessment: benevolent and clear-sighted Sage Ancestor who preserved upright officials · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
Explicit · qingshigao:278:s0192
Assessment: pasturing beyond the passes is best; Song and Ming had no good horse policy · Provenance: Mode: edict · Speaker Person Id: Kangxi Emperor (聖祖)
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0046, qingshigao:141:s0047, qingshigao:141:s0048
Assessment: sagely in emptying himself to learn · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
Explicit · qingshigao:272:s0129, qingshigao:272:s0130

Source notes

Historicity: historical
Explicit · qingshigao:269:s0185

References in the histories

Open any source group to read the Chinese and English passage in context.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 27Volume 27 Treatises 2: Astronomy 2, Astronomical Instruments · 1 passage

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康熙八年，聖祖用監臣南懷仁言，改造六儀，曰黃道經緯儀、赤道經緯儀、地平經儀、地平緯儀、紀限儀、天體儀。 In Kangxi 8 the Kangxi emperor, on Verbiest's advice, commissioned six new instruments: ecliptic theodolite, equatorial theodolite, azimuth theodolite, altitude quadrant, sextant, and celestial globe.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 141Volume 141 Treatises 116: Military 12, Horse Administration · 1 passage

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三十五年，喀爾喀蒙古獻駝馬，多不可計，感聖祖破噶爾丹，得歸原牧地也。 Kangxi 35 (1696) Khalkha Mongols sent countless camels and horses in gratitude for defeating Galdan and restoring their pastures.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 269Volume 269 Biographies 56: Suo Etu, Ming Zhu · 1 passage

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明珠與索額圖競權，不附皇太子，雖被彈事罷相，聖祖猶念其贊撤籓，力全之，以視索額圖，豈不幸哉？ Mingzhu rivaled Songgotu and did not back the crown prince; though impeached and removed from office, the Kangxi Emperor still remembered his support for abolishing the fiefs and protected him—compared with Songgotu, was he not the luckier man?

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 272Volume 272 Biographies 59: Tang Ruowang, Yang Guangxian, Nan Huai Ren · 23 passages

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康熙五年，新安衛官生楊光先叩閽進所著摘謬論、選擇議，斥湯若望新法十謬，並指選擇榮親王葬期誤用洪範五行，下議政王等會同確議。 In Kangxi 5, Xin'an Guard licentiate Yang Guangxian came to the palace gates with his "Picking Out Errors" and "On Date Selection," denouncing ten flaws in Tang Ruowang's method and accusing him of misapplying Hongfan five-phase rules to Prince Rong's burial date. The regents were ordered to decide.

康熙三年立春候氣，先期起管，湯若望妄奏春氣已應參、觜二宿，改調次序，四餘刪去紫炁。 At Kangxi 3's Beginning of Spring qi test the pitch-pipe sounded early; Tang Ruowang falsely reported spring qi in Three Stars and Turtle Beak, rearranged the sequence, and dropped Purple Qi from the four residuals.

聖祖既親政，以南懷仁治理曆法，光先坐譴黜，復用新法。 Once Kangxi took personal rule, he put Nan Huai Ren in charge of the calendar, punished and dismissed Yang Guangxian, and restored the new method.

時湯若望已前卒，复通微教師封號，視原品賜卹，改「通玄」曰「通微」，避聖祖諱也。 Tang Ruowang had already died; his title Master of Penetrating Subtlety was restored, condolence honors were paid at his former rank, and "Penetrating Mysteries" became "Penetrating Subtlety" to avoid Kangxi's taboo name.

聖祖即位，四輔臣執政，頗右光先，下禮、吏二部會鞫。 When Kangxi ascended the throne the four regent ministers favored Yang Guangxian and sent the case to the Ministries of Rites and Personnel for joint trial.

康熙四年，議政王等定讞，盡用光先說，譴湯若望，其屬官至坐死。 In Kangxi 4 the regents fixed the verdict wholly on Yang Guangxian's side, censured Tang Ruowang, and punished his subordinates up to death.

五年春，光先疏言：「今候氣法久失傳，十二月中氣不應。 In the spring of Kangxi 5 Yang Guangxian wrote: "The qi-observation method has long been lost; in the twelfth month the mid-term did not respond.

七年，光先复疏言：「律管尺寸，載在史記，而用法失傳。 In Kangxi 7 Yang Guangxian wrote again: "Pitch-pipe dimensions are recorded in the Records of the Grand Historian, but the method of use has been lost.

南懷仁疏劾明烜造康熙八年七政民歷於是年十二月置閏，應在康熙九年正月，又一歲兩春分、兩秋分，種種舛誤，下議政王等會議。 Nan Huai Ren impeached Mingxuan for the Kangxi 8 popular calendar: intercalation wrongly placed in the twelfth month instead of Kangxi 9's first, two spring equinoxes and two autumn equinoxes in one year—errors of every kind. The regents were ordered to decide.

八年，上遣大學士圖海等二十人會監正馬祜測驗立春、雨水兩節氣及太陰火、木二星躔度，南懷仁言悉應，明烜言悉不應。 In Kangxi 8 the emperor sent Grand Secretary Tu Hai and twenty others with Director Ma Hu to test Beginning of Spring, Rain Water, and the positions of the moon and the fire and wood stars—Nan Huai Ren said all matched; Mingxuan said none did.

議政王等疏請以康熙九年曆日交南懷仁推算，上問：「光先前劾湯若望，議政王大臣會議，以光先何者為是，湯若望何者為非，及新法當日議停，今日議复，其故安在？」 The regents asked that Kangxi 9's calendar be entrusted to Nan Huai Ren. The emperor asked: "When Yang Guangxian impeached Tang Ruowang, the regents decided in Yang's favor—what was he right about, what was Tang wrong about? The new method was then stopped; today it is restored—why?"

一日百刻，歷代成法，今南懷仁推算九十六刻，既合天象，自康熙九年始，應按九十六刻推行。 One hundred quarter-hours per day is the tradition; Nan Huai Ren's ninety-six match heaven—from Kangxi 9 onward, ninety-six quarter-hours should be used.

自康熙九年始，紫炁不必造入七政歷。」 From Kangxi 9 onward, Purple Qi need not be included in the Seven Luminaries calendar."

康熙初，入中國。 He came to China early in the Kangxi reign.

時康熙八年三月，南懷仁言是歲按舊法以十一月置閏，以新法測驗，閏當在九年正月。 In the third month of Kangxi 8, Nan Huai Ren said that by the old method the year had an intercalary eleventh month, but testing by the new method showed the intercalation belonged in Kangxi 9's first month.

既又言是月二十九日雨水，乃正月中氣，即為康熙九年之正月，閏當在是年二月。 He added that Rain Water on the twenty-ninth of that month was the mid-term of the first month—making it Kangxi 9's first month, with intercalation in the second month of that year.

上命禮部詢欽天監官，多從南懷仁，乃罷八年十二月閏，移置九年二月； The emperor had the Ministry of Rites consult Bureau officials; most sided with Nan Huai Ren, so Kangxi 8's intercalary twelfth month was cancelled and moved to Kangxi 9's second month;

十七年，進康熙永年表，表推七政交食，為湯若望未竟之書，南懷仁續成之。 In Kangxi 17 he presented the Kangxi Perpetual Tables for seven-luminaries eclipses—Tang Ruowang's unfinished work, which Nan Huai Ren completed.

二十一年，命南懷仁至盛京測北極高度，較京師高二度，別為推算日月交食表上之。 In Kangxi 21 Nan Huai Ren was sent to Shengjing to measure polar altitude—two degrees higher than Beijing—and submitted separately computed eclipse tables.

二十七年，卒，諡勤敏。 In Kangxi 27 he died; his posthumous title was Qinmin, "Diligent and Keen."

五十四年，命紀理安制地平經緯儀，合地平、象限二儀為一。 In Kangxi 54 Ignatius Kögler was ordered to build an azimuth-altitude instrument, combining azimuth and quadrant into one.

方聖祖用南懷仁，許奉天主教，仍其國俗，而禁各省立堂入教。 When Kangxi employed Nan Huai Ren, Catholics were allowed to practice their faith and keep their customs, but provinces were forbidden to build churches or receive converts.

聖祖嘗言當曆法爭議未已，己所未學，不能定是非，乃發憤揅討，卒能深造密微，窮極其閫奧。 Kangxi once said that while calendar disputes raged he could not judge what he had not studied; he then threw himself into the subject in earnest and mastered its subtlest depths.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 278Volume 278 Biographies 65: Mu Tianyan, A Shan, Ga Li · 45 passages

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十三年，入覲，疏言：「江南田地錢糧有隱佔、詭寄諸弊，臣飭州縣通計田額，均分里甲； In Kangxi 13 he had an audience with the throne and reported: "Jiangnan land taxes suffer from hidden occupation, false registration, and similar abuses. I have ordered the prefectures and counties to calculate the full field quota and spread the burden evenly across li and jia units;

疏進錢糧交代冊，上嘉其清晰，命布政使交代當以此為式。 He submitted a handover register for tax and grain accounts. The emperor praised its clarity and decreed that all provincial treasurers should use it as the standard.

上從之，命下直省，著為令。 The emperor agreed and ordered the rule sent to every province.

上從之。 The emperor approved.

總督阿席熙劾崇駿、騰龍婪取，上遣郎中圖爾宸、鍾有德會天顏勘治。 Governor A Xixi impeached Chongjun and Tenglong for extortion; the emperor sent Directors Tu Erchen and Zhong Youde to investigate with Tianyan.

上命圖爾宸、鍾有德具獄，崇駿、騰龍婪取罪至死，天顏以草豆價戶部覈減諉罪德貴，當左遷。 The emperor ordered a full report. Chongjun and Tenglong were sentenced to death for extortion. Tianyan, for blaming Degui after the Board cut the fodder claim, was to be demoted.

得旨，如議。 The emperor approved as recommended.

天顏將去官，疏列成勞，且言：「夙夜冰兢精白，不意遭誣訐，蒙鑑宥不加嚴譴。」 On leaving office Tianyan listed his achievements and wrote: "I have served day and night with scrupulous integrity, yet I was falsely accused; I am grateful Your Majesty did not punish me severely."

上以天顏未聞有廉名，乃自言「冰兢精白」，非是，命嚴飭。 The emperor said Tianyan had never had a reputation for integrity, so to call himself "scrupulously pure" was improper, and ordered him sternly admonished.

二十三年，起湖北巡撫，复諭之曰：「爾前為巡撫，未能潔己率屬。 In Kangxi 23 he was recalled as governor of Hubei. The throne told him: "As governor before, you failed to keep yourself clean and set an example for your staff.

上曰：「朕南巡見京口、瓜洲往來人眾，備船過渡，有益於民。 The emperor said: "On my southern tour I saw how many people cross between Jingkou and Guazhou; ferry boats would help the people.

天顏疏陳江南、江西累年未完漕項銀米請恩貰，上命盡免康熙十七年以前積逋。 Tianyan asked grace for Jiangnan and Jiangxi grain-transport arrears; the emperor remitted all debts before Kangxi 17.

上先用湯斌議，遣侍郎孫在豐疏濬下河。 The emperor first adopted Tang Bin's plan and sent Vice Minister Sun Zaifeng to dredge the Lower River.

上遣尚書佛倫、熊一瀟，給事中達奇納、趙吉士會勘，佛倫等主用輔議，天顏、在豐議與輔異。 The emperor sent Minister Folun, Vice Minister Xiong Yixiao, and Secretaries Daqina and Zhao Jishi to inspect. Folun's party backed Jin Fu; Tianyan and Zaifeng disagreed.

上命學士開音布、侍衛馬武往視，還奏天顏令漕船毋入中河，上以責天顏，逮下獄。 The emperor sent Academician Kaiyinbu and Guard Ma Wu to inspect; they reported Tianyan had barred grain boats from the Middle Canal. The emperor blamed him and had him jailed.

天顏反覆申辨，副都御史噶爾圖舉天顏訴辭先後互異，坐奏事上書不以實論罪，上追錄天顏造舟濟師，特寬之。 Tianyan argued repeatedly. Vice Censor-in-Chief Ga Ertu noted contradictions in his testimony and convicted him of false reporting. The emperor recalled his boat-building for the Wu Sangui campaign and showed special leniency.

上聞流民有至襄陽者，以問阿山。 Hearing that refugees had reached Xiangyang, the emperor questioned A Shan.

上曰：「正月雖雪，二、三月雨不時，麥收未可望。 The emperor said: "Snow in the first month does not change that the second and third months brought untimely rain and a poor wheat harvest.

三十五年，上親征噶爾丹，阿山從。 In Kangxi 35 the emperor campaigned in person against Galdan; A Shan accompanied him.

阿山言四教動庫帑為公用，請免議，上復命具實狀以聞。 A Shan said Sijiao had used the funds for public business and asked that charges be dropped; the emperor ordered a full factual report.

阿山乃言：「三十八年上南巡，四教發庫帑十一萬供辦，議令各官扣俸抵補。 A Shan then reported: "In Kangxi 38, during Your Majesty's southern tour, Sijiao spent one hundred ten thousand taels from the treasury on arrangements; officials agreed to repay it from their salaries.

上責阿山徇情沽譽，命漕運總督桑額鞫四教，論如律。 The emperor rebuked A Shan for favoritism and ordered Transport Director Sang E to try Sijiao, who was sentenced under the law.

阿山當奪職，上寬之，命留任。 A Shan should have been dismissed; the emperor spared him and ordered him to remain in office.

上复寬阿山，命留任如故。 The emperor again spared A Shan and left him in office.

命會桑額及河道總督張鵬翮集讞，坐鵬年罪至斬，上特命來京，事具鵬年傳。 He was ordered to join Sang E and Canal Director Zhang Penghe in judgment; Pengnian was sentenced to death, but the emperor ordered him brought to Beijing instead—the full account is in Pengnian's biography.

阿山與桑額、鵬翮議自泗州開河築堤，引淮水至黃家堰，入張福口，會出清口，是為溜淮套，疏請上臨視。 A Shan, Sang E, and Penghe proposed a canal and dikes from Sizhou to channel Huai water to Huangjiayan, through Zhangfukou to Qingkou—the Liuhuaitao project—and asked the emperor to inspect it in person.

四十六年，上南巡，臨視溜淮套，諭曰：「阿山等奏溜淮套別開一河，分洩淮水，繪圖進呈。 In Kangxi 46, on his southern tour, the emperor inspected Liuhuaitao and said: "A Shan and others proposed opening a separate channel to divert Huai water and submitted drawings.

且所立標竿多在民塚上，朕何忍發此無限枯骨耶？」 And the survey stakes stand on people's graves—how can I disturb so many dead?"

上以阿山主其議，命但坐阿山，遂奪職。 but since A Shan had led the proposal, the emperor punished only him and stripped him of office.

五十一年，江蘇布政使宜思恭以虧帑坐譴，因列訴總督噶禮等頻向需索，阿山亦受節餽，下部議，上以阿山老，寬之。 In Kangxi 51 Jiangsu Treasurer Yi Sigong was punished for a treasury shortfall and accused Governor-General Ga Li and others of repeated extortion; A Shan had also accepted gifts. The ministries deliberated, but the emperor spared him because of his age.

阿山故精察，上嘗問大學士李光地：「阿山在官何若？」 A Shan had always been sharp-eyed. The emperor once asked Grand Secretary Li Guangdi: "How is A Shan as an official?"

上頷之。 The emperor nodded in agreement.

康熙三十五年，上親征噶爾丹，次克魯倫河。 In Kangxi 35 the emperor campaigned in person against Galdan and halted at the Kerulen River.

噶禮從左都御史於成龍督運中路兵糧，首達行在，召對，當上意。 Ga Li followed Censor-in-Chief Yu Chenglong in supplying the central route, was first to reach the imperial camp, was summoned to audience, and pleased the emperor.

上聞之，下九卿議罪，擬奪噶禮職，上寬之。 When the emperor learned of it, the Nine Ministers proposed dismissing Ga Li, but the emperor spared him.

上命噶禮復奏，山西學政鄒士聰代太原士民疏留噶禮。 The emperor ordered Ga Li to respond. Shanxi Education Commissioner Zou Shicong petitioned on behalf of Taiyuan gentry and commoners to retain Ga Li.

知府陳鵬年初為總督阿山劾罷，上復命守蘇州； Prefect Chen Pengnian had first been impeached and dismissed by Governor-General A Shan; the emperor restored him to Suzhou;

噶禮复密疏鵬年虎丘詩怨望，上不為動。 Ga Li also sent a secret memorial claiming Pengnian's Tiger Hill poem showed resentment; the emperor was unmoved.

上命尚書張鵬翮如揚州會噶禮及伯行察審。 The emperor sent Minister Zhang Penghe to Yangzhou to investigate with Ga Li and Boxing.

疏入，上並命解任，令鵬翮會漕運總督赫壽察奏。 When the memorials arrived, the emperor relieved both men and ordered Penghe and Transport Director He Shou to investigate.

上切責鵬翮、赫壽瞻徇，又命尚書穆和倫、張廷樞覆讞，仍如鵬翮等議。 The emperor sharply rebuked Penghe and He Shou for favoritism, then ordered Ministers Mu Helun and Zhang Tingshu to rehear the case; they still followed Penghe's line.

上諭曰：「噶禮才有餘，治事敏練，而性喜生事，屢疏劾伯行。 The emperor said: "Ga Li is talented and efficient, but he loves to stir trouble and has repeatedly impeached Boxing.

上命留伯行任，噶禮如議奪職。 the emperor kept Boxing in office and dismissed Ga Li as recommended.

上令噶禮自盡，妻從死，餘如部議。 The emperor ordered Ga Li to take his own life; his wife died with him; the rest followed the ministry's recommendation.

幸賴聖祖仁明，隴其復起，鵬年致大用，伯行亦終獲全。 Fortunately the Sage Ancestor was benevolent and clear-sighted: Longqi was restored, Pengnian rose to high office, and Boxing ultimately survived unscathed.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 285Volume 285 Biographies 72: Wang Zishou, Yuan Zhouzuo, Li Shihong, Duo Hong An, Wang Xu, Zhang Mengqiu · 1 passage

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上南巡，入覲，顧宋犖曰：「朕聞繻督糧時官聲甚好。」 On the southern tour the emperor told Song Luo: "I hear Xu was an excellent grain intendant."

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 286Volume 286 Biographies 73: Wang Shan, Lao Zhibian, Zhu Tianbao, Tao Yi · 11 passages

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三年，上諭閣臣云：「王掞向人言，曾在聖祖前奏免蘇、松浮糧，未蒙允行。 In 1725 the emperor told the Grand Secretariat: "Wang Shan has told others that he once asked the late emperor to cut the excess grain levies in Suzhou and Songjiang, but was not granted his request.

十二月，之辨密奏曰：「皇上之於皇太子，分則君臣，親則父子。 In the twelfth month Zhibian secretly memorialized: "Between Your Majesty and the crown prince, in office you are sovereign and subject, in affection father and son.

乞速渙新綸，收回成詔，敕部擇吉早正東宮，佈告中外，俾天下曉然知聖人舉動，仁至義盡，大公無私。 I beg Your Majesty to issue a new edict at once, withdraw the completed decree, and order the ministries to choose an auspicious day to restore the Eastern Palace and proclaim it at home and abroad, so all under Heaven may see that the sage's act is fully benevolent, fully righteous, and wholly without private bias.

皇上以孝慈治天下，方且稱壽母萬年之觴，集麟趾繁昌之慶； Your Majesty governs the realm with filial piety and compassion, and is even now toasting the empress dowager's longevity and gathering blessings of many sons and flourishing heirs;

臣年已七十，報主之日無多，知無不言，統望乾斷速行。 I am already seventy, and have few days left to serve my lord. I speak without reserve and beg Your Majesty to decide and act at once.

自此以往，皇上待皇太子與諸皇子，尤原均之以恩，範之以禮，則宜君宜王之美，不難上媲成周，遠超百代。 From now on, if Your Majesty treats the crown prince and all the princes with equal grace and molds them with ritual, the virtue of a true sovereign would rival the Zhou of Cheng and surpass a hundred generations.

六十年三月，彝與同官任坪、范長發、鄒圖雲、陳嘉猷、王允晉、李允符、範允、高玢、高怡、趙成麃、孫紹曾合疏奏曰：「皇上深恩厚德，浹洽人心。 In the third month of 1721 Yi and his colleagues Ren Ping, Fan Changfa, Zou Tuyun, Chen Jiayou, Wang Yunjin, Li Yunfu, Fan Yun, Gao Bin, Gao Yi, Zhao Chengbiao, and Sun Shaozeng jointly memorialized: "Your Majesty's deep grace and great virtue fill the hearts of the people.

懇獨斷宸衷，早定儲位。」 We earnestly beg Your Majesty to decide in Your own heart and fix the succession soon."

論曰：理密親王在儲位久，未聞顯有失德，而終遭廢黜，聖祖手詔，若有深痛鉅慝至不可言者。 The commentator says: Prince Limi long held the heir's place and no marked misconduct was heard of, yet he was deposed in the end. The Kangxi Emperor's own edict seems to hold a grief at some great evil beyond words.

夫以聖祖之仁明，而不克全監撫之重，終父子之恩，讒人罔極，靡所不至，甚矣！ That the Kangxi Emperor, so benevolent and clear-sighted, could not fully fulfill the duty of overseeing and instructing the heir, nor bring father and son to reconciliation—slanderers reached everywhere without limit. How extreme it was!

掞力主復故，聖祖雖深罪之，固諒其無他心。 Shan strongly urged restoring the former heir. Though the Kangxi Emperor punished him severely, he surely understood Shan had no other intent.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 287Volume 287 Biographies 74: Tong Guo Wei, Ma Qi, A Ling A, Kui Xu, E Lundai · 9 passages

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國維奏：「皇上治事精明，斷無錯誤。 Guowei submitted: 'Your Majesty governs with such keen judgment that there can be no error.

此事於聖躬關係甚大，請度日後若易於措置，祈速賜睿斷； This affair touches Your Majesty's person most deeply. If it may later prove easy to settle, I beg Your Majesty to grant a swift, sage decision;

若難於措置，亦祈速賜睿斷。 and if it will prove hard to settle, I likewise beg Your Majesty to grant a swift, sage decision.

總之，將原定意指熟慮施行為是。」 In any case, it is best to weigh carefully and execute the purpose Your Majesty originally fixed.'

國維對：「臣雖解任，蒙皇上命為國舅，冀聖躬速愈，故請速定其事。」 Guowei answered: 'Though I have left office, Your Majesty made me the emperor's uncle by marriage; wishing Your Majesty a swift recovery, I asked that the matter be settled at once.'

次日，复諭曰：「爾每言祝天求佛，原皇上萬歲。 The next day he again said: 'You always say you pray to Heaven and the Buddha that the emperor may live ten thousand years.

馬齊疏言：「俄羅斯侵據疆土，我師困之於雅克薩城，本可立時剿滅，皇上寬容，不忍加誅。 Ma Qi memorialized: 'Russia has encroached on our territory; our troops had them besieged at Albazin and could have destroyed them at once, but the emperor was merciful and would not exterminate them.

論曰：理密親王既廢，自諸皇子允禟、允䄉輩及諸大臣多謀擁允禩，聖祖終不許。 The commentary says: After Prince Limi was deposed, from Princes Yintang and Yin'e to the great ministers, many plotted to install Yinshi, but the Sacred Ancestor never permitted it.

然二人者，皆非出本心，聖祖諒之，世宗亦諒之，故能恩禮勿替，賞延於後嗣。 Yet neither acted from his true heart; the Sacred Ancestor understood, and Emperor Shizong understood as well, and so favor and ritual were never withdrawn, and rewards extended to their descendants.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 315Volume 315 Biographies 102: Gao Tianxi, E Shi, San Ge, He Qi, Tang Kalu, A Min Dao, Man Fu, Dou Bin, Duan Ji Bu, Nuo Er Ben · 2 passages

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父阿吉斯，康熙間討噶爾丹，以員外郎從軍，中道糧匱，兵苦飢。 His father Ajisi had served as a vice director on the campaign against Galdan in the Kangxi reign. When provisions ran out midway, the troops were left starving.

聖祖嘉其能，予拖沙喇哈番世職。 The Kangxi Emperor praised his conduct and granted him the hereditary rank of tosahura hafan.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 436Volume 436 Biographies 223: Shen Guifen, Li Hongzao, Weng Tonghe, Sun Yuwen · 1 passage

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當八年武英殿之災也，恭錄康熙、嘉慶兩次遇災修省聖訓進禦，疏言：「變不虛生，遇災而懼。 When the Hall of Martial Glory burned in 1872, he respectfully copied the Kangxi and Jiaqing emperors' instructions on self-examination after disasters and presented them to the throne, writing: "Calamities do not strike without cause; one must tremble when they come.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 464Volume 464 Biographies 251: Li Duanfen, Xu Zhijingzi, Ren Zhu, Chen Baozhen, Huang Zunxian, Ceng He, Yang Shenxiu, Yang Rui, Liu Guangdi, Tan Sitong With: Tang Caichang, Lin Xu, Kang Guangren · 1 passage

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二十年，擢直隸布政使，入對，時中東戰亟，見上形容憂悴，請日讀聖祖御纂周易，以期變不失常。 In Guangxu 20 he was promoted to provincial administration commissioner of Zhili. When received in audience, with the Sino-Japanese war pressing and seeing the emperor’s worn and anxious appearance, he requested that the emperor read daily the Kangxi Emperor’s imperially compiled Zhouyi, hoping that amid change he would not lose constancy.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 483Volume 483 Biographies 270: Confucian Scholars 4: Kong Yinzhi Son: Xing Xie, Yu Qi Son: Chuan Duo, Guang Qi Son: Zhao Huan, Sun :Xianpei, Zeng Sun : Qing Rong, Zeng Sun : Fan Hao, Xuan Sun : Xiang Ke, Lai Sun : Ling Yi · 5 passages

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聖祖召見瀛台，禮度如成人，奏對稱旨。 The Kangxi Emperor received him at Yingtai; he conducted himself with the poise of a grown man, and everything he said in audience pleased the throne.

越二年，上幸學，召毓圻陪祀，太皇太后召入見，賜坐，問家世，具以對，賜茶及克食。 Two years later, when the Emperor attended the Imperial Academy rites, Yu Qi was called to assist at the sacrifice. The Grand Empress Dowager summoned him in, gave him a seat, and asked about his lineage; he answered at length, and she granted him tea and provisions for the road.

上御殿，毓圻從諸大臣朝參，及退，命自御道行，逡巡辭，上敦諭之，乃趨出。 When the Emperor held audience, Yu Qi joined the senior ministers in obeisance; as they withdrew, the Emperor told him to use the imperial path. He hesitated and demurred, but the Emperor pressed him firmly, and he then hurried out.

二十三年，上東巡，釋奠孔子廟，留曲柄黃蓋。 In the twenty-third year the Emperor toured the east, offered libation at the Temple of Confucius, and left behind a curved-handled yellow imperial canopy as a mark of honor.

因請擴林地，置守衛，除租賦，設百戶，官秩視衛守備，皆許之。 He then asked to enlarge the forest estate, post guards, lift rent and tax obligations, and establish a corps of a hundred households with rank equivalent to a garrison commandant; the Emperor approved every request.