Overview
The translated histories identify Cao Can as an administrator, aristocrat, general, and official. This record brings together 142 passages from 18 chapters across 5 histories, with names, dates, relationships, offices, and events preserved as source-backed claims.
Names
| Type | English | Chinese | Pinyin |
|---|---|---|---|
| Personal | Cao Can | 曹參 | Cáo Cān |
| Personal | |||
| Title | Acting Left Chancellor | 假左丞相 | Jiǎ Zuǒ Chéngxiàng |
| Surname | Cao | 曹 | Cáo |
| Surname | Cao | 曹 | Cao |
| Surname | Cao | 曹 | |
| Personal name | Cao | 曹 | |
| Personal | Cao Shen | 曹參 | Cáo Shēn |
| Personal name | Cao Shen | 曹參 | Cao Shen |
| Personal | Cao Shen | 曹參 | Cao Shen |
| Personal | Cao Shen | 曹參 | Cáo Cān |
| Personal name | Cao Shen | 曹參 | |
| Personal | Cao Shen | 曹 | Cao |
| Personal name | Cao Shen | 曹參 | Cáo Cān |
| Personal | Cao Shen | 參 | |
| Personal | Cao Shen | 曹 | Cao Shen |
| Title | Chancellor | 相國 | |
| Title | Chancellor Cao | 曹相國 | |
| Title | Chancellor Cao Shen | 相國參 | |
| Title | Chancellor of Qi | 齊丞相 | Qí Chéngxiàng |
| Title | Chancellor Shen | 相國參 | |
| Title | Left Chancellor | 左丞相 | Zuǒ Chéngxiàng |
| Title | Lord Jiancheng | 建成君 | Jiancheng Jun |
| Title | Lord of Jiancheng | 建成君 | Jiànchéng jūn |
| Title | Marquis of Jiancheng | 建成侯 | Jiancheng Hou |
| Title | Marquis of Jiancheng | 建成侯 | Jiànchéng hóu |
| Title | Marquis of Pingyang | 平陽侯 | Pingyang Hou |
| Title | Marquis of Pingyang | 平陽侯 | |
| Title | Marquis of Pingyang | 平陽侯 | Píngyáng hóu |
| Posthumous | Marquis Yi | 懿侯 | Yì Hóu |
| Posthumous | Marquis Yi | 懿侯 | Yì hóu |
| Title | Minister of State | 相國 | Xiàngguó |
| Personal name | Shen | 參 | Can |
| Given | Shen | 參 | Shen |
| Given | Shen | 參 | Cān |
| Surname | 曹 | Cao |
Identity
- Historicity
- Historical
- Identification
- Named
- Sex
- Male
- Sex: male
- Sex: maleStrongly inferred · nanqishu:004:s0067, shiji:054:s0001
- Value: maleStrongly inferred · hanshu:042:s0089
Roles
- Administrator
- Aristocrat
- General
- Official
- Statesman
Life and dates
Death
- Date Context: Source Date: Text: 五年秋八月己丑 · Western Year: BC 190Explicit · hanshu:003:s0052
- Date Context: Source Date: Text: 參為漢相國出入三年卒 · Western Year: BC 190Explicit · shiji:054:s0127, shiji:054:s0128
- Date Text: after three years as chancellorExplicit · hanshu:048:s0278
Attested activity
- Qualitative: reign of Emperor HuiExplicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0101
- Source Date: Text: 七年 · Western Year: BC 188Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:003:s0065
- Source Date: Text: 五年秋八月己丑 · Western Year: BC 190Explicit · hanshu:003:s0052
- Source Date: Text: 參為漢相國，出入三年。卒 · Western Year: BC 190Explicit event contextual date · shiji:054:s0127, shiji:054:s0128
- Source Date: Text: 大統十年 · Western Year: AD 544Explicit event contextual date · zhoushu:023:s0042, zhoushu:023:s0152
- Source Date: Text: 孝惠帝元年 · Western Year: BC 194Explicit event contextual date · shiji:054:s0081
- Source Date: Text: 屬相國參 · Western Interval: Start: BC 204 · End: BC 202Explicit event contextual date · shiji:098:s0010
- Source Date: Text: 惠帝二年 · Western Year: BC 193Explicit event contextual date · shiji:054:s0088, shiji:054:s0100
- Source Date: Text: 故當其有事也，非蕭、曹… · Western Year: BC 200Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:099:s0070
- Source Date: Text: 曹參 · Western Interval: Start: BC 200 · End: BC 190Explicit event contextual date · jinshu:108:s0133
- Source Date: Text: 滅秦 · Western Year: BC 206Explicit event contextual date · shiji:054:s0031
- Source Date: Text: 漢五年 · Western Year: BC 202Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0041
- Source Date: Text: 漢初 · Western Interval: Start: BC 209 · End: BC 141Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:051:s0037
- Source Date: Text: 漢興 · Western Year: BC 200Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:025:s0105
- Source Date: Text: 漢興之初 · Western Interval: Start: BC 202 · End: BC 190Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:101:s0002
- Source Date: Text: 秦時 · Western Interval: Start: BC 221 · End: BC 209Explicit event contextual date · shiji:054:s0002
- Source Date: Text: 蕭曹以來 · Western Interval: Start: BC 206 · End: BC 190Explicit event contextual date · nanqishu:016:s0016
- Source Date: Text: 邁蕭、曹 · Western Interval: Start: BC 206 · End: BC 190Strongly inferred · nanqishu:004:s0067
- Source Date: Text: 韓信與曹參破殺龍且 · Western Year: BC 204Explicit event contextual date · shiji:094:s0060, shiji:094:s0065
- Source Date: Text: 高祖二年 · Western Year: BC 205Explicit event contextual date · shiji:054:s0054
- Source Date: Text: 高祖六年 · Western Year: BC 201Explicit event contextual date · shiji:054:s0074
- Source Date: Text: 高祖時 · Western Interval: Start: BC 206 · End: BC 190Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:085:s0206
- Source Date: Text: 高祖為沛公而初起 · Western Year: BC 209Explicit event contextual date · shiji:054:s0003
Family
Immediate source-linked family. Drag to pan, scroll or pinch to zoom, and select a person to open their record.
- Parent of Kui (窋)Kinship Term: son / 子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
Career and standing
- Label: assistant jailer / 獄掾Explicit · shiji:054:s0002
- Label: Chancellor of Han / 漢相國 · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 惠帝二年 · Western Year: BC 193Explicit · shiji:054:s0100
- Label: Acting Left Chancellor / 假左丞相 · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 高祖二年 · Western Year: BC 205Explicit · shiji:054:s0054
- Label: Chancellor of Qi / 齊相國 · Action: appointedExplicit · shiji:054:s0073
- Label: Chancellor / 相 · Action: heldExplicit · hanshu:025:s0161
- Label: Chancellor / 相國 · Action: heldExplicit · hanshu:003:s0052, hanshu:003:s0065
- Label: Commandant / 中尉 · Action: heldExplicit · shiji:054:s0044, shiji:054:s0048
- Label: personal attendant / 中涓 · Action: heldExplicit · shiji:054:s0003
- Label: Right Chancellor / 右丞相 · Action: heldExplicit · shiji:054:s0065
- Label: general / 將軍 · Action: promotedExplicit · shiji:054:s0034
- Label: Lord of Qi / 戚公 · Action: promotedExplicit · shiji:054:s0022
- Label: Chancellor of Qi / 齊丞相 · Action: retitled · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 孝惠帝元年 · Western Year: BC 194Explicit · shiji:054:s0081
- assistant or chief clerk / 掾、主吏Strongly inferred · hanshu:001:s0531
- Office: Acting Left Chancellor / 假左丞相Explicit · hanshu:048:s0198
- Office: Chancellor / Minister of State / 相國Explicit · hanshu:048:s0226, hanshu:048:s0278
- Office: Chancellor of Qi / 齊丞相Explicit · hanshu:048:s0263
- Office: colonel of the guard / 中尉Explicit · hanshu:048:s0188, hanshu:048:s0192
- Office: general / 將軍Explicit · hanshu:048:s0178
- Office: jail clerk / 獄掾Explicit · hanshu:048:s0146
- Office: Left Chancellor / 左丞相Explicit · hanshu:048:s0208
- Office: Minister of State of Qi / 齊相國Explicit · hanshu:048:s0217, hanshu:048:s0219
- Place: Ningqin / 寧秦 · Action: granted-food-fiefExplicit · shiji:054:s0042
- Place: Pingyang / 平陽 · Action: granted-food-fiefExplicit · shiji:054:s0059
- Place: Pingyang / 平陽 · Households: 10630 · Title: Marquis of Pingyang / 平陽侯 · Action: grantedExplicit · shiji:054:s0075
- Marquis of Pingyang with 10630 households / 列侯，食邑平陽萬六百三十戶Explicit · hanshu:048:s0218
- revenue fief at Pingyang / 食邑平陽Explicit · hanshu:048:s0203
- Place: Ningqin / 寧秦Explicit · hanshu:048:s0186
- Title: Lord Jiancheng / 建成君Explicit · hanshu:048:s0164
- Title: Marquis of Jiancheng / 建成侯Explicit · hanshu:048:s0177
- Title: Marquis Yi / 懿侯 · Action: posthumous-titleExplicit · shiji:054:s0128
- Title: Marquis / 列侯 · Action: granted · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 高祖六年 · Western Year: BC 201Explicit · shiji:054:s0074
- Title: Holder of Silk / Lord of Jiancheng / 執帛、建成君 · Action: grantedExplicit · shiji:054:s0021
- Title: Marquis of Jiancheng / 建成侯 · Action: grantedExplicit · shiji:054:s0033
- Title: Marquis of Pingyang / 平陽侯 · Action: heldExplicit · shiji:053:s0041
- Title: Holder of Jade / 執珪 · Action: promotedExplicit · shiji:054:s0027
- Title: Marquis of Pingyang / 平陽侯Explicit · hanshu:048:s0053
- Title: Ranked Marquis / 列侯Explicit · hanshu:048:s0218
- Label: Seventh-Order Grandee / 七大夫 · Action: grantedExplicit · shiji:054:s0010
- Label: Fifth-Order Grandee / 五大夫 · Action: promotedExplicit · shiji:054:s0014
- Explicit · shiji:054:s0115
Places and affiliations
- Label: Han / 漢 · Relation: servedExplicit · hanshu:085:s0206
- Polity: Han / 漢 · Relation: servedExplicit · shiji:054:s0033, shiji:054:s0100
- Polity: Qi / 齊 · Relation: servedExplicit · shiji:054:s0073, shiji:054:s0082
- Polity: Qin / 秦 · Relation: servedExplicit · shiji:054:s0002
- Polity Text: HanExplicit · hanshu:048:s0198, hanshu:048:s0215
- Place: Pei / 沛Explicit · hanshu:048:s0145, shiji:054:s0001
- Place: Guanzhong / 關中 · Relation: posted-toExplicit · shiji:054:s0054
- Place: Hanzhong / 漢中 · Relation: traveled-toExplicit · shiji:054:s0034
Learning and skills
- Teacher Person Id: Master Gai (蓋公) · Subject: Huang-Lao governance / 治道黃老Explicit · shiji:054:s0085, shiji:054:s0087
- Belief: Huang-Lao / 黃老 · Relation: adherent-ofExplicit · shiji:054:s0087
Works and attributed material
- Kind: speech · Role: speaker
Events and relationships
- Explicit · shiji:054:s0051
- Explicit · shiji:054:s0067
- Explicit · shiji:054:s0060
- Kind: military · Role: commander · Action: besieged-then-beheaded · Other Person Id: General Qi (戚將軍)Explicit · shiji:054:s0061, shiji:054:s0062
- Kind: military · Role: commander · Action: besieged · Other Person Id: Zhang Han (章邯) · Place: Feiqiu / 廢丘Explicit · shiji:054:s0043
- Explicit · shiji:054:s0057
- Kind: military · Role: commander · Action: captured-family · Other Person Ids: Mother of King Bao of Wei, Wife of King Bao of WeiExplicit · shiji:054:s0058
- Explicit · shiji:054:s0067
- Explicit · shiji:054:s0029
- Explicit · shiji:054:s0056
- Kind: military · Role: commander · Action: captured · Other Person Ids: Tian Guang (田光), Xu Zhang (許章), Tian Ji (田既)Explicit · shiji:054:s0069
- Kind: political · Role: exemplar · Action: cited-as-model-or-warning · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 大統十年 · Western Year: AD 544 · Provenance: Mode: document · Source Person Id: Su Chuo (蘇綽)Explicit · zhoushu:023:s0152
- Explicit · shiji:054:s0065, shiji:054:s0068
- Kind: military · Role: commander · Action: defeated-rebels · Other Person Ids: Wang Wu (王武), Cheng Chu (程處)Explicit · shiji:054:s0049
- Kind: military · Role: commander · Action: defeated · Other Person Id: Ying Bu (英布) · With Person Ids: Liu Fei (劉肥), Emperor Gaozu (高祖)Explicit · shiji:054:s0077
- Explicit · shiji:054:s0036, shiji:054:s0041
- Kind: military · Role: commander · Action: defeated · Other Person Id: Sun Su (孫速) · With Person Id: Han Xin (韓信)Explicit · shiji:054:s0055
- Kind: military · Role: commander · Action: defeated · Other Person Id: Pillar-of-Heaven Marquis (柱天侯)Explicit · shiji:054:s0050
- Explicit · shiji:054:s0076
- Explicit · shiji:054:s0011
- Kind: military · Role: commander · Action: defeated · Other Person Ids: Long Ju (龍且), Xiang Tuo (項它)Explicit · shiji:054:s0045
- Kind: military · Role: participant · Action: helped-destroy-Qin · Place: Xianyang / 咸陽 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 滅秦 · Western Year: BC 206Explicit · shiji:054:s0031
- Kind: military · Role: commander · Action: helped-kill-Long-Ju-and-Tian-JiExplicit · shiji:094:s0060, shiji:094:s0065
- Explicit · shiji:054:s0018
- Explicit · shiji:054:s0086
- Kind: political · Role: speaker · Action: responded-to-emperor · Other Person Id: Emperor Xiaohui (孝惠帝)Explicit · hanshu:003:s0065
- Kind: political · Role: actor · Action: returned-chancellor-sealExplicit · shiji:054:s0072
- Kind: military · Role: commander · Action: stormed cities and seized territory; suffered seventy woundsExplicit · shiji:053:s0041
- Kind: administrative · Role: actor · Action: unchanged-from-Xiao-He-rules · Other Person Id: Xiao He (蕭何)Explicit · shiji:054:s0100
- Explicit · hanshu:025:s0105
- Relation: campaigned-alongside · Person Id: Han Xin (韓信)Explicit · shiji:054:s0147
- Relation: friend-of · Person Id: Xiao He (蕭何)Explicit · shiji:054:s0097
- Relation: later-estranged-from · Person Id: Xiao He (蕭何)Explicit · shiji:054:s0098
- Type: father · Person Id: Cao Zhu (曹窋)Explicit · hanshu:048:s0237
Assessments and attributes
- Assessment: alone claimed foremost reputation among marquises after Han Xin · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment · Source Person Id: Sima Qian (太史公)Explicit · shiji:054:s0148
- Assessment: among founding chancellors with Xiao He · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgmentExplicit · hanshu:085:s0206
- Assessment: praised for giving people rest after Qin · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment · Source Person Id: Sima Qian (太史公)Explicit · shiji:054:s0150
- Assessment: stillness in accord with the Way · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment · Source Person Id: Sima Qian (太史公)Explicit · shiji:054:s0149
- Assessment: worthy chancellor · Provenance: Mode: popular-judgmentExplicit · shiji:054:s0087
Source notes
- Historicity: historicalExplicit · nanqishu:016:s0016
References in the histories
Open any source group to read the Chinese and English passage in context.