Qin and Han · Ruler

Emperor Gaozu 高祖

Gāozǔ

Died BC 195

Passages
689
Chapters
61
Histories
9

Overview

The translated histories identify Emperor Gaozu as a general, official, rebel, and ruler. This record brings together 689 passages from 61 chapters across 9 histories, with names, dates, relationships, offices, and events preserved as source-backed claims.

Names

TypeEnglishChinesePinyin
Personal Emperor Gaozu 高祖 Gāozǔ
Personal
Title
Title August Emperor 高皇帝 Gao Huangdi
Title Duke of Pei 沛公 Pei Gong
Title Emperor 皇帝 Huangdi
Temple name Emperor Gao 高祖 Gāozǔ
Title Emperor Gao 高皇帝 Gāo Huángdì
Title Emperor Gao 高帝 Gāo dì
Title Emperor Gao 高皇帝 Gāo huángdì
Temple name Emperor Gao 高皇帝 Gao Huangdi
Temple Emperor Gao 高帝 Gaodi
Title Emperor Gao 高帝
Temple Emperor Gao 高皇帝
Temple name Emperor Gao 高帝 Gao Di
Temple name Emperor Gao 高帝 Gaodi
Title Emperor Gao 高祖 Gaozu
Title Emperor Gao 高帝 Gāodì
Temple Emperor Gao 高帝
Title Emperor Gao 高皇帝
Temple name Emperor Gao 高帝 Gāodì
Title Emperor Gaozu 高帝 Gāodì
Temple Emperor Gaozu 高 Gao
Title Emperor Gaozu 高祖 Gaozu
Temple name Emperor Gaozu 高祖 Gāozǔ
Temple Emperor Gaozu 高祖 Gāo Zǔ
Temple Emperor Gaozu 高祖 Gaozu
Temple name Emperor Gaozu 高帝 Gāo dì
Temple name Emperor Gaozu 高祖 Gaozu
Title Emperor Gaozu 高祖
Title Emperor Gaozu
Temple name Emperor Gaozu of Han 漢高祖 Hàn Gāozǔ
Temple name Emperor Gaozu of Han 漢高
Title former emperor 先帝 Xiandi
Title former emperor 先帝 xiāndì
Title Founder of Han
Temple Gao Di 高帝 Gao Di
Title Gao Emperor 高帝 Gāo Dì
Posthumous name Gao Huangdi 高皇帝 Gao Huangdi
Title Gaodi 高帝 Gaodi
Temple name Gaodi 高廟 Gao miao
Temple Gaozu 高祖 Gāozǔ
Temple name Gaozu 高祖 Gaozu
Temple Gaozu 高祖 Gāo zǔ
Title Gaozu 高皇帝 Gao huangdi
Temple Gaozu 高祖 Gaozu
Temple Gaozu 高帝 Gaozu
Temple Gaozu 高皇帝 Gao Huangdi
Temple name Gaozu 高祖
Temple Gaozu 高祖
Title Gaozu 高祖 Gaozu
Regnal Gaozu 高皇帝 Gao Huangdi
Temple name Gaozu 高祖 Gāozǔ
Title Gaozu 高祖
Personal name Gaozu 高帝
Title Gaozu of Han
Title Han Gaozu 漢高祖 Han Gaozu
Temple name Han Gaozu 漢高祖 Hàn Gāozǔ
Temple Han Gaozu 漢高祖 Han Gaozu
Temple name High Ancestor 高祖
Title High Ancestor 高帝 Gaodi
Title High Ancestor 高
Alternate name High Ancestor 高祖
Title High Emperor 高皇帝 Gāo Huángdì
Title High Emperor 高帝 Gāodì
Title High Emperor 高帝
Title High Emperor 高皇帝
Temple High Emperor 高皇帝 Gao Huangdi
Temple name High Emperor 高祖
Posthumous High Emperor 高皇帝 Gāohuángdì
Temple name High Emperor 高皇帝 Gāo huángdì
Courtesy Ji 季 Jì
Title King 漢王
Title King of Han 漢王 Han Wang
Title King of Han 漢王
Title King of Han 漢王 Hàn Wáng
Title King of Han 漢王 Hàn wáng
Title Late Emperor 先帝 Xiāndì
Surname Liu 劉 Liú
Personal name Liu Bang Liu Bang
Personal Liu Bang Liu Bang
Personal Liu Bang Liú Bāng
Personal name Liu Bang 劉邦 Liu Bang
Personal name Liu Bang 劉邦 Liú Bāng
Personal name Liu Bang 劉 Liu Bang
Personal name Liu Bang
Personal Liu Ji 劉季 Liú Jì
Personal name Liu Ji 劉季
Personal name Liu Ji 劉季 Liú Jì
Title Lord of Pei 沛公 Pèi Gōng
Title Lord of Pei 沛公 Pei Gong
Title Lord of Pei 沛公
Title Lord of Pei 沛公 Pèi gōng
Title Marquis of Wuan 武安侯 Wǔ'ān Hóu
Title Pei Gong 沛公 Pèi Gōng
Title Son of Heaven 天子 Tianzi
Title Son of Heaven 天子
Temple name Supreme Ancestor 高祖 Gāozǔ
Title Supreme Ancestor 高祖
Temple name Taizu 太祖
Temple name Taizu 太祖 Tàizǔ
Title the Emperor 上
Title the High Founder 高皇帝 Gao Huangdi
Title the late emperor 先帝
Title the Sovereign 上 Shang

Identity

Historicity
Historical
Identification
Named
Sex
Male

Roles

  • General
  • Official
  • Rebel
  • Ruler
  • Warlord

Life and dates

Death

Attested activity

  • Qualitative: late Qin to early Han
    Explicit · shiji:053:s0003, shiji:053:s0009
  • Source Date: Text: 二世時 · Western Interval: Start: BC 209 · End: BC 207
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:113:s0004
  • Source Date: Text: 以沛公為漢王 · Western Year: BC 206
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:054:s0032
  • Source Date: Text: 佐高祖定天下 · Western Year: BC 202
    Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:004:s0091
  • Source Date: Text: 元年 · Western Year: BC 156
    Explicit · hanshu:006:s0023
  • Source Date: Text: 先帝知勞民不可煩 · Western Interval: Start: BC 202 · End: BC 195
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:025:s0029
  • Source Date: Text: 初，高祖微時 · Western Interval: Start: BC 209 · End: BC 206
    Explicit event contextual date · houhanshu:131:s0033
  • Source Date: Text: 劉 · Western Interval: Start: BC 209 · End: BC 195
    Explicit · liangshu:014:s0067
  • Source Date: Text: 十二年 · Western Year: BC 195
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:051:s0019
  • Source Date: Text: 十二年四月 · Western Year: BC 195
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0004
  • Source Date: Text: 及項羽滅 · Western Year: BC 202
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:100:s0004
  • Source Date: Text: 困於平城 · Western Year: BC 200
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:100:s0034
  • Source Date: Text: 始高祖微時 · Western Interval: Start: BC 210 · End: BC 206
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:050:s0003
  • Source Date: Text: 子嬰以上漢高祖 · Western Year: BC 206
    Explicit event contextual date · liaoshi:057:s0004
  • Source Date: Text: 庚申 · Western Year: AD 85
    Explicit event contextual date · houhanshu:109:s0055, houhanshu:109:s0045
  • Source Date: Text: 建武七年 · Western Year: AD 31
    Explicit · houhanshu:108:s0039
  • Source Date: Text: 建武三十二年 · Western Year: AD 56
    Explicit · houhanshu:108:s0087, houhanshu:108:s0090
  • Source Date: Text: 建武二年 · Western Year: AD 26
    Explicit event contextual date · houhanshu:110:s0003
  • Source Date: Text: 彭城西 · Western Year: BC 205
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:100:s0067
  • Source Date: Text: 昔 · Western Interval: Start: BC 206 · End: BC 202
    Explicit event contextual date · houhanshu:034:s0016
  • Source Date: Text: 會擊黥布 · Western Year: BC 196
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:054:s0077
  • Source Date: Text: 汉兴八年 · Western Year: BC 195
    Explicit · houhanshu:110:s0073
  • Source Date: Text: 沛公至高祖十二年 · Western Interval: Start: BC 209 · End: BC 195
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:098:s0004, shiji:098:s0062
  • Source Date: Text: 滅秦 · Western Year: BC 206
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:054:s0031
  • Source Date: Text: 漢七年 · Western Year: BC 200
    Explicit · shiji:104:s0007
  • Source Date: Text: 漢三年 · Western Year: BC 204
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0022
  • Source Date: Text: 漢二年 · Western Year: BC 205
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0017
  • Source Date: Text: 漢五年 · Western Year: BC 202
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0026, shiji:053:s0028
  • Source Date: Text: 漢元年…十年秋 · Western Interval: Start: BC 206 · End: BC 197
    Explicit · shiji:090:s0022, shiji:090:s0084, shiji:090:s0103
  • Source Date: Text: 漢六年春 · Western Year: BC 201
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:051:s0010, shiji:051:s0011
  • Source Date: Text: 漢初 · Western Interval: Start: BC 206 · End: BC 195
    Explicit event contextual date · houhanshu:031:s0136
  • Source Date: Text: 漢初 · Western Year: BC 202
    Explicit · hanshu:082:s0156
  • Source Date: Text: 漢十一年 · Western Year: BC 196
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0060
  • Source Date: Text: 漢十一年 · Western Year: BC 196
    Explicit · shiji:113:s0013
  • Source Date: Text: 漢十二年秋 · Western Year: BC 195
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0071
  • Source Date: Text: 漢召彭越 · Western Year: BC 196
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:100:s0081
  • Source Date: Text: 漢王…高祖購求 · Western Interval: Start: BC 206 · End: BC 202
    Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:046:s0002, hanshu:046:s0003
  • Source Date: Text: 漢王元年 · Western Year: BC 206
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:051:s0002
  • Source Date: Text: 漢王率諸侯敗楚 · Western Interval: Start: BC 206 · End: BC 202
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:094:s0049, shiji:094:s0067
  • Source Date: Text: 漢興 · Western Interval: Start: BC 202 · End: BC 195
    Explicit · shiji:125:s0004
  • Source Date: Text: 漢高祖 · Western Interval: Start: BC 206 · End: BC 195
    Explicit · sanguozhi:063:s0119
  • Source Date: Text: 漢高祖封為明雌亭侯 · Western Year: BC 202
    Explicit · sanguozhi:031:s0119
  • Source Date: Text: 漢高祖末年 · Western Interval: Start: BC 196 · End: BC 195
    Explicit · jiuwudaishi:139:s0008
  • Source Date: Text: 癸酉 · Western Year: AD 85
    Explicit event contextual date · houhanshu:109:s0051, houhanshu:109:s0045
  • Source Date: Text: 秦亂，漢高起布衣 · Western Interval: Start: BC 206 · End: BC 202
    Explicit event contextual date · mingshi:127:s0007
  • Source Date: Text: 聞項羽有意殺漢王 · Western Year: BC 206
    Explicit event contextual date · houhanshu:131:s0090
  • Source Date: Text: 至于高祖，光有四海 · Western Year: BC 202
    Strongly inferred · shiji:023:s0020
  • Source Date: Text: 章武二年追尊議論中引 · Western Year: AD 222
    Explicit · sanguozhi:034:s0018
  • Source Date: Text: 高、惠之間 · Western Interval: Start: BC 202 · End: BC 188
    Explicit · hanshu:025:s0269
  • Source Date: Text: 高帝 · Western Interval: Start: BC 202 · End: BC 195
    Explicit event contextual date · houhanshu:037:s0239
  • Source Date: Text: 高帝 · Western Interval: Start: BC 206 · End: BC 195
    Explicit · hanshu:085:s0080
  • Source Date: Text: 高帝三年 · Western Year: BC 204
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:051:s0021
  • Source Date: Text: 高帝已定天下 · Western Interval: Start: BC 202 · End: BC 196
    Explicit · shiji:113:s0012
  • Source Date: Text: 高帝時 · Western Year: BC 202
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:114:s0007
  • Source Date: Text: 高帝過趙 · Western Year: BC 200
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:080:s0113
  • Source Date: Text: 高皇帝 · Western Interval: Start: BC 202 · End: BC 195
    Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:059:s0060, hanshu:059:s0173
  • Source Date: Text: 高皇帝七年 · Western Year: BC 200
    Explicit · hanshu:025:s0224
  • Source Date: Text: 高皇帝匡飭天下 · Western Year: BC 202
    Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:004:s0007
  • Source Date: Text: 高祖 · Western Interval: Start: BC 202 · End: BC 195
    Explicit · houhanshu:032:s0002, shiji:120:s0127
  • Source Date: Text: 高祖二年 · Western Year: BC 205
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:054:s0054
  • Source Date: Text: 高祖先保關中 · Western Year: AD 206
    Explicit · songshi:359:s0029
  • Source Date: Text: 高祖六年 · Western Year: BC 201
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:050:s0010, shiji:054:s0074
  • Source Date: Text: 高祖初為漢王 · Western Year: BC 206
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0002
  • Source Date: Text: 高祖十一年秋 · Western Year: BC 196
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:051:s0016, shiji:051:s0018
  • Source Date: Text: 高祖十二年 · Western Year: BC 195
    Explicit · shiji:077:s0152
  • Source Date: Text: 高祖厭苦軍事 · Western Interval: Start: BC 202 · End: BC 195
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:025:s0022
  • Source Date: Text: 高祖同時 · Western Interval: Start: BC 206 · End: BC 195
    Explicit · shiji:124:s0031
  • Source Date: Text: 高祖時天下新定 · Western Interval: Start: BC 202 · End: BC 195
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:025:s0024
  • Source Date: Text: 高祖有天下 · Western Interval: Start: BC 202 · End: BC 195
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:025:s0020
  • Source Date: Text: 高祖東擊項籍 · Western Year: BC 205
    Explicit · hanshu:055:s0005
  • Source Date: Text: 高祖東擊項籍 · Western Year: BC 205
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:103:s0003
  • Source Date: Text: 高祖為沛公而初起 · Western Year: BC 209
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:054:s0003
  • Source Date: Text: 高祖誅項 · Western Interval: Start: BC 206 · End: BC 202
    Explicit event contextual date · sanguozhi:062:s0087
  • Source Date: Text: 高祖起沛 · Western Interval: Start: BC 209 · End: BC 206
    Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:051:s0028

Family

Immediate source-linked family. Drag to pan, scroll or pinch to zoom, and select a person to open their record.

  • Spouse of Lady Qi (戚姬)
    Kinship Term: consort / 姬 · Union Category: concubinage · Relationship State: active
  • Parent of Emperor Xiaohui (孝惠帝)
    Kinship Term: son / 子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: father
    Kinship Term: crown prince / 太子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
    Kinship Term: crown prince / 太子也 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
    Kinship Term: father / 父 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
    Kinship Term: heir apparent / 太子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
  • Sibling of Liu Bo (劉伯)
    Kinship Term: elder brother / 兄 · Subject Relative Age: elder · Shared Parentage: full
  • Sibling of Lady Xuan (宣夫人)
    Kinship Term: elder sister / 姊 · Subject Relative Age: elder · Shared Parentage: full
  • Sibling of Bo (伯)
    Kinship Term: eldest brother / 長兄 · Subject Relative Age: elder · Subject Birth Order: 1 · Subject Role: elder-brother · Object Role: younger-brother
  • Parent of Liu Fei (劉肥)
    Kinship Term: eldest son / 長子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son · Object Birth Order: 1
    Kinship Term: son / 子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: father
  • Spouse of Empress Lü (呂后)
    Kinship Term: Empress Lü / 呂皇后 · Union Category: primary-marriage · Relationship State: active
    Kinship Term: empress / 后 · Union Category: marriage · Subject Role: husband · Object Role: wife
    Kinship Term: empress / 后 · Union Category: primary-marriage · Relationship State: active
    Kinship Term: Empress Gao / 高后 · Union Category: primary-marriage · Subject Role: wife · Object Role: husband · Relationship State: widowed
    Kinship Term: empress / 后 · Union Category: marriage · Subject Role: wife · Object Role: husband · Relationship State: active
    Kinship Term: empress / 后 · Union Category: primary-marriage · Subject Role: wife · Object Role: husband
  • Child of Taishang Huang (太上皇)
    Kinship Term: father / 父 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: father
    Kinship Term: Retired Emperor / 太上皇 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: father
    Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
  • Parent of Liu Chang (劉長)
    Kinship Term: imperial son / 皇子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
  • Parent of You (友)
    Kinship Term: middle son of Emperor Gaozu / 高祖中子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: father
  • Child of Empress Zhaoling (昭靈皇后)
    Kinship Term: mother / 母 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: mother · Object Role: son
  • Child of Mother of Emperor Gaozu and Liu Jiao
    Kinship Term: same mother / 同母 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: mother · Line: maternal
  • Sibling of Liu Xi (劉喜)
    Kinship Term: second brother / 次兄 · Subject Relative Age: elder · Subject Birth Order: 2 · Subject Role: elder-brother · Object Role: younger-brother
  • Parent of Liu Ruyi (劉如意)
    Kinship Term: son / 子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
  • Sibling of Liu Jiao (劉交)
    Kinship Term: younger brother / 弟 · Subject Relative Age: younger · Subject Role: younger-brother · Object Role: elder-brother · Shared Parentage: uncertain · Line: paternal
    Kinship Term: youngest brother by the same mother / 同母少弟 · Shared Parentage: maternal-half · Subject Relative Age: younger · Subject Role: younger-brother · Object Role: elder-brother
  • Parent of Princess Lu Yuan (魯元公主)
    Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: daughter

Origins and identity

Career and standing

Places and affiliations

Works and attributed material

Events and relationships

Assessments and attributes

Source notes

References in the histories

Open any source group to read the Chinese and English passage in context.

Book of Han, Chapter 1Volume 1: Annals of Emperor Gaozu 1 · 186 passages
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漢王聽其計，使盧綰、劉賈將卒二萬人，騎數百，渡白馬津入楚地，佐彭越燒楚積聚，復擊破楚軍燕郭西，攻下睢陽、外黃十七城。 The King of Han followed his plan, sending Lu Wan and Liu Jia with twenty thousand soldiers and several hundred riders across Baima Ford into Chu territory. They assisted Peng Yue in burning Chu's stockpiles, then attacked and defeated the Chu army west of Yanguo, capturing seventeen cities, including Suiyang and Waihuang.
漢王欲西歸，張良、陳平諫曰：「今漢有天下太半，而諸侯皆附，楚兵罷食盡，此天亡之時，不因其幾而遂取之，所謂養虎自遺患也。」 The King of Han wanted to return west. Zhang Liang and Chen Ping advised him: "Han now possesses more than half the realm, and all the feudal lords have attached themselves to it. Chu's troops are exhausted and its food is gone. This is the moment when Heaven is destroying Chu. If we do not seize this opportunity and take it, that is what is called raising a tiger and leaving disaster for oneself."
Book of Han, Chapter 2Volume 1: Annals of Emperor Gaozu 2 · 109 passages
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於是諸侯上疏曰：「楚王韓信、韓王信、淮南王英布、梁王彭越、故衡山王吳芮、趙王張敖、燕王臧荼昧 死再拜言，大王陛下：先時秦為亡道，天下誅之。 So the feudal lords submitted a memorial: "Han Xin, King of Chu; Xin, King of Han; Ying Bu, King of Huainan; Peng Yue, King of Liang; Wu Rui, former King of Hengshan; Zhang Ao, King of Zhao; and Zang Tu, King of Yan, risking death, bow twice and say: Great King, Your Majesty, formerly Qin acted without the Way, and the world punished it.
春正月丙午，韓王信等奏請以故東陽郡、鄣郡、吳郡五十三縣立劉賈為荊王，以碭郡、薛郡、郯郡三十六縣立弟文信君交為 楚王。 In the first month, spring, on the bingwu day, King Xin of Han and others petitioned to establish Liu Jia as King of Jing with the former Dongyang, Zhang, and Wu commanderies, fifty-three counties in all, and to establish the emperor's younger brother Jiao, Lord Wenxin, as King of Chu with Dang, Xue, and Tan commanderies, thirty-six counties in all.
Book of Han, Chapter 3Volume 2: Annals of Emperor Hui · 4 passages
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Book of Han, Chapter 4Volume 3: Annals of Empress Lü Zhi · 6 passages
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太尉勃與丞相平謀，以曲周侯酈商子寄與祿善，使人劫商令寄紿說祿曰：「高帝與呂后共定天下，劉氏所 立九王，呂氏所立三王，皆大臣之議。 Grand Commandant Zhou Bo and Chancellor Chen Ping plotted together. Since Marquis of Quzhou Li Shang's son Ji was on good terms with Lü Lu, they sent men to seize Shang and have Ji deceive and persuade Lü Lu, saying: 'Emperor Gaozu and Empress Lü together settled the realm. The Liu clan established nine kings and the Lü clan established three kings—all were matters deliberated by the ministers.
Book of Han, Chapter 5Volume 4: Annals of Emperor Wen · 14 passages
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Book of Han, Chapter 6Volume 5: Annals of Emperor Jing · 2 passages
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Book of Han, Chapter 25Volume 23: Treatise on Punishment and Law · 2 passages
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自建武、永平，民亦新免兵革之禍，人有樂生之慮，與高、惠之間同，而政在抑彊扶弱，朝無威福之臣，邑無豪桀之俠。 From the Jianwu through Yongping eras, the people had only recently emerged from the disasters of war and were mindful of preserving life, as in the time of Emperor Gaozu and Emperor Hui. Government policy restrained the strong and supported the weak; at court no minister privately wielded the power to inspire fear or grant favors, and in the localities there were no domineering magnates.
Book of Han, Chapter 27Volume 24b: Treatise on Trade 2 · 1 passage
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Book of Han, Chapter 42Volume 33: Wei Bao, Tian Dan and Hán Xin (King of Han) · 25 passages
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Book of Han, Chapter 44Volume 35: Princes of Jing, Yan and Wu · 19 passages
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漢王敗成皋，北度河，得張耳、韓信軍，軍脩武，深溝高壘，使賈將二萬人，騎數百，擊楚，度白馬津入楚地，燒其積聚，以破其業，無以給項王軍食。 After his defeat at Chenggao, the King of Han withdrew north across the river and joined the forces of Zhang Er and Han Xin. They made camp at Xiuwu behind deep moats and high walls. He dispatched Liu Jia with twenty thousand foot soldiers and several hundred cavalry to hit Chu from the flank. Liu Jia crossed the Baima Ford into Chu lands and torched their depots, shattering their logistics so that King Xiang’s troops went hungry.
及景帝即位，錯為御史大夫，說上曰：「昔高帝初定天下，昆弟少，諸子弱，大封同姓，故孽子悼惠王王齊七十二城，庶弟元王王楚四十城，兄子王吳五十餘城。 When Emperor Jing came to the throne, Chao Cuo became Imperial Counselor. He urged the emperor, "When Gaozu first settled the realm, he had few brothers and his sons were young, so he gave large fiefs to men of his own surname. Thus his secondary son, King Dao Hui, ruled Qi with seventy-two cities; his younger brother, King Yuan, ruled Chu with forty cities; and his nephew ruled Wu with more than fifty cities.
Book of Han, Chapter 46Volume 37: Ji Bu, Luan Bu and Tian Shu · 8 passages
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叔叩頭曰：「夫貫高等謀反，天子下明詔，趙有敢隨張王者罪三族，然孟舒自髡鉗，隨張王，以身死之，豈自知為雲中守哉！ Tian Shu kowtowed and said, "When Guan Gao and his fellow plotters rose against the throne, the Son of Heaven decreed death for three generations of any Zhao official who followed King Zhang—yet Meng Shu shaved his head, took the collar, and followed his lord to the grave. How could he have dreamed he would one day govern Yunzhong?
Book of Han, Chapter 48Volume 39: Xiao He and Cao Shen · 62 passages
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Book of Han, Chapter 51Volume 42: Zhang, Zhou, Zhao, Ren and Shentu · 31 passages
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Book of Han, Chapter 55Volume 46: The Lords of Wan, Wei, Zhi, Zhou and Zhang · 5 passages
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Book of Han, Chapter 58Volume 49: Yuan Ang and Chao Cuo · 6 passages
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臣竊觀上世之傳，若高皇帝之建功業，陛下之德厚而得賢佐，皆有司之所覽，刻於玉版，藏於金匱，歷之春秋，紀之後世，為帝者祖宗，與天地相終。 Your servant has privately examined the traditions of high antiquity: matters such as the High Emperor's founding of merit and enterprise, and Your Majesty's deep virtue in obtaining worthy assistants, are all surveyed by the responsible offices, engraved on jade tablets, stored in golden coffers, passed through the years, and recorded for later generations, so that they become ancestral models for emperors and endure together with Heaven and Earth.
上卒問盎，對曰：「吳、楚相遺書，言高皇帝王子弟各有分地，今賊臣晁錯擅適諸侯，削奪之地，以故反名為西共誅錯，復故地而罷。 The emperor finally asked Yuan Ang, who replied, "Wu and Chu have exchanged letters saying that Gaozu's sons and younger brothers were each granted allotted territories, but now the wicked minister Chao Cuo has arbitrarily punished the feudal lords and cut away their lands. For this reason, they have raised the banner of marching west to join in executing Chao Cuo, restoring their former lands, and then standing down.
Book of Han, Chapter 59Volume 50: Zhang, Feng, Ji and Zheng · 3 passages
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張湯以更定律令為廷尉，黯質責湯於上前，曰：「公為正卿，上不能褒先帝之功業，下不能化天下之邪心，安國富民，使囹圄空虛，何空取高皇帝約束紛更之為？ When Zhang Tang rewrote the code and became commandant of justice, Ji An cornered him in open court: "As chief minister you neither celebrate the founder's legacy nor reform public morals, bring peace to the realm, fill the granaries, nor clear the jails—why do you busy yourself tearing apart the statutes Gaozu left behind?
Book of Han, Chapter 65Volume 56: Dong Zhongshu · 1 passage
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Book of Han, Chapter 70Volume 60: Du Zhou · 1 passage
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Book of Han, Chapter 74Volume 64a: Yan, Zhu, Wuqiu, Zhufu, Xu, Yan, Zhong, Wang, and Jia 1 · 7 passages
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Book of Han, Chapter 82Volume 71: Jun, Shu, Yu, Xue, Ping and Peng · 1 passage
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Book of Han, Chapter 85Volume 74: Wei Xiang and Bing Ji · 2 passages
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Book of Han, Chapter 94Volume 83: Xue Xuan and Zhu Bo · 1 passage
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Book of Han, Chapter 104Volume 92: Youxias · 1 passage
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Book of Han, Chapter 105Volume 93: Flatterers · 2 passages
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Book of Han, Chapter 117Volume 100a: Afterword and Family History 1 · 6 passages
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Book of Later Han, Chapter 31Volume 28a: Biographies of Huan Tan; Feng Yan · 2 passages
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Book of Later Han, Chapter 32Volume 28b: Biography of Feng Yan · 1 passage
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Book of Later Han, Chapter 34Volume 30a: Biographies of Su Jing; Yang Hou · 1 passage
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Book of Later Han, Chapter 37Volume 32: Biographies of Fan Hong; Yin Shi · 1 passage
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Book of Later Han, Chapter 108Volume 97: Rituals and Worship Part One · 5 passages
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Book of Later Han, Chapter 109Volume 98: Rituals and Worship Part Two · 2 passages
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Book of Later Han, Chapter 110Volume 99: Rituals and Worship Part Three · 3 passages
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Book of Later Han, Chapter 131Volume 120: Treatise on Carriages and Dress, Part Two · 4 passages
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Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 139Volume 139: Treatises 1 Astronomy · 1 passage
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Book of Liang, Chapter 14Volume 14: Jiang Yan; Ren Fang · 1 passage
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History of Liao, Chapter 57Volume 57 Treatises 27: Ceremonial Guards 3 · 1 passage
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History of Ming, Chapter 127Volume 127 Biographies 15: Li Shanzhang, Wang Guangyang · 1 passage
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Records of the Three Kingdoms, Chapter 31Volume 31: Book of Shu 1: Biographies of the Two Governor Lius · 2 passages
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Records of the Three Kingdoms, Chapter 34Volume 34: Book of Shu 4: Biographies of Concubines and Sons of the Two Lords · 1 passage
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Records of the Three Kingdoms, Chapter 62Volume 62: Book of Wu 17: Biographies of Shi Yi and Hu Zong · 2 passages
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Records of the Three Kingdoms, Chapter 63Volume 63: Book of Wu 18: Biographies of Wu Fan, Liu Dun, and Zhao Da · 1 passage
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Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 23Treatise on Ritual · 1 passage
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Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 25Treatise on the Pitch-Pipes · 4 passages
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Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 50House of Prince Yuan of Chu · 8 passages
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Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 51Houses of Jing and Yan · 12 passages
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漢四年，漢王之敗成皋，北渡河，得張耳、韓信軍，軍修武，深溝高壘，使劉賈將二萬人，騎數百，渡白馬津入楚地，燒其積聚，以破其業，無以給項王軍食。 In the fourth year of Han, after the King of Han suffered defeat at Chenggao and crossed the Yellow River northward, he joined forces with the armies of Zhang Er and Han Xin. He encamped at Xiuwu behind deep trenches and high ramparts, then dispatched Liu Jia with twenty thousand infantry and several hundred cavalry to cross at Baima Ford into Chu territory. There they burned the enemy's grain stores, devastating their supply lines so that Xiang Yu's army could no longer be fed.
Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 53House of Chancellor Xiao · 27 passages
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Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 54House of Chancellor Cao · 16 passages
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Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 77Biography of the Prince of Wei · 3 passages
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Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 80Biography of Yue Yi · 2 passages
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Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 90Biographies of Wei Bao and Peng Yue · 26 passages
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Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 94Biography of Tian Dan, King of Qi · 14 passages
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Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 98Biographies of Fu, Jin, and the Marquis of Kuaicheng · 5 passages
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太史公曰：陽陵侯傅寬、信武侯靳歙皆高爵，從高祖起山東，攻項籍，誅殺名將，破軍降城以十數，未嘗困辱，此亦天授也。 The Grand Historian says: The Marquis of Yangling, Fu Kuan, and the Marquis of Xinwu, Jin Xi, both held high noble ranks. They followed Gaozu in rising from Shandong, attacked Xiang Ji, executed famous generals, broke armies, and induced the surrender of cities numbering in the tens, and never experienced distress or humiliation. This too was heaven's bestowal.
Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 100Biographies of Ji Bu and Luan Bu · 21 passages
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Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 103Biographies of Wan Shi and Zhang Shu · 4 passages
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Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 104Biography of Tian Shu · 2 passages
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Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 113Treatise on the Nanyue · 3 passages
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至二世時，南海尉任囂病且死，召龍川令趙佗語曰：「聞陳勝等作亂，秦為無道，天下苦之，項羽、劉季、陳勝、吳廣等州郡各共興軍聚眾，虎爭天下，中國擾亂，未知所安，豪傑畔秦相立。 When the Second Emperor's reign began, the Commandant of Nanhai, Ren Xiao, fell gravely ill and lay near death. He summoned Zhao Tuo, the Magistrate of Longchuan, and told him: "I have heard that Chen Sheng and the others have risen in revolt. Qin has ruled without the Way, and the whole realm suffers for it. Xiang Yu, Liu Ji, Chen Sheng, Wu Guang, and men across the commanderies and districts have all raised armies and gathered followers, fighting over the empire like tigers. The Central Plains are thrown into chaos, and no one knows where peace will come from. Great men everywhere have turned against Qin and set themselves up as rival lords.
佗曰：「高帝立我，通使物，今高後聽讒臣，別異蠻夷，隔絕器物，此必長沙王計也，欲倚中國，擊滅南越而并王之，自為功也。」 Tuo declared: "Emperor Gaozu installed me as king and opened trade and diplomatic relations. Now Empress Dowager Gao heeds the words of slanderous ministers, treats us as foreign barbarians, and cuts off our access to iron goods and implements. This is surely a plot by the King of Changsha, who wishes to lean on the might of the Central Plains to destroy Nanyue, annex our territory, and claim the glory for himself."
Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 114Treatise on the Eastern Yue · 1 passage
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孝惠三年，舉高帝時越功，曰閩君搖功多，其民便附，乃立搖為東海王，都東甌，世俗號為東甌王。 In the third year of Emperor Hui's reign, the court reviewed the wartime contributions of the Yue dating back to Emperor Gao's era. It was noted that Yao, the lord of Min, had distinguished himself through exceptional service and commanded the loyal devotion of his people. He was therefore made the King of the Eastern Sea, with his capital at Dong'ou—and so the people came to call him the King of Dong'ou.
Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 120Biographies of Ji and Zheng · 1 passage
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Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 124Biographies of Knight-errants · 1 passage
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Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 125Biographies of Flatterers · 1 passage
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History of Song, Chapter 359Volume 359 Biographies 118: Li Gang 2 · 3 passages
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