Zhang Zongwan (張總愚)

Overview

Zhang Zongwan was a rebel and Bandit.

Life and dates

Death

AD 1868 同治七年
Drowned himself · At among Huang, Yun, and Tuhai rivers 黃、運、徒駭河間
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 431, passage 44
AD 1868 同治七年
Drowned · At Chiping-Boping area 茌平博平一帶
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 411, passage 130
AD 1868 同治七年
Drowned
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 438, passage 95
AD 1868 同治七年
drowned himself 自沉於河
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 467, passage 114
AD 1868 同治七年
drowned 溺水死 · At Dezhou 德州
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 415, passage 76
AD 1868 張總愚赴水死
Drowned
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 405, passage 224

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AD 1868 捻匪平
Drowned
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 450, passage 22
AD 1868 逾歲
drowned himself 赴水死
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 27

Attested activity

AD 1862 to AD 1871 AD 1862-1871
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 388, passage 196
AD 1866 五年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 414, passage 158
AD 1868 同治七年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 411, passages 125, 130; Draft History of Qing 415, passage 74; Draft History of Qing 431, passage 44; Draft History of Qing 440, passage 72
AD 1868 同治七年六月
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 431, passage 87
AD 1868 同治七年春
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 432, passage 208
AD 1868 同治七年正月
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 411, passage 96

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AD 1863 同治二年春
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 429, passage 115
AD 1866 同治五年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 432, passage 206
AD 1867 同治六年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 431, passage 146
AD 1867 同治六年冬
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 432, passage 208
AD 1865 同治四年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 423, passage 90
AD 1865 同治四年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 438, passages 84-85
AD 1865 to AD 1867 同治四年至六年之間
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 458, passage 91
AD 1862 同治間
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 450, passage 10
AD 1865 張總愚
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 405, passage 183
AD 1866 張總愚
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 405, passage 212
AD 1868 明年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passages 81-82
AD 1868 明年西捻
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 467, passages 112, 114
AD 1865 to AD 1868 決河圖北犯…赴水死
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passages 21, 26-27

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Parent of Zhang Zhengjiang (張正江)
son 子
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 431, passage 87
Sibling of Zhang Dehua (張得華)
younger brother 弟 · Full siblings
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 431, passage 87

Key source chapters

Places and affiliations

Qing 清
Relation Active in
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 450, passage 10
Polity Qing · Relation Active in
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 458, passage 91
Polity Nian 捻 · Relation Associated with
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 414, passage 158
Polity Nian 捻 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 429, passage 115
Polity Qing 清 · Relation Opposed
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 405, passages 183, 212
Polity Qing 清 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 388, passage 196

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Organization Nian 捻 · Relation Leader of
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passages 21, 27
Organization Nian 捻 · Relation Member of
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 414, passage 158; Draft History of Qing 432, passage 206

Events and relationships

Attacked Xinfeng and was defeated by Tang Jiong
AD 1865 to AD 1867 同治四年至六年之間 · Military · Commander · With Tang Jiong (唐炯)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 458, passage 91
Attacked along Jian River
AD 1868 明年 · Military · Attacker · At Jian River 減河
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 82
Breached Yellow River to strike north
Military · Rebel leader
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 21
Broke into
AD 1867 同治六年 · Military · Chief · At Anlu 安陸
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 431, passage 146
Defeated
AD 1866 五年 · Military · Rebel commander · With Zhang Shiri (張詩日) · At Xiping 西平
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 414, passage 158
Defeated
AD 1866 五年 · Military · Rebel commander · At Wanjinzhai 萬金寨
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 414, passage 158

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Fled and drowned
AD 1868 同治七年 · Military · Chief
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 431, passage 44
Fled north
AD 1868 同治七年 · Military · Rebel
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 440, passage 72
Invaded
AD 1868 同治七年春 · Military · Commander · At capital region 畿輔
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 432, passage 208
Raided Hejin and pressed Jiezhou
Military · Rebel leader · At Hejin; Jiezhou 河津；解州
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 26
Slipped into Houji and was raided
AD 1863 同治二年春 · Military · Commander · At Houji 侯集
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 429, passage 115
Western Nian leader crossed Yellow River into Zhili; later drowned when encircled
AD 1868 同治七年 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 411, passages 96, 130
Wounded
AD 1868 同治七年六月 · Military · Chief · At Shanghe 商河
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 431, passage 87
Relation Co commander with · Person Niu Luohong (牛洛紅)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 414, passage 158
Relation Superior of · Person Zhou Ma (週馬)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 429, passage 115
Relation Superior of · Person Dujiaohu (獨角虎)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 429, passage 115

Assessments and attributes

shot at Shanghe
Wound
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 431, passage 87

Source notes

Value historical
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 414, passage 158

References in the histories

Search passages

History

30 passages

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 388Volume 388 Biographies 175: Gui Liang, Rui Lin Son: Huai Tabu, Guan Wen, Wen Yu · 1 passage

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七年，捻匪張總愚由西路竄擾畿輔，下嚴議。 In Tongzhi 7 the Nian leader Zhang Zongyu raided the capital region from the west, and severe censure followed.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 405Volume 405 Biographies 192: Ceng Guofan · 3 passages

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捻首四人，曰張總愚、任柱、牛洪、賴文光。 There were four Nian chiefs: Zhang Zongwan, Ren Zhu, Niu Hong, and Lai Wenguang.

時牛洪死，張總愚竄陝西，任柱、賴文光竄湖北，自是有東西捻之號。 Niu Hong was dead; Zhang Zongwan fled into Shaanxi while Ren Zhu and Lai Wenguang fled into Hubei—from then on they were called the Eastern and Western Nian.

張總愚赴水死，而西捻平。 Zhang Zongwan drowned himself, and the Western Nian were suppressed.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 411Volume 411 Biographies 198: Li Hongzhang · 3 passages

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七年正月，西捻張總愚由山右渡河，北竄定州，京師大震。 In the first month of the seventh year the Western Nian leader Zhang Zongyu crossed the Yellow River from Shanxi and fled north toward Dingzhou, throwing the capital into alarm.

張總愚率悍黨遁濟陽，沿河北出德州犯運防，上竄鹽山、滄州。 Zhang Zongyu led hardened partisans to flee to Jiyang, came out along the north bank of the Yellow River at Dezhou to attack the canal defense, and fled upward through Yanshan and Cangzhou.

分屯茌平之桃橋、南鎮，至博平、東昌，圈賊徒駭、黃、運之內，而令馬隊週回兜逐，賊無一生者，張總愚投水死。 They garrisoned from Taoqiao and Nanzhen in Chiping to Boping and Dongchang, encircling the rebels within the Tuhai, Yellow, and canal rivers, while cavalry wheeled round in pursuit; not one rebel survived, and Zhang Zongyu drowned himself.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 414Volume 414 Biographies 201: Li Chendian, Xiao Fusi, Zhu Hongzhang, Liu Lianjie, Peng Yuju, Zhang Shiri, Wu Weishou, Zhu Nangui, Luo Fengyuan, Li Xianghe, Xiao Qingyan, Wu Zongguo · 1 passage

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五年，從曾國籓剿捻，破張總愚、牛洛紅於西平，又敗之萬金寨，進攻雙廟賊巢。 In the fifth year he followed Guofan against the Nian, routed Zhang Zongyu and Niu Luohong at Xiping, beat them again at Wanjinzhai, and pushed on against the rebel stronghold at Shuangmiao.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 415Volume 415 Biographies 202: Huang Yisheng, Ding Yifang, Wang Ji, Wu Jiabang, Li Chengmou, Li Chaobin, Jiang Fushan, Liu Peiyuan · 2 passages

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七年，西捻張總愚竄畿輔，諸軍為長圍困之，鴻章調翼升率師船入運河設防。 In year seven western Nian Zhang Zongyu broke into the capital approaches; allied columns penned him in a long cordon; Hongzhang sent Yisheng's fleet into the Grand Canal to block him.

張總愚奔至，冒官軍喚渡，翼升部將徐道奎察其偽，轟擊之，大軍環集，總愚溺水死。 Zongyu ran there disguised as government troops asking a ferry; Yisheng's officer Xu Daokui saw through it and opened fire; the main force closed the ring and Zongyu drowned.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 423Volume 423 Biographies 210: Zong Jichen, Yin Gengyun, Wang Zheng, Mu Jixianga, You Baichuan, Shen Huai · 2 passages

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四年，張總愚犯畿輔，耕雲從巡撫李鶴年進軍磁州，建策築長圍斷賊歸路。 In the fourth year (1865), when Zhang Zongyu raided the capital region, Gengyun marched with Governor Li Henian to Cizhou and proposed a long encirclement to cut off the rebels' retreat.

張總愚自南台山中出竄內、淅，時虞合併； Zhang Zongyu had broken from the Nantai mountains into Henan and Zhejiang, with fear they might join forces;

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 429Volume 429 Biographies 216: Jiang Zhongyi, Zhou Kuanshi, Shi Qingji, Yu Jichang, Lin Wencha, Zhao Deguang, Zhang Wende · 1 passage

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捻首張總愚竄侯集，際昌會張曜夜襲之，擒其黨獨角虎、週馬，授河北鎮總兵。 When the Nian chief Zhang Zongyu slipped into Houji, Jichang and Zhang Yao raided the camp by night, seized his lieutenants Dujiaohu and Zhou Ma, and Jichang was made provincial commander of the Hebei garrison.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 431Volume 431 Biographies 218: Guo Songlin, Li Changle, Yang Dingxun, Tang Diankui, Tang Dingkui, Teng Siwu, Luo Guozhong · 3 passages

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捻走黃、運、徒駭河間，松林與銘傳縱橫要擊，張總愚赴水死。 The Nian fled among the Huang, Yun, and Tuhai rivers. Songlin and Mingchuan cut them off wherever they turned; Zhang Zongyu drowned himself.

六月，追至樂陵，擒總愚子正江、弟得華，戰商河，槍傷總愚。 In the sixth month the pursuit reached Leling, where Zongyu's son Zhengjiang and brother Dehua were taken. At Shanghe Zongyu was shot.

捻首張總愚竄安陸。 The Nian chief Zhang Zongyu broke into Anlu.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 432Volume 432 Biographies 219: Xiao Qijiang, Zhang Yunlan, Tang Xunfang, Jiang Ningxue, Chen Shi, Li Yuandu · 2 passages

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五年，捻酋張總愚謀渡渭，湜令水師焚三河口浮橋，督民團備渭北，賊不得逞。 In 1866 the Nian chief Zhang Zongyu tried to cross the Wei; Shi had the fleet burn the pontoon at Sanhekou, organized militia north of the Wei, and blocked the crossing.

冬，總愚乘河冰合，竄入山西，七年春，犯畿輔。 That winter Zongyu crossed the frozen river into Shanxi; in the spring of 1868 he struck the capital region.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 438Volume 438 Biographies 225: Yan Jingming, Zhang Zhiwan, Lu Chuan Lin, Lin Shaonian · 3 passages

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西捻張總愚竄鄧州，藍大順走西坪，謀與合。 Western Nian leader Zhang Zongyu fled to Dengzhou while Lan Dashun moved toward Xiping, planning to join forces with him.

張曜既敗總愚重陽店，乘勝襲西坪，大順亦敗走。 Zhang Yao had already defeated Zongyu at Chongyangdian and, pressing his advantage, attacked Xiping. Dashun was also defeated and fled.

七年，會剿西捻，總愚溺死，東南大定。 In the seventh year, in joint operations against the western Nian, Zongyu drowned and the southeast was largely pacified.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 440Volume 440 Biographies 227: Ying Gui, Zong Shizailing, En Cheng, Zong Shifukun, Chong Li, Yu De · 1 passage

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七年，捻匪張總愚北竄，恩承總統神機營馬步兵往雄、霸扼防。 In the seventh year, when Nian rebel Zhang Zongyu fled north, En Cheng took command of the Divine Engine Corps' cavalry and infantry to block him at Xiong'an and Bazhou.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 450Volume 450 Biographies 237: Li Henian, Wen Bin, Ren Daorong, Xu Zhenyi, Wu Dacheng · 2 passages

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於是宋慶等軍大破張總愚睢州，鶴年親赴陳、留、杞督戰。 Song Qing's forces then won a major victory over Zhang Zongyu at Suizhou, while Henian went in person to Chen, Liu, and Qi counties to direct operations.

總愚溺死，捻匪平，照一等軍功議敘。 When Zhang Zongyu drowned and the Nian rebellion was suppressed, Henian was recommended for reward on the basis of first-class military merit.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 458Volume 458 Biographies 245: Xu Yanxu, Tang Jiong, He Jing, Zhang Zhaodong · 1 passage

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捻首張總愚犯新豐，大敗之。 When the Nian leader Zhang Zongyu attacked Xinfeng, Jiong inflicted a crushing defeat on him.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 461Volume 461 Biographies 248: Song Qing, Lv Benyuan, Xu Bangdao, Ma Yukun, Yi Ke Tang A, Rong He, Zhang Shun · 4 passages

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已而張總愚決河圖北犯，慶據堤迎擊，敗之，西走； Soon Zhang Zongyu breached the Yellow River intending to strike north; Qing held the dikes, met him in battle, routed him, and drove him west;

時總愚南擾河津，偪解州，詔慶與曜分守河北。 Zongyu was then raiding south around Hejin and pressing Jiezhou; the court ordered Qing and Yao to divide the defense of the north bank of the Yellow River.

逾歲，捻竄畿疆，慶率師入衛，轉戰雄、任、祁、高間，與諸軍大破之，總愚赴水死。 A year later the Nian broke into the metropolitan region; Qing marched to the capital's defense, fought through Xiong'an, Renqiu, Qi County, and Gaoyang, and with allied forces won a crushing victory; Zongyu drowned himself.

明年，張總愚犯減河，邦道嚴扼橋口，大敗之。 The next year Zhang Zongyu attacked along the Jian River; Bangdao held the bridgehead firmly and inflicted a crushing defeat.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 467Volume 467 Biographies 254: Li Bingheng, Wang Tingxiang, Nie Shicheng, Luo Rongguang, Shou Shan Zu Sun : Rui Chang, Feng Xiang, Chong Yu · 1 passage

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會霖雨，寇多陷淖死，榮光復躡之東北，勢益蹙，張總愚自沉於河。 When torrential rains came, many rebels sank in the mud and died; Rongguang pursued them northeast; their plight grew desperate, and Zhang Zongyu drowned himself in the river.