Liu Shouguang (劉守光)

Overview

Liu Shouguang was a warlord and Usurper.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Posthumous name	Emperor of Great Yan	大燕皇帝
Regnal name	Yingtian	應天

Life and dates

Death

AD 914 天祐十一年
Executed · At Taiyuan 太原 · Authority Cunxu (存勖)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 25
AD 914 天祐十一年正月
Cause executed 誅
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 28, passage 92
AD 914 十一年正月
Executed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passage 130
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 70, passage 104

Attested activity

AD 908 七月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 222
AD 907 天祐四年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 140
AD 911 天祐八年三月己丑
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 193
AD 911 天祐八年八月甲子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 207
AD 911 天祐八年十一月辛丑
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 210
AD 911 天祐八年十二月甲子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 211

Show 57 more source-backed claims

AD 911 天祐八年十月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 209
AD 910 AD 910-923
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 26, passage 105
AD 911 to AD 913 AD 911-913
Directly stated · History of Song 482, passage 166
AD 911 AD 911-913
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 65, passage 58
AD 911 to AD 914 AD 911-914
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passage 238
AD 911 the year before Taizu's murder
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 15
AD 913 七年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 1, passage 109
AD 912 九年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 52, passage 162
AD 911 to AD 913 乞師於晉
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 44, passage 49
AD 913 乾化三年十二月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 86
AD 911 五年八月甲子
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 1, passage 90
AD 907 元年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 1, passage 52
AD 911 八月十三日，守光僭號大燕皇帝
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passage 104
AD 908 制
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 52
AD 911 劉守光之僭號
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 190
AD 913 劉守光亂
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 56, passage 182
AD 911 to AD 913 劉守光僭號
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passage 21
AD 911 to AD 914 劉守光僭號
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 48, passage 114
AD 907 to AD 914 劉守光徙治此
Strongly inferred · History of Liao 40, passage 275
AD 914 劉守光所藏錢
Strongly inferred · History of Liao 60, passage 35
AD 909 劉守光攻陷滄州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 31
AD 913 劉守光末年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 137, passage 21
AD 907 to AD 914 劉守光藏錢
Strongly inferred · History of Liao 13, passage 216
AD 911 to AD 914 北討劉守光
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 61, passage 157
AD 914 十一年正月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passage 130
AD 913 十年十一月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passages 113, 120
AD 894 唐乾寧元年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passages 1, 12
AD 907 四年四月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passages 60-61
AD 904 to AD 907 天祐中
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 4
AD 913 天祐中
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 72, passage 21
AD 912 天祐九年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 28, passage 4
AD 912 天祐九年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 70, passage 3
AD 912 天祐九年正月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 22
AD 911 天祐八年正月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passages 19, 21
AD 914 天祐十一年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 25
AD 913 天祐十年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 28, passages 42, 62
AD 913 天祐十年十月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 24
AD 911 to AD 914 太祖征奚及討劉守光
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 73, passage 163
AD 914 守光之死
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 70, passage 104
AD 910 守光又攻殺守文
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 179
AD 907 to AD 914 守光尚不能容父，能容卿乎！
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 71, passage 22
AD 913 守光敗
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 6
AD 907 to AD 913 守文為其弟守光所殺
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 46, passage 3
AD 907 to AD 914 幽州遣使
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 71, passage 47
AD 910 後守光為帥
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 74, passage 45
AD 913 從平劉守光
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 53
AD 911 to AD 913 攻劉守光於幽州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 36
AD 907 時劉守光戍平州
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 137, passage 8
AD 907 to AD 913 本州節度使劉守光
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passage 97
AD 911 柏鄉之捷前後
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passage 82
AD 911 to AD 913 為劉守光騎將
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 48, passage 3
AD 907 to AD 913 燕
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 56, passage 75
AD 912 to AD 913 王師討守光
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 197
AD 913 莊宗攻劉守光
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 6, passage 20
AD 911 to AD 913 莊宗遣周德威伐幽州
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 63
AD 913 討劉守光
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 59, passage 205
AD 909 開平三年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 81

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Sibling of Liu Shouwen (劉守文)
elder brother 兄 · Uncertain siblings
elder brother 兄
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 81
Sibling of Liu Shouwen (劉守文)
elder brother 兄 · Full siblings
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 178
Sibling of Liu Shouwen (劉守文)
elder brother 兄 · Full siblings
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passage 65
Sibling of Liu Shouqi (劉守奇)
elder brother 兄 · Full siblings
Directly stated · History of Liao 1, passage 53
Child of Rengong (仁恭)
father 父 · paternal line
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 25
Child of Liu Rengong (劉仁恭)
father 父
son 子
younger brother 弟
Sources vary in certainty · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passages 2, 60, 123; Old History of the Five Dynasties 65, passage 85; New History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 59; New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 178; New History of the Five Dynasties 46, passage 3; Old History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 86; Old History of the Five Dynasties 28, passage 83; History of Liao 1, passage 52
Child of Father of Liu Shouguang (劉守光之父)
father 父
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 70, passage 2; Old History of the Five Dynasties 71, passage 22
Parent of Jiyong (繼颙)
illegitimate son 孽子
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 70, passage 104
Kin of Liu Shouqi (劉守奇)
Liu Shouqi 劉守奇
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passage 121
Parent of Liu Jizuo (劉繼祚)
son 子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 28, passage 80
Parent of Liu Jiewei (劉繼威)
son 子
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 180
Parent of Liu Jifang (劉繼方)
son 男
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passage 120
Parent of Liu Jizuo (劉繼祚)
son 男
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passage 120
Parent of Liu Jixun (劉繼珣)
son 男
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passage 120
Spouse of Lady Zhu (祝氏)
wife 妻
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passage 120
Spouse of Lady Li (李氏)
wife 妻
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 28, passage 80
Spouse of Lady Li (李氏)
wife 妻
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passage 120
Spouse of Lady Zhu (祝氏)
wife 妻
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 28, passage 80
Sibling of Liu Shouwen (劉守文)
younger brother 弟 · Full siblings
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 46, passage 3
Sibling of Liu Shouwen (劉守文)
younger brother 弟
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 56, passage 75
Sibling of Liu Shouwen (劉守文)
younger brother 弟 · Full siblings
Directly stated · History of Liao 1, passage 65
Parent of Jiwei (繼威)
youngest son 幼子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 140

Kinship Role brothers · 諸兄弟 killed by order · Quantity plural-unspecified
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 70, passage 2
Kinship Role sons · Quantity 幼子 (youngest son named; total not stated)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 140

Key source chapters

Career and standing

Minister Director and August Father 尚書令、尚父
Advanced to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 194, 200
Military Governor of Youzhou and the Lulong Army 幽州盧龍軍節度使
AD 907 元年 · Claimed
Directly stated · History of Liao 1, passage 52
garrison commander of Pingzhou 戍平州
Held · At Pingzhou 平州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 137, passage 8
Lulong and Henghai military commissioner, honorary Grand Marshal, Grand Councilor, Prince of Yan 盧龍橫海等軍節度、檢校太尉、中書令、燕王
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 200
military governor of Lulong 盧龍軍節度使
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 52
military governor of Youzhou 幽州節度使
Held · At Youzhou 幽州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 222

Show 18 more source-backed claims

military governor of Youzhou 本州節度使
Held · At Youzhou 幽州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passage 97
warlord appointing Youzhou staff 署幽州掾
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 4
military governor of Youzhou 幽州節度
Usurped
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passage 62
Prince of Yan 燕王
Advanced
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 222
Prince of Hejian 河間郡王
Enfeoffed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 52
Prince of Yan 燕王
Advanced to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 222
emperor of Yan 帝
AD 911 天祐八年正月 · Assumed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 21
Prince of Hejian 河間郡王
Enfeoffed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 52
King of Yan 燕王
AD 911 天祐八年正月 · Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 19
Prince of Hejian 河間郡王
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 222
Prince of Yan 燕王
Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 15; New History of the Five Dynasties 70, passage 104
Entered
Captivity
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 86
Suffered
AD 913 七年 · Captured · Authority Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang (後唐莊宗)
Directly stated · History of Liao 1, passage 109
emperor of Great Yan 大燕皇帝
AD 911 天祐八年八月甲子 · Era Yingtian 應天
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 207
Yan 燕
AD 911 五年八月甲子
Directly stated · History of Liao 1, passage 90
Emperor of Great Yan 大燕皇帝
AD 911 八月十三日 · Era Name Yingtian 應天
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passage 104
AD 911 劉守光僭號
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 48, passage 114
emperor of Yan 帝
AD 911 天祐八年正月 · At Yan 燕
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 21

Places and affiliations

AD 911 to AD 914 劉守光僭號
Polity Yan 燕 · Relation Ruled
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 48, passage 114
Polity Great Yan 大燕 · Relation Founded
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passage 104
Polity Later Liang 梁 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 52
Polity Later Liang 梁 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 222
Polity Yan 燕 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 86; Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 193, 207, 210-211; Old History of the Five Dynasties 28, passages 4, 42, 62; Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 190; Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passage 112; New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passages 19, 21
Polity Yan 燕 · Relation Ruled
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 140; Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 4-5

Show 8 more source-backed claims

Polity Yan 燕 · Relation Usurped
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passage 62
Polity Yan · Relation Associated
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 65, passage 58
Polity Youzhou 幽州 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 63
At Leshou in Shenzhou 深州樂壽
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passage 1
At Liangxiang County 良鄉縣 · Relation Administered from
Directly stated · History of Liao 40, passage 275
At Pingzhou 平州 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 137, passage 8
At Youzhou 幽州 · Relation Governed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passage 97
At Youzhou 幽州 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 222; Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 211

Works and attributed material

Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · With Li Chengxun (李承勳)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 194
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 28, passage 69
Speech · Speaker
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passages 77, 91-95

Events and relationships

Asked Liang for rescue
AD 912 天祐九年正月 · Diplomatic · Petitioner
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 22
Attacked by Zhuangzong
AD 913 莊宗攻劉守光 · Military · Defender
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 6, passage 20
Campaign launched against him at Youzhou
Military · Target
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 211
Captured
AD 909 劉守光攻陷滄州 · Military · Conqueror · At Cangzhou 滄州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 31
Captured
AD 913 是月 · Military · Captive · With Prince of Jin (晉王)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 86
Captured
Military · Commander · With Prince Shili (實裏王子) · At Pingzhou 平州 · Summary Feigned peace, feasted Khitan tribes outside the walls, then sprang hidden troops and seized Prince Shili.
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 137, passage 8

Show 36 more source-backed claims

Committed adultery with
Personal · Actor · With Lady Luo (羅氏)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passage 60
Declared himself emperor
AD 911 劉守光之僭號 · Political · Usurper
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 190
Declared emperor
Usurpation · Actor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passage 21
Declared himself emperor
AD 911 劉守光僭號 · Political · Usurper
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 48, passage 114
Defeated and captured brother
Military · Commander · At west of Jizhou 薊州西 · With Liu Shouwen (劉守文)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 81
Defeated at
Military · Commander · At Jisu 雞蘇 · With Liu Shouwen (劉守文)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passage 68
Defeated
AD 913 天祐中 · Military · Defeated ruler · At Youzhou 幽州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 72, passage 21
Defeated
AD 913 守光敗 · Military · Commander
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 6
Defended Youzhou
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passage 61
Executed
Political · Actor · With Sun He (孫鶴)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passages 100, 102
Fell
AD 914 守光敗 · Military · Defeated ruler
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 48, passage 114
Hid treasure
Other · Prior depositor · At Mount Da'an 大安山
Directly stated · History of Liao 13, passage 216
Imprisoned Feng Dao in anger
Legal · Authority
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 5
Imprisoned father and seized governorship
AD 907 元年 · Political · Usurper · With Liu Rengong (劉仁恭)
Directly stated · History of Liao 1, passage 52
Imprisoned rengong
Legal · Captor · With Liu Rengong (劉仁恭)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 178
Killed envoy
Legal · Killer · With Li Chengxun (李承勳)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 209
Led troops against Zhongshan and consulted staff
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 5
Made regent
AD 907 天祐四年 · Political · Appointer · With Jiwei (繼威)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 140
Marched out from Youzhou
Military · Defender
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 28, passage 4
Moved seat of government
Administrative · Ruler · At Liangxiang 良鄉
Directly stated · History of Liao 40, passage 275
Mustered claiming to aid Jin
AD 911 天祐八年正月 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 19
Night sortie seized Shun
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 28, passage 62
Offered then broke surrender
AD 913 天祐十年十月 · Political · Actor · At Youzhou 幽州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 24
Pacified by Jin
Military · Defeated party
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 53
Pacified
AD 907 天祐四年 · Military · Commander · At Cang 滄州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 140
Provoked desertion
AD 913 劉守光末年 · Political · Ruler · Summary In his last years cruelty drove soldiers to desert and enter the Khitan.
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 137, passage 21
Purged father household
Political · Actor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passage 64
Refused ransom
Diplomatic · Captor · With Prince Shili (實裏王子) · Summary Refused the tribes' offer of five thousand horses to ransom Prince Shili.
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 137, passage 9
Requested Later Liang aid against Jin
Diplomatic · Petitioner
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 15
Thrice sought peace
Diplomatic · Petitioner
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 28, passage 36
Was attacked by Zhou Dewei
Military · Target · With Zhou Dewei (周德威)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 59, passage 205
Was the object of a northern campaign
AD 911 to AD 914 北討劉守光 · Military · Target
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 61, passage 157
Was defeated
Military · Defeated ruler
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passage 98
Yan troops raided Yi and Ding
Military · Target
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 210
Relation Successor as yan commander of · Person Liu Rengong (劉仁恭)
Directly stated · History of Liao 74, passage 45
Relation Patron of · Person Liu Zaiming (劉在明)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passage 97

Assessments and attributes

Assessment contrary to Heaven; extreme evil and folly · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passage 238
Assessment harsh and cruel in his last years · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 137, passage 21
Assessment violent, lewd, tyrannical, self-exalting · Mode named-source-report Source Work Veritable Record of Zhuangzong 莊宗實錄
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 198
Assessment vulgar and dull by nature; increasingly cruel · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 135, passages 75-76
Item coin stored at Da'an Mountain 大安山所藏錢 · Relation Possessed
Directly stated · History of Liao 60, passage 35
Item hidden money 所藏錢 · Relation Concealed · At Mount Da'an 大安山
Directly stated · History of Liao 13, passage 216

Source notes

Historicity historical
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 63; History of Liao 60, passage 35; New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 19; New History of the Five Dynasties 48, passage 114
Treasure he had hidden at Mount Da'an was excavated by the Liao court in Tonghe 14; the burial belongs to his earlier career, not to AD 996.
Directly stated · History of Liao 13, passage 216

References in the histories

Search passages

History

149 passages

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 4Volume 4 Book of Later Liang 4: Taizu Annals 4 · 2 passages

Open chapter

盧龍軍節度使劉守光封河間郡王； Liu Shouguang, military governor of Lulong, was enfeoffed Prince of Hejian;

進封幽州節度使河間郡王劉守光為燕王。 Liu Shouguang, governor of Youzhou and Prince of Hejian, was promoted to Prince of Yan.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 5Volume 5 Book of Later Liang 5: Taizu Annals 5 · 1 passage

Open chapter

劉守光上言，於薊州西與兄守文戰，擒守文。 Liu Shouguang reported that west of Jizhou he fought his brother Shouwen and took him prisoner.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 8Volume 8 Book of Later Liang 8: Later Emperors Annals 1 · 1 passage

Open chapter

是月，晉王收幽州，執偽燕主劉守光及其父仁恭歸晉陽。 That month the Prince of Jin captured Youzhou and brought the puppet Yan ruler Liu Shouguang and his father Rengong to Jinyang.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 27Volume 27 Book of Later Tang 3: Zhuangzong Annals 1 · 9 passages

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三月己丑，鎮、定州各遣使言幽州劉守光凶僭之狀，請推為尚父，以稔其惡。 On jichou in the third month Zhen and Ding reported Liu Shouguang's tyranny and asked that he be made August Father to ripen his crimes.

乙未，帝至晉陽宮，召監軍張承業諸將等議幽州之事，乃遣牙將戴漢超齎墨製並六鎮書，推劉守光為尚書令、尚父； On yiwei he reached Jinyang, called Zhang Chengye and his generals to discuss Yan, and sent Dai Hanchao with an ink edict and letters from six circuits making Liu Shouguang Minister Director and August Father;

守光由是凶熾日甚，遂邀六鎮奉冊。 Shouguang grew bolder daily and then demanded a formal investiture from the six circuits.

〈（《通鑒考異》引《莊宗實錄》云：三月己丑，鎮州遣押衙劉光業至，言劉守光凶淫縱毒，欲自尊大，請稔其惡以咎之，推為尚父。 (The 《Zizhi Tongjian》 “Examination of Variants” cites the 《Veritable Record of Zhuangzong》: On jichou in the third month Zhen sent Liu Guangye to say Shouguang was brutal and lustful, sought to exalt himself, and asked that he be made August Father to ripen his guilt.

上令押衙戴漢超持墨製及六鎮書如幽州，其辭曰：「天祐八年三月二十七日，天德軍節度使宋瑤、振武節度使周德威、昭義節度使李嗣昭、易定節度使王處直、鎮州節度使王鎔、河東節度使尚書令晉王謹奉冊進盧龍橫海等軍節度、檢校大尉、中書令、燕王為尚書令、尚父。」 He ordered Dai Hanchao to Youzhou with the ink edict and six-circuit letters reading: "On the twenty-seventh day of the third month of Tianyou 8, Song Yao of Tiande, Zhou Dewei of Zhenwu, Li Sizhao of Zhaoyi, Wang Chuzhi of Yiding, Wang Rong of Zhen, and the Jin Prince, Minister Director and military commissioner of Hedong, reverently advance Liu Shouguang, commissioner of the Lulong and Henghai armies, honorary Grand Marshal, Grand Councilor, and Prince of Yan, to Minister Director and August Father."

六月，守光令有司定尚父、采訪使議。）〉 In the sixth month Shouguang ordered the relevant offices to fix the protocol for Sire Father and the investigative commissioner.）〉

八月甲子，幽州劉守光僭稱大燕皇帝，年號應天。 On jiazi in the eighth month Liu Shouguang of Youzhou declared himself emperor of Great Yan and took the era name Yingtian.

十月，幽州劉守光殺帝之行人李承勳，忿其不行朝禮也。 In the tenth month Liu Shouguang of Youzhou killed the emperor's envoy Li Chengxun, furious that he would not observe court ceremony.

十二月甲子，帝遣周德威、劉光浚、李嗣源及諸將率蕃漢之兵發晉陽，伐劉守光於幽州。 On jiazi in the twelfth month the emperor sent Zhou Dewei, Liu Guangjun, Li Siyuan, and the other generals with mixed tribal and Han forces from Jinyang against Liu Shouguang at Youzhou.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 28Volume 28 Book of Later Tang 4: Zhuangzong Annals 2 · 20 passages

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德威進迫幽州，守光出兵拒戰，燕將王行方等以部下四百人來奔。 Dewei closed on Youzhou; Shouguang marched out to fight, while Yan officers including Wang Xingfang defected with four hundred men.

二月庚戌朔，梁祖大舉河南之眾以援守光，以陝州節度使楊師厚為招討使，河南李周彝為副； On the gengxu new moon of the second month the Liang Founder mobilized Henan to save Shouguang, naming Yang Shihou of Shaanxi commander and Li Zhouyi of Henan his deputy;

庚申，周德威報劉守光三遣使乞和，不報。 On gengshen Zhou Dewei reported that Liu Shouguang had sued for peace three times without reply.

時劉守光遣愛將元行欽收馬於山北，聞行珪有變，率戍兵攻行珪，行珪遣其弟行溫為質，且乞應援。 Liu Shouguang had sent Yuan Xingqin to round up horses in the northern hills; when Xinggui turned, Xingqin attacked with the garrison, so Xinggui gave his brother Xingwen as hostage and pleaded for aid.

壬辰，劉守光遣使王遵化致書哀祈於德威，德威戲遵化曰：「大燕皇帝尚未郊天，何怯劣如是耶！」 On renchen Liu Shouguang sent Wang Zunhua with a groveling letter; Dewei mocked him: "The Great Yan emperor has not even sacrificed at the suburbs—why so craven!"

守光再遣哀祈，德威乃以狀聞。 Shouguang pleaded again, and Dewei forwarded the report.

秋七月，承業與德威率千騎至幽州西，守光遣人持信箭一隻，乞修和好。 In the seventh month Chengye and Dewei took a thousand horse to the west of Youzhou; Shouguang sent a man with a single signal arrow suing for peace.

時守光繼遣人乞降，將緩帝軍，陰令其將孟修、阮通謀於滄州節度使劉守奇，及求援於楊師厚，帝之遊騎擒其使以獻。 Shouguang kept suing to surrender to stall Cunxu while Meng Xiu and Ruan Tong secretly dealt with Liu Shouqi at Cangzhou and asked Yang Shihou for help—until Jin scouts seized the envoys and brought them in.

九月，劉守光率眾夜出，遂陷順州。 In the ninth month Liu Shouguang sortied by night and seized Shun prefecture.

冬十月己巳朔，守光率七百騎、步軍五千夜入檀州。 On the jisi new moon of the tenth month Shouguang slipped into Tan with seven hundred horse and five thousand foot.

壬申，守光自檀州南山而遁，德威追及，大敗之，獲大將李劉、張景紹及將吏八百五十人，馬一百五十匹。 On renshen Shouguang fled south over the Tan hills; Dewei overtook him, crushed his force, and captured the great generals Li Liu and Zhang Jingshao with eight hundred fifty officers and clerks and one hundred fifty horses.

守光得百餘騎遁入山谷，德威急馳，扼其城門，守光惟與親將李小喜等七騎奔入燕城。 Shouguang fled into the hills with barely a hundred riders; Dewei raced ahead and blocked the gates; Shouguang and seven intimates led by Li Xiaoxi alone broke into the Yan city.

己丑，守光遣牙將劉化修、周遵業等以書幣哀祈德威。 On jichou he sent Liu Huaxiu, Zhou Zunye, and other staff with gifts and groveling letters to Dewei.

庚寅，守光乘城以病告，復令人獻自乘馬玉鞍勒易德威所乘馬而去，俄而劉光浚擒送守光偽殿直二十五人於軍門。 On gengyin he stood on the wall pleading sickness, then offered his own horse with jade trappings for Dewei's mount and withdrew; shortly Liu Guangjun delivered twenty-five of Shouguang's sham palace attendants to camp.

守光又乘城謂德威曰：「予俟晉王至，即泥首俟命。」 Shouguang called down again: "I will wait for the Prince of Jin, then kowtow and take orders."

辛酉，守光奉禮幣歸款於帝，帝單騎臨城邀守光，辭以他日，蓋為其親將李小喜所扼也。 On xinyou Shouguang offered ritual gifts and surrendered; Cunxu rode alone to the wall to call him out, but Shouguang put him off—Li Xiaoxi still had him in hand.

癸酉，檀州燕樂縣人執劉守光並妻李氏祝氏、子繼祚以獻。 On guiyou men of Yanle in Tan seized Liu Shouguang with his wives Lady Li and Lady Zhu and his son Jizuo and delivered them.

帝即命主者破械，引仁恭、守光至，與之同宴，鎔饋以衣被飲食。 Cunxu had their bonds struck off and brought Rengong and Shouguang to the table; Rong supplied them with clothes, bedding, food, and drink.

壬子，至晉陽，以組練繫仁恭、守光，號令而入。 On renzi he reached Jinyang, led Rengong and Shouguang in with silken bonds, and entered in state.

是日，誅守光。 That day Shouguang was put to death.

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莊宗遣周德威伐幽州，帝分兵略定山後八軍，與劉守光愛將元行欽戰於廣邊軍，凡八戰，帝控弦發矢七中。 When Zhuangzong sent Zhou Dewei against Youzhou, Siyuan pacified the eight rear-mountain commands and fought Yuan Xingqin, Liu Shouguang's favorite, at Guangbian in eight clashes, landing seven of seven shots.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 50Volume 50 Book of Later Tang 26: Biographies 2: Imperial Family · 1 passage

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從平劉守光。 He took part in the campaign that brought down Liu Shouguang.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 52Volume 52 Book of Later Tang 28: Biographies 4: Li Sizhao, Pei Yue, Li Siben, Li Si'en · 1 passage

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九年，周德威討劉守光，嗣本率代北諸軍、生熟吐渾，收山後八軍，得納降軍使盧文進、武州刺史高行珪以獻。 In the ninth year Zhou Dewei campaigned against Liu Shouguang. Siben led the northern Dai armies and Tuyuhun forces, recovered the eight armies beyond the mountains, and presented the surrendered commander Lu Wenjin and Wu prefect Gao Xinggui.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 55Volume 55 Book of Later Tang 31: Biographies 7: Kang Junli, Xue Zhiqin, Shi Jiantang, Li Chengsi, Shi Yan, Gai Yu, Yi Guang, Li Chengxun, Shi Jingrong · 7 passages

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劉守光之僭號也，莊宗遣承勳往使，問其釁端。 When Liu Shouguang declared himself emperor, Emperor Zhuangzong sent Chengxun as envoy to ask the cause of his rebellion.

承勳至幽州，見守光，如藩方聘問之禮。 Chengxun reached Youzhou and met Shouguang with the ceremony due a visiting envoy from a subject state.

謁者曰：「燕王為帝矣，可行朝禮。」 The usher said, "The King of Yan has become emperor. You may perform court ceremony."

承勳曰：「吾大國使人，太原亞尹，是唐帝除授，燕主自可臣其部人，安可臣我哉！」 Chengxun said, "I am an envoy of a great power, vice prefect of Taiyuan, appointed by the Tang emperor. The Yan ruler may command his own subjects, but he cannot command me!"

守光聞之不悅，拘留於獄，數日而出，詰之曰：「臣我乎？」 Shouguang was displeased, threw him into prison, and after several days released him and demanded, "Will you submit to me?"

承勳曰：「燕君能臣我王，則我臣之； Chengxun said, "If the Yan ruler will submit to my prince, then I will submit to him.

會王師討守光，承勳竟歿於燕。 When the imperial army marched against Shouguang, Chengxun died in Yan.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 59Volume 59 Book of Later Tang 35: Biographies 11: Ding Hui, Yan Bao, Fu Xi, Wu Zhen, Wang Zan, Yuan Xiangxian, Zhang Wen, Li Shaowen · 1 passage

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從周德威討劉守光，進檢校司空，移將匡衛軍。 He followed Zhou Dewei against Liu Shouguang, was promoted to acting Minister of Works, and was given command of the Support-the-Guard army.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 61Volume 61 Book of Later Tang 37: Biographies 13: An Jinquan, An Yuanxin, An Zhongba, Liu Xun, Zhang Jingxun, Liu Yancong, Yuan Jianfeng, Xifang Ye, Zhang Zunhui, Sun Zhang · 1 passage

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北討劉守光，常身先士伍，轉都教練使，權蕃漢副總管。 Campaigning north against Liu Shouguang he often led from the front; he became chief training officer and acting deputy overseer of the combined frontier forces.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 64Volume 64 Book of Later Tang 40: Biographies 16: Hou Yanwei, Wang Yanqiu, Dai Siyuan, Zhu Hanbin, Kong Qing, Liu Qi, Zhou Zhiyu · 1 passage

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天祐四年，劉守光既平滄州，乃以其幼子繼威為留後，大將張萬進與知裕佐之。 In the fourth year of Tianyou, after Liu Shouguang pacified Cang, he made his youngest son Jiwei regent, with the great general Zhang Wanjin and Zhiyu to assist him.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 65Volume 65 Book of Later Tang 41: Biographies 17: Li Jianji, Shi Junli, Gao Xinggui, Zhang Tingyu, Wang Sitong, Suo Zitong · 3 passages

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燕帥劉守光僭逆不道，莊宗令周德威征之，守光大懼，以行珪為武州刺史，令張犄角之勢。 When the Yan warlord Liu Shouguang seized power unlawfully, Zhuangzong sent Zhou Dewei against him. Shouguang in alarm made Xinggui prefect of Wu and set him to brace the frontier.

守光將元行欽在山北，聞行珪有變，即率部下軍眾以攻行珪。 Shouguang's officer Yuan Xingqin was in the northern hills; when he heard Xinggui had turned, he marched at once with his troops to attack him.

會劉守光攻仁恭於大安山，思同以部下兵歸太原，時年十六，武皇命為飛騰指揮使。 When Liu Shouguang besieged Rengong at Mount Da'an, Sitong brought his men over to Taiyuan. He was sixteen; the Martial Emperor made him commander of the Feiteng guard.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 70Volume 70 Book of Later Tang 46: Biographies 22: Yuan Xingqin, Xia Luqi, Yao Hong, Li Yan, Li Renju, Kang Sili, Zhang Jingda · 3 passages

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元行欽，本幽州劉守光之愛將。 Yuan Xingqin had begun as a favorite commander of Liu Shouguang of Youzhou.

守光之奪父位也，令行欽攻大恩山，又令殺諸兄弟。 When Shouguang seized his father's throne, he sent Xingqin against Da'en Mountain and ordered him to kill his brothers as well.

天祐九年，周德威攻圍山州，守光困蹙，令行欽於山北募兵，以應契丹。 In the ninth year of Tianyou, Zhou Dewei besieged Shanzhou. Shouguang, cornered, ordered Xingqin to raise troops north of the mountains to link up with the Khitan.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 71Volume 71 Book of Later Tang 47: Biographies 23: Ma Yu, Si Kongting, Cao Tingyin, Xiao Xifu, Yao Zongzhi, Jia Fu, Ma Gao, Luo Guan, Chun Yuyan, Zhang Ge, Xu Ji, Zhou Xuanbao · 1 passage

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守光尚不能容父，能容卿乎！ Liu Shouguang could not spare even his own father—do you think he would spare you?!

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 72Volume 72 Book of Later Tang 48: Biographies 24: Zhang Chengye, Zhang Juhan, Ma Shaohong, Meng Hangqiong · 2 passages

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天祐中，幽州劉守光敗，其府掾馮道歸太原，承業辟為本院巡官。 During the Tianyou era, after Liu Shouguang of Youzhou was defeated, his staff officer Feng Dao returned to Taiyuan and Chengye recruited him as inspector of his office.

德威討劉守光，令承業往視賊勢，因請莊宗自行，果成大捷。 When Dewei marched against Liu Shouguang, he sent Chengye to scout the enemy and urged Zhuangzong to take command in person. The result was a great victory.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 92Volume 92 Book of Later Jin 18: Biographies 7: Yao Yi, Lu Qi, Liang Wenju, Shi Gui, Pei Hao, Wu Chengfan, Lu Dao, Zheng Taoguang, Wang Quan, Han Yun, Li Yi · 1 passage

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劉守光攻陷滄州，琦父兗被擒，族之。 When Liu Shouguang seized Cangzhou, Qi's father Yan was captured and the entire clan was put to death.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 106Volume 106 Book of Later Jin 8: Biographies 3: Wang Zhou, Liu Shenjiao, Wu Hanqiu, Zhang Guan, Li Yin, Liu Zaiming, Ma Wan, Li Yancong, Guo Jin, Huang Fuli, Bai Zairong, Zhang Peng · 3 passages

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劉守光之僭號，偽署兵部尚書，燕亡，歸於太原。 When Liu Shouguang declared himself emperor, Shenjiao was given the bogus title of Minister of War. After Yan fell he made his way back to Taiyuan.

少有膽氣，本州節度使劉守光用為親信，出為平塞軍使。 As a youth he was bold and spirited. Liu Shouguang, military governor of the region, took him as a confidant and later sent him out as commander of the Pingsai garrison.

守光敗，歸於太原，唐莊宗收為列校。 When Shouguang fell he made his way to Taiyuan, where Zhuangzong of Tang enrolled him among the officer corps.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 126Volume 126 Book of Later Zhou 28: Biographies 6: Feng Dao · 3 passages

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天祐中，劉守光署為幽州掾。 In the Tianyou period Liu Shouguang made him a staff officer in Youzhou.

守光引兵伐中山，訪於僚屬，道常以利害箴之，守光怒，置於獄中，尋為人所救免。 When Shouguang marched on Zhongshan and asked his staff for counsel, Dao repeatedly warned him of the risks. Shouguang flew into a rage and threw him in prison, but others soon secured his release.

守光敗，遁歸太原，監軍使張承業辟為本院巡官。 After Shouguang's defeat Dao fled to Taiyuan, where the army supervisory commissioner Zhang Chengye took him on as a headquarters inspector.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 135Volume 135: Biographies of Usurpers 2: Liu Shouguang, Liu Zhi, Liu Chong · 49 passages

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劉守光，深州樂壽人也。 Liu Shouguang was a native of Leshou in Shenzhou.

仁恭有嬖妾曰羅氏，美姿色，其子守光烝之，事泄，仁恭怒，笞守光，謫而不齒。 Rengong had a favorite concubine named Luo, a woman of striking beauty. His son Shouguang took her as mistress; when the affair came out Rengong flew into a rage, flogged Shouguang, and cast him out of his presence.

四年四月，汴將李思安以急兵攻幽州，營於石子河，仁恭在大安山，城中無備，守光自外帥兵來援，登城拒守。 In the fourth month of the fourth year Liang general Li Si'an struck Youzhou with a rapid column and encamped at Shizi River. Rengong was on Da'an Mountain and the city was unprepared; Shouguang led troops in from outside, mounted the walls, and held the defense.

汴軍既退，守光乃自為幽州節度，令其部將李小喜、元行欽將兵攻大安山。 After the Liang withdrew, Shouguang declared himself military governor of Youzhou and ordered his generals Li Xiaoxi and Yuan Xingqin to attack Da'an Mountain.

仁恭左右，迨至婢媵，與守光不協者畢誅之。 Everyone in Rengong's household, down to maids and concubines, who were not on good terms with Shouguang was put to death.

守光逆戰於雞蘇，為守文所敗。 Shouguang met him at Jisu and was defeated by Shouwen.

時守光驍將元行欽識之，被擒，滄兵失帥自潰。 Shouguang's fierce general Yuan Xingqin recognized him and seized him; the Cang troops, leaderless, broke and fled.

守光乃縶兄於別室，圍以叢棘，乘勝進攻滄州。 Shouguang then bound his brother in a side chamber, penned him in with thorn hedges, and pressing his advantage marched on Cangzhou.

滄州賓佐孫鶴、呂兗已推守文子延祚為帥，守光攜守文於城下，攻圍累月。 Cangzhou aides Sun He and Lü Yan had already made Shouwen's son Yanzuo commander. Shouguang brought Shouwen before the walls and besieged the city for months on end.

久之，延祚力窮，以城降於守光，守文尋亦遇害。 At length Yanzuo's strength gave out and he surrendered the city to Shouguang; Shouwen was soon killed.

守光性本庸昧，以父兄失勢，謂天所助，淫虐滋甚。 Shouguang was by nature dull and foolish. Seeing his father and brother fall, he took it as Heaven's aid and grew ever more cruel and debauched.

守光不悅，及梁軍據深、冀，王镕乞師於守光，孫鶴勸守光出援軍以圖霸業，守光不從。 Shouguang took offense. When Liang forces held Shen and Ji, Wang Rong begged Shouguang for aid; Sun He urged him to march out and seize his chance at hegemony, but Shouguang refused.

及莊宗有柏鄉之捷，守光謀攻易、定，諷動鎮人，欲為河朔元帥。 After Emperor Zhuangzong's victory at Baixiang, Shouguang plotted to attack Yi and Ding, stirred up the men of Zhending, and sought to become commander-in-chief of Hebei.

莊宗乃與鎮州節度使王镕、易定節度使王處直、昭義節度使李嗣昭、振武節度使周德威、天德軍節度使宋瑤，同遣使奉冊，推守光為尚父，以稔其惡。 Emperor Zhuangzong then joined Wang Rong of Zhenzhou, Wang Chuzhi of Yiding, Li Sizhao of Zhaoyi, Zhou Dewei of Zhenwu, and Song Yao of Tiande in sending envoys to invest Shouguang as Imperial Father—a stratagem to ripen his folly.

守光不悟，謂藩鎮畏己，仍以諸鎮狀送梁祖，言：「臣被晉王等推臣為尚父，堅辭不獲，又難推違。 Shouguang failed to see through the ruse and thought the governors feared him. He forwarded their petitions to the Liang founder, writing, "Your subject was pressed by the Prince of Jin and others to accept the title Imperial Father; I declined firmly but could not refuse without giving offense.

仍命閣門使王瞳、供奉官史彥璋等使於燕，冊守光為河北道采訪使。 He also sent Palace Gate Commissioner Wang Tong, Palace Attendant Shi Yanzhang, and others to Yan to invest Shouguang as Hebei circuit investigation commissioner.

六月，梁使至，守光令所司定尚父采訪使儀註，所司取唐朝冊太尉禮以示之。 In the sixth month the Liang envoys arrived. Shouguang ordered the court to draw up protocol for the Imperial Father and investigation commissioner; the offices produced the Tang rites for investing a Grand Marshal.

守光曰：「此儀註中何無郊天改元之事？」 Shouguang asked, "Why does this protocol include no sacrifice to Heaven or change of reign era?"

梁使曰：「尚父雖尊，猶是人臣。」 The Liang envoy replied, "The Imperial Father is exalted, but he remains a subject."

守光怒，投於地，謂將吏曰：「方今天下鼎沸，英雄角逐。 Shouguang flung the document to the ground and told his officers, "The realm boils like a cauldron and heroes contend for mastery.

今為尚父，孰當帝者！ As Imperial Father, who is fit to be emperor but I!

公等促具帝者之儀，予且為河朔天子。」 Prepare the rites of an emperor at once—I shall be Son of Heaven of Hebei."

守光置斧锧於庭，令將佐曰：「今三方協贊，予難重違，擇日而帝矣。 Shouguang set axes and blocks in the courtyard and told his officers, "The three parties have acclaimed me together; I can hardly refuse again—a day will be chosen and I shall take the throne.

守光大怒，推之伏锧，令軍士割其肉生啖之。 Shouguang flew into a rage, forced him down before the block, and ordered the soldiers to cut his flesh and eat it raw.

守光命窒其口，寸斬之，有識為之嗟惋。 Shouguang had his mouth gagged and cut him to pieces inch by inch; thoughtful men mourned him.

八月十三日，守光僭號大燕皇帝，改年曰應天。 On the thirteenth of the eighth month Shouguang declared himself Emperor of Great Yan and adopted the era name Responding to Heaven.

今守光狂蹶，請遣使省問，以觀其釁。」 Shouguang has gone mad with arrogance. Send an envoy to inquire of him and watch for his weakness."

承勛至，守光怒不稱臣，械之於獄。 Chengxun arrived, but Shouguang in a rage refused to acknowledge subjecthood and threw him in chains.

守光堅保幽州，求援於梁，北誘契丹，救終不至。 Shouguang clung to Youzhou, begged Liang for aid, and courted the Khitans in the north, but no rescue came.

十年十月，守光遣使持幣馬見德威乞降，又乘城呼曰：「予俟晉王至即出城。」 In the tenth month of the tenth year Shouguang sent envoys with gifts and horses to Dewei to sue for surrender and called from the walls, "I will open the gates when the Prince of Jin comes."

二十三日，至幽州，單騎臨城，召守光曰：「丈夫成敗，須決所向，公將何如？」 On the twenty-third he reached Youzhou, rode alone to the walls, and called to Shouguang, "Success or failure must be chosen—what is your decision, sir?"

守光曰：「某俎上肉耳！」 Shouguang said, "I am meat on the block!"

守光辭以他日，莊宗乃令諸軍攻之。 Shouguang asked for another day; the emperor then ordered a general assault.

俄而數騎執仁恭並其孥來獻，檀州遊奕將李彥暉於燕樂縣獲守光，並妻李氏、祝氏，男繼珣、繼方、繼祚等來獻。 Soon horsemen brought in Rengong and his household. Tanzhou patrol commander Li Yanhui captured Shouguang at Yanle County with his wives Lady Li and Lady Zhu and sons Jixun, Jifang, and Jizuo.

初，守光城破後，攜其妻子將走關內依劉守奇，沿路寒瘡足踵，經日不食。 After the city fell Shouguang fled with his family toward the passes to seek Liu Shouqi. Frostbite ravaged his heels and he went days without food.

莊宗方宴府第，引仁恭、守光至席，父子號泣謝罪，莊宗慰撫之曰：「往事不復言。 Emperor Zhuangzong was feasting at the prefectural seat and had Rengong and Shouguang brought before him. Father and son wept and begged forgiveness. The emperor said, "Let the past be past.

是月己卯，晉人執守光及仁恭，露布表其罪，驅以班師。 On the day jimao that month the Jin seized Shouguang and Rengong, published their crimes, and marched them away with the army.

十一年正月，至晉陽，仁恭父子荷校於露布之下，父母唾面罵守光曰：「逆賊，破家如是！」 In the first month of the eleventh year, at Jinyang, Rengong and his son wore the cangue under the victory bulletin. The parents spat in Shouguang's face and cried, "Rebel! Look what you have done to our house!"

守光俯首不顧。 Shouguang bowed his head and would not look up.

自范陽至晉陽，涉千餘里，所在聚觀，呼守光為「劉黑子」，略無愧色。 From Fanyang to Jinyang, over a thousand li, crowds gathered at every stop and called him "Liu the Black One"; he showed little shame.

莊守以仁恭、守光徇於都城，即告南宮七廟，禮畢，守光與李小喜、鄭藏斐、劉延卿及其二妻皆伏誅。 Emperor Zhuangzong paraded Rengong and Shouguang through the capital, reported to the seven temples of the Southern Palace, and then executed Shouguang with Li Xiaoxi, Zheng Zangfei, Liu Yanqing, and his two wives.

李小喜者，本晉之小校，先奔於燕，守光以為愛將。 Li Xiaoxi had been a petty Jin officer who defected to Yan, where Shouguang favored him as a trusted general.

守光雖兇淫出於天性，然而稔惡侈毒，抑亦小喜贊成。 Though Shouguang's cruelty sprang from his nature, his worst excesses were also urged on by Xiaoxi.

守光將敗，前一日來降。 The day before Shouguang's fall, Xiaoxi surrendered.

守光將死，大呼曰：「臣之誤計，小喜熒惑故也，若罪人不死，臣必訴於地下。」 Facing death Shouguang cried, "My error was Xiaoxi's delusion! If the guilty one is not killed, I will plead against him below."

小喜瞋目叱守光曰：「囚父殺兄，烝淫骨肉，亦我教耶！」 Xiaoxi glared and shouted, "Did I teach you to imprison your father, kill your brother, and debauch your kin?"

守光慟哭曰：「王將定天下，臣精於騎，何不且留指使。」 Shouguang wept, "When you settle the realm, I am skilled in horsemanship—keep me to serve."

守光猶哀訴不已。 Shouguang still wailed on.

史臣曰：守光逆天反道，從古所無，迨至臨刑，尚求免死，非唯惡之極也，抑亦愚之甚也。 The historian writes: Shouguang defied Heaven and reversed the Way as few have since antiquity; at execution he still begged for life—wickedness and folly together.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 137Volume 137: Foreign States Biographies 1: Khitan · 3 passages

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時劉守光戍平州，契丹實裏王子率萬騎攻之，守光偽與之和，張幄幕於城外以享之，部族就席，伏甲起，擒實裏王子入城。 Liu Shouguang was then defending Pingzhou when the Khitan Prince Shili attacked with ten thousand horsemen. Shouguang pretended to sue for peace and set up feast tents outside the walls. When the Khitan clansmen had taken their seats, his hidden troops sprang up, seized Prince Shili, and hauled him into the city.

部族聚哭，請納馬五千以贖之，不許，欽德乞盟納賂以求之，自是十餘年不能犯塞。 The clans assembled in mourning and offered five thousand horses as ransom, but Shouguang refused. Qinde sued for peace and paid a heavy price to win the prince back. For more than ten years afterward the Khitan did not breach the border.

劉守光末年苛慘，軍士亡叛皆入契丹。 In his last years Liu Shouguang ruled with cruelty, and deserters from his ranks flocked to the Khitan.

History of Liao, Chapter 1Volume 1 Annals 1: Taizu 1 · 6 passages

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劉仁恭子守光囚其父，自稱幽州盧龍軍節度使。 Liu Shouguang, son of Liu Rengong, locked up his father and declared himself governor of Youzhou and the Lulong Army.

三月，滄州節度使劉守文為弟守光所攻，遣人來乞兵討之。 In the third month Liu Shouwen, governor of Cangzhou, came under attack from his brother Shouguang and sent asking for troops to strike back.

進至橫海軍近澱，一鼓破之，守光潰去。 Pushing to the flats near the Henghai garrison, they shattered the foe at a single drumbeat and Shouguang broke and ran.

八月甲子，劉守光僭號幽州，稱燕。 On jiazi day in the eighth month Liu Shouguang seized the imperial style at Youzhou and proclaimed the state of Yan.

二月戊午，親征劉守光。 On wuwu day of the second month he took the field in person against Liu Shouguang.

晉王李存勗拔幽州，擒劉守光。 Li Cunxu, Prince of Jin, marched on Youzhou and took Liu Shouguang prisoner.

History of Liao, Chapter 13Volume 13 Annals 13: Shengzong 4 · 1 passage

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己亥，鑿大安山，取劉守光所藏錢。 On jihai day Mount Da'an was excavated and the treasure Liu Shouguang had hidden there was recovered.

History of Liao, Chapter 40Volume 40 Treatises 10: Geography 4 · 1 passage

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唐聖歷元年改固節鎮，神龍元年復為良鄉縣，劉守光徙治此。 In the first year of Tang Shengli it became Gujie Fort; in the first year of Shenlong, Liangxiang County was restored; Liu Shouguang moved the administration here.

History of Liao, Chapter 60Volume 60 Treatises 30: Finance and Economics 2 · 1 passage

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聖宗鑿大安山，取劉守光所藏錢，散諸五計司，兼鑄太平錢，新舊互用。 Emperor Shengzong opened Da'an Mountain, recovered the treasure Liu Shouguang had buried there, distributed it among the five accounting offices, and cast Taiping coin alongside the old issues.

History of Liao, Chapter 71Volume 71 Biographies 1: Empresses and Consorts · 1 passage

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幽州劉守光遣韓延徽求援，不拜，太祖怒，留之，使牧馬。 Liu Shouguang of Youzhou sent Han Yanhui to plead for help; Yanhui would not bow, and Taizu in anger kept him and set him to tend horses.

History of Liao, Chapter 73Volume 73 Biographies 3: Yelu Helu, Xiao Dilu, Yelu Xieniechi, Yelu Yuwen, Yelu Haili · 1 passage

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太祖征奚及討劉守光，敵魯略地海濱，殺獲甚眾。 When Taizu campaigned against the Xi and attacked Liu Shouguang, Dilu overran the seacoast lands and killed and captured a great host.

History of Liao, Chapter 74Volume 74 Biographies 4: Yelu Dila, Xiao Hendu, Kang Moji, Han Yanhui, Han Zhigu · 1 passage

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後守光為帥，延徽來聘，太祖怒其不屈，留之。 When Shouguang later became commander, Yanhui came as envoy; Emperor Taizu, angered that he refused to submit, kept him.

History of Song, Chapter 482Volume 482 Biographies 241, Hereditary Houses 5: Liu Jiyuan of the Northern Han Liu Family (Father: Liu Jun; Elder Brother: Liu Ji'en; Appended: Wei Rong, Zhao Wendu, Li Yun, Ma Feng, Guo Wuwei) · 1 passage

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劉守光破滄州，收兗親屬盡戮之，兗子琦年十四，玉負之以逃，至太原，變姓名，丐衣食以給琦，琦後唐同光初為藩郡從事。 When Liu Shouguang overran Cangzhou he seized all of Yan's kin and killed them. Yan's son Qi was fourteen; Yu carried him on his back to Taiyuan, changed their names, and begged food and clothing to support him. In the early Later Tang Tongguang era Qi became a staff officer in a frontier command.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 5Volume 5 Later Tang Annals 2: Zhuangzong 2 · 5 passages

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燕王劉守光聞晉攻梁深入，乃大治兵，聲言助晉，王患之，乃旋師。 Liu Shouguang of Yan, seeing Jin drive deep into Liang country, mustered a great host and announced he would help Jin. Alarmed, the king wheeled his army homeward.

劉守光稱帝於燕。 Liu Shouguang proclaimed himself emperor of Yan.

九年正月，遣周德威會鎮、定以攻燕，守光求救於梁，梁軍攻趙，屠棗強，李存審擊走之。 In the first month of the ninth year he sent Zhou Dewei with the armies of Zhen and Ding against Yan. Shouguang called on Liang for aid; Liang struck Zhao and massacred Zaoqiang until Li Cunshen beat them back.

十年十月，劉守光請降，王如幽州，守光背約不降，攻破之。 In the tenth month of the tenth year Liu Shouguang offered to submit. The king went to Youzhou; Shouguang reneged and held out until the city was taken by storm.

十一年，殺燕王劉守光于太原，用其父仁恭于鴈門。 In the eleventh year, Liu Shouguang, Prince of Yan, was put to death at Taiyuan, and his father Rengong was sacrificed at Yanmen.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 6Volume 6 Later Tang Annals 3: Mingzong · 1 passage

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莊宗攻劉守光，嗣源及李嗣昭將兵三萬別出飛狐，定山後，取武、媯、儒三州。 When Zhuangzong moved on Liu Shouguang, Siyuan and Li Sizhao took thirty thousand men out by Flying Fox, settled the country north of the passes, and seized Wu, Gui, and Ru.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 23Volume 23 Later Liang Biographies 3: Yang Shihou, Wang Jingren, He Gui, Wang Tan, Ma Sixun, Wang Qianyu, Xie Yanzhang · 1 passage

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明年少間，而晉軍攻燕，燕王劉守光求援於梁，太祖為之擊趙以牽晉，屯於龍花，遣師厚攻棗強，三月不能下。 The next year, barely recovered, he learned that Jin was attacking Yan and that Prince Liu Shouguang had begged Liang for help. Taizu hit Zhao to pin Jin, camped at Longhua, and sent Shihou against Zaoqiang—which held out three months.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 26Volume 26 Later Tang Biographies 6: Fu Xi, Wu Zhen, Kong Qian, Zhang Yanlang, Li Yan, Li Renju, Mao Zhang · 1 passage

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事劉守光為刺史，後事莊宗為客省使。 He served Liu Shouguang as regional inspector, then Zhuangzong as commissioner of the guest bureau.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 33Volume 33 Biographies of Martyrs to Service 13: Zhang Yuande, Xia Luqi, Yao Hong, Wang Sitong, Zhang Jingda, Di Jinzong, Shen Bin, Wang Qing, Shi Yanchao, Sun Cheng · 2 passages

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從周德威攻劉守光於幽州，守光將單廷珪、元行欽以驍勇自負，魯奇每與二將鬥，輒不能解，兩軍皆釋兵而觀之。 With Zhou Dewei he besieged Liu Shouguang at Youzhou; Shouguang’s generals Shan Tinggui and Yuan Xingqin boasted of valor; Luqi duelled each in turn without decision, both armies watching.

思同事仁恭為銀胡錄指揮使，仁恭為其子守光所囚，思同奔晉，以為飛勝指揮使。 Sitong served Rengong as Silver Hu Record commander; when Shouguang imprisoned his father, Sitong fled to Jin as commander of the Flying Victory Army.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 44Volume 44 Miscellaneous Biographies 24: Liu Zhijun, Ding Hui, He Delun, Yan Bao, Kang Yanxiao · 1 passage

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梁軍攻燕滄州，燕王守光乞師於晉，晉人為攻潞州，會乃降晉。 Liang besieged Yan at Cangzhou; Shouguang begged Jin for help; Jin struck Luzhou in answer, and Hui went over to Jin.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 45Volume 45 Miscellaneous Biographies 25: Zhang Quanyi, Zhu Youqian, Yuan Xiangxian, Zhu Hanbin, Duan Ning, Liu Qi, Zhou Zhiyu, Lu Siduo · 3 passages

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為劉仁恭騎將，仁恭為其子守光所囚，知裕去事守光兄守文。 He rode for Liu Rengong until Rengong’s son Shouguang imprisoned him; Zhiyu then served the elder brother Shouwen.

守光又攻殺守文，乃與張萬進立守文子延祚而事之。 Shouguang killed Shouwen too. Zhiyu and Zhang Wanjin set up Shouwen’s son Yanzuo and served him.

守光又殺廷祚，以其子繼威代之。 Shouguang killed Yanzuo as well and put his own son Jiewei in his place.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 46Volume 46 Miscellaneous Biographies 26: Zhao Zaili, Huo Yanwei, Fang Zhiwen, Wang Yanqiu, An Zhongba, Wang Jianli, Kang Fu, Guo Yanlu · 1 passage

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少事劉仁恭為軍校，仁恭遣佐其子守文襲取滄州，其後守文為其弟守光所殺，在禮乃奔於晉。 As a boy he served Liu Rengong as a military cadet. Rengong sent him to help his son Shouwen take Cangzhou. Shouwen was killed by his brother Shouguang; Zaili fled to Jin.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 48Volume 48 Miscellaneous Biographies 28: Lu Wenjin, Li Jinquan, Yang Siquan, Yin Hui, Wang Hongzhi, Liu Shenjiao, Wang Zhou, Gao Xingzhou, Bai Zairong, An Shuqian · 2 passages

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為劉守光騎將。 He served Liu Shouguang as a cavalry commander.

劉守光僭號，以審交為兵部尚書，守光敗，歸於太原，唐莊宗以為從事。 When Liu Shouguang declared himself emperor, he made Shenjiao Minister of War. Shouguang fell; he returned to Taiyuan and Zhuangzong made him a staff associate.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 56Volume 56 Miscellaneous Biographies 36: He Ning, Zhao Ying, Feng Yu, Lu Zhi, Lü Qi, Xue Rong, He Ze, Wang Quan, Shi Gui, Long Min · 4 passages

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節度使劉守文與其弟守光以兵相攻，守文敗死，其吏民立其子延祚而事之，以兗為謀主。 The military governor Liu Shouwen and his younger brother Shouguang fought each other with troops. Shouwen was defeated and killed. His officials and people installed his son Yanzuo as ruler and made Yan their chief strategist.

已而延祚又為守光所敗，兗見殺。 Before long Yanzuo was defeated again by Shouguang, and Yan was put to death.

守光怒兗，並族其家。 Shouguang, enraged at Yan, exterminated his entire clan.

劉守光亂，敏避之滄州，遂客於梁，久不調。 When Liu Shouguang rebelled, Min fled to Cangzhou and then lived as a guest in Liang, long without receiving an appointment.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 70Volume 70: Hereditary House of Eastern Han · 1 passage

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繼颙，故燕王劉守光之子，守光之死，以孽子得不殺，削髮為浮圖，後居五臺山，為人多智，善商財利，自旻世頗以賴之。 Jiyong, illegitimate son of Liu Shouguang of Yan, survived his father's fall by taking vows and settling on Wutai—a shrewd trader the Liu house had leaned on since Min's day.