Zhu Quanzhong (朱全忠)

Overview

Zhu Quanzhong was a Founder Emperor of Later Liang.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal name	Zhu Wen	朱溫	Zhu Wen
Posthumous name	Sagely, Civil, Holy, Martial, and Broadly Filial Emperor	睿文聖武廣孝皇帝
Temple name	Taizu	太祖	Taizu
Nickname	Zhu Third	朱三	Zhū Sān

Life and dates

Death

AD 912 乾化二年六月
Stabbed in the belly · At sleeping hall 寢殿 · Killed by Feng Tingyu (馮廷諤) · Authority Zhu Yougui (朱友圭) · Body Treatment wrapped in worn rug and buried in sleeping hall; death concealed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passages 129-130
AD 912 乾化二年六月
Assassinated
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 5
AD 912 乾化二年六月戊寅
place not recorded; improper death
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passages 128, 217
Assassinated
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passages 66, 93
died 崩
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 69, passage 22

Age

61
AD 912 乾化二年 · Reckoning Suitui
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passages 128, 216
managed the realm for thirty years
Years Active 30
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 109

Attested activity

AD 907 AD 907-912
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 65, passage 51
AD 911 to AD 912 乾化中
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 28
AD 912 乾化二年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 104
AD 912 乾化二年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passages 71-72; New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passages 115, 127-128
AD 912 乾化二年三月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passages 38, 40
AD 912 乾化二年二月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passages 15, 19

Show 69 more source-backed claims

AD 912 乾化二年五月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passages 75, 89
AD 912 乾化二年六月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passages 117, 129
AD 912 乾化二年六月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 5
AD 912 乾化二年四月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passages 60, 66
AD 912 乾化二年正月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passages 1, 3
AD 912 乾化二年閏月壬戌
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 109
AD 911 乾化元年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passages 160-161; New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passages 99, 103; New History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 27
AD 911 乾化元年十二月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 68
AD 894 to AD 898 乾寧中
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 181, passage 146
AD 907 to AD 912 事梁太祖
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 105
AD 900 光化三年
Directly stated · History of Liao 75, passage 90
AD 898 光化元年十二月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 199
AD 888 光啟四年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 44, passage 36
AD 913 十年梁祖屠棗強
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 48
AD 907 受禪之歲
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passage 23
AD 907 受禪後
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 1
AD 884 唐中和四年三月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 16, passage 4
AD 907 唐亡
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 20
AD 906 唐天祐三年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 3
AD 884 四年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 129
AD 890 大順元年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passages 17, 52
AD 903 天復三年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 149
AD 901 to AD 904 天復中
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 145; Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passage 12
AD 902 天復二年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 69, passage 6
AD 901 天復元年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 24-26, 154
AD 901 天復元年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passages 55, 57
AD 906 天祐三年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 61
AD 906 天祐三年正月
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 181, passage 189
AD 912 太祖兵敗蓚縣
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 23
AD 907 to AD 912 太祖北征
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 150
AD 907 太祖即位
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passages 65, 206
AD 907 太祖受禪
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 16, passage 127
AD 912 太祖遇弒
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passages 66, 93
AD 881 to AD 885 太祖鎮大梁
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 128
AD 880 to AD 881 廣明
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passages 137-138
AD 909 开平三年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 51
AD 908 开平二年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passages 28, 32
AD 907 开平元年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passages 3-4
AD 907 to AD 912 开平元年至乾化二年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passages 3-4, 128
AD 910 开平四年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 88
AD 907 明年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 74
AD 907 明年三月
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 7
AD 894 朱全忠
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 185, passage 138
AD 901 to AD 907 朱全忠兼四鎮
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 68, passage 10
AD 903 to AD 904 朱全忠至青州
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passages 149, 153
AD 907 朱溫
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 72, passage 48
AD 907 to AD 912 朱溫之賊
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 27
AD 907 to AD 912 梁初
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 21
AD 907 to AD 912 梁太祖
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 44, passage 3
AD 907 to AD 912 梁太祖之禍
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 16, passage 45
AD 904 梁太祖劫唐昭宗東遷
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 18
AD 907 to AD 912 梁太祖時
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 32, passage 8
AD 907 梁太祖立
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 26
AD 909 梁太祖開平三年十一月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 147, passage 4
AD 904 梁王悉誅唐宦者
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 82
AD 907 梁祖之開國也
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 146, passage 5
AD 897 歿於清口
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 127
AD 903 浚為梁祖所忌，潛遣人害於長水。
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 71, passage 123
AD 909 開平三年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 41, 43
AD 909 開平三年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passage 69; New History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 58
AD 909 開平三年十月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 65
AD 908 開平二年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 40
AD 908 開平二年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passages 28, 54
AD 911 開平五年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 22
AD 907 開平元年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 88
AD 907 開平元年
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 69, passage 18
AD 907 開平初
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passages 1-2
AD 888 to AD 912 附於梁
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 7
AD 901 to AD 912 附於梁
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 60

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Descendant of Zhu Xin (朱信)
grandfather 祖 · paternal line · 2 generations
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 21
Descendant of Revered Ancestor Emperor Guang Xian (敬祖光憲皇帝)
great-grandfather 曾祖 · paternal line · 3 generations
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 20
Descendant of Sole Ancestor Emperor Xuan Yuan (肅祖宣元皇帝)
imperial high ancestor 皇高祖 · paternal line · 4 generations
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 19
Parent of Zhu Youwen (朱友文)
adopted son 假子 · Adoptive parentage
adopted son 養子 · Adoptive parentage
son 子 · Uncertain parentage
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 113; Old History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 91; New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 160
Parent of Zhu Yourang (朱友讓)
son 子 · Adoptive parentage
adopted son 假子 · Adoptive parentage
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 69, passage 4; Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 105
Parent of Zhu Youqian (朱友謙)
adopted son 子 · Adoptive parentage
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 64
Parent of Zhu Hanbin (朱漢賓)
adopted son 養子 · Adoptive parentage
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 127
Parent of Zhu Youqian (朱友謙)
adopted son 養子 · Adoptive parentage
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 134
Kin of Zhu Youlun (朱友倫)
brother's son / nephew 兄子
Prince of Mi 密王
imperial nephew 皇侄
Sources vary in certainty · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passages 26-27; Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passage 155; Old History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 66
Kin of Zhu Youning (朱友寧)
brother's son / nephew 兄子
imperial nephew 皇侄
Sources vary in certainty · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passages 26-27; Old History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 66
Spouse of Mother of Zhu Yougui (亳州營倡)
camp singer 營倡 · Uncertain parentage · Concubinage · Uncertain
took to his bed 侍寢 · Concubinage
Sources vary in certainty · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 114; Old History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 96
Spouse of Lady Chen (陳氏)
consort 昭儀 · Concubinage
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 44
Spouse of Lady Li (李氏)
consort 昭容 · Concubinage
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 44
Parent of Princess Changle (長樂公主)
daughter 女
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 52
Parent of Princess Jinhua (金華公主)
daughter 女
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passages 54, 58
Parent of Princess Puning (普寧公主)
daughter 女
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 53
Parent of Princess Zhenning (真寧公主)
daughter 女
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 55
Parent of You Zi (友孜)
eighth son 第八子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 114
Sibling of Quan Yu (全昱)
elder brother 兄 · Uncertain siblings
eldest brother 長兄 · Full siblings
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 160; Old History of the Five Dynasties 12, passages 1, 8
Sibling of Zhu Yu (朱昱)
eldest brother 伯兄 · Full siblings
eldest elder brother 伯兄 · Full siblings
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 11
Parent of Princess Anyang (安陽公主)
eldest daughter 長女
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 51
Parent of Youyu (友裕)
eldest son 長子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 112; Old History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 68
Spouse of Empress Yuanzhen (元貞皇后張氏)
empress 皇后 · Primary marriage
wife 婦 · Primary marriage
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passages 28, 33; Old History of the Five Dynasties 12, passages 81, 98
Parent of Daughter of Zhu Quanzhong (朱全忠女)
father 父
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 181, passage 187
Child of Zhu Cheng (朱誠)
father 考 · paternal line
son 子
father 父
paternal line
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 22; Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passages 5, 22
Parent of Zhu Yougui (朱友圭)
son 子
father 父
next son 次
Sources vary in certainty · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 42; Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passage 41; Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 114; Old History of the Five Dynasties 12, passages 95, 99; New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 161
Parent of Zhu Yougui (朱友珪)
father 父
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 98
Spouse of Younger sister of Duan Ning (凝妹)
favored consort 美人 · Concubinage
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 66
Parent of You Zhang (友璋)
fifth son 第五子
son 子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 111; New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 161
Sibling of Cun (存)
imperial elder brother 皇兄 · Full siblings
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 65
Child of Empress Dowager Wenhui (文惠皇太后王氏)
mother 妣
son 子
mother 母
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 22; Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passages 6, 11, 14
Kin of You Neng (友能)
nephew 姪
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 161
Kin of You Liang (友諒)
nephew 姪
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 161
Kin of You Hui (友誨)
nephew 姪
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 161
Parent of Youzhen (友貞)
son 子
third son 第三子 · paternal line
next son 次
Sources vary in certainty · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passages 45, 51; New History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 2; Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 115
Spouse of Younger sister of Duan Ning (段凝之妹)
palace Beauty 美人 · Concubinage
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 148
Kin of Zhu Youqian (友謙)
Prince of Ji 冀王
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passage 52
Sibling of Zhu Cun (朱存)
second brother 仲兄 · Full siblings
second elder brother 仲兄 · Full siblings
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passages 11, 24
Parent of You Hui (友徽)
seventh son 第七子
son 子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 113; New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 161
Parent of You Yong (友雍)
sixth son 第六子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 112
Parent of Zhu Yougui (朱友珪)
son who seized the throne 友珪
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 66
Parent of Gao Jixing (高季興)
son 子 · Adoptive parentage
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 69, passage 5
Parent of Zhu Youzhen (朱友貞)
son 子
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 161
Parent of Tingluan (廷鸞)
son 子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 40
Parent of Luoluo (落落)
son 子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 40
Sibling of Grand Princess of Wan'an (萬安大長公主)
younger sister 妹 · paternal line
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 204

Kinship Role brothers'-sons · 諸兄子 summoned to Bian; includes Youning and Youlun · Quantity unspecified
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passages 26-27

Key source chapters

Career and standing

military commissioner / jiedushi 節度使
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 22
Tongzhou Prefect 同州刺史
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 138
Xuanwu Military Commissioner 宣武軍節度使
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 139
military governor at Bian 領鎮於汴
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 13
Sagely, Civil, Holy, Martial, and Broadly Filial Emperor 睿文圣武广孝皇帝
AD 909 开平三年春正月丙申 · Received
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passages 51, 55
Prince of Dongping 東平王
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 154

Show 10 more source-backed claims

Assumed
AD 907 僭號後 · Emperor
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 42
Entered
AD 912 乾化二年四月 · Illness
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 68
Entered
AD 912 閏月壬戌 · Grave illness
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 109
execution of Li Juchuan 誅巨川
Executed · With Li Juchuan (李巨川)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 26
execution of Meng Qian 殺之
Ordered · With Meng Qian (孟遷)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 57
Ascended
AD 907 开平元年夏四月甲子
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 4
AD 907 受禪
Event received-abdication
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 39
AD 907 受禪
Event received-abdication
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 165
AD 907 太祖即位
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passages 53, 64, 74
AD 907 受禪之歲
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passage 23

Places and affiliations

Later Liang 後梁
Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 140
Later Liang 後梁
Relation Ruled
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passages 156, 160
Later Liang 梁
Relation Founded
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passage 23
Later Liang 梁
Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 64; Old History of the Five Dynasties 147, passage 4; New History of the Five Dynasties 69, passage 4
Tang 唐
Relation Served
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 181, passage 146; Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 138; Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 128
Polity Later Liang 後梁 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 39-40, 165, 205

Show 14 more source-backed claims

Polity Later Liang 梁 · Relation Founded
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passages 4, 150
Polity Later Liang 梁 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 105; New History of the Five Dynasties 32, passage 8; New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 26; New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passages 20, 65, 206
Polity Later Liang · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 65, passage 51
Polity Tang 唐 · Relation Warlord in
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 24
Polity Name Liang 梁 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 82
At Bian 汴
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 139
At Dangshan 碭山
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 10
AD 881 to AD 885 中和中
At Daliang 大梁 · Relation Held as garrison
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 128
AD 912 乾化二年十一月
At Xuanling, Yique County, Henan 河南伊闕縣宣陵 · Relation Buried at
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 218
At Bian 汴 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 13
At Hezhong 河中 · Relation Marched from
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 24
At Tongzhou 同州 · Relation Active at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 33
At Yimen 夷門 · Relation Based at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 146, passage 6
At Yique 伊闕縣 · Relation Buried at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 136

Works and attributed material

Speech · Speaker · Addressed to Luo Hongxin (羅弘信)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 185, passage 148
AD 911 乾化元年正月
Edict · Author · With Han Jian (韓建) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 50
AD 909 開平三年十月
Edict · Author · With Han Jian (韓建) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 46
Denunciation · Speaker · With Wang Shifan (王師範)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passage 58
Edict · Author · lamp-lighting prayer edict intent
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passages 183-184
Edict · Author
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passages 4-5, 54-59, 93-106; Old History of the Five Dynasties 73, passages 71-72

Show 11 more source-backed claims

Speech · Speaker · With Liu Zhijun (劉知俊)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 44, passages 16, 18-19
Speech · Speaker · With Luo Hongxin (羅弘信)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 181, passage 156
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · With Zhang Ce (張策)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 51
Speech · Speaker · With Zhang Guiba (張歸霸)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 16, passage 113
Speech · Speaker · With Zhu Youlun (朱友倫)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 45
Speech · Speaker · With Li Ting (李珽)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passages 20, 33, 35, 37
Your subject is drunk and cannot bear it.
Speech · Speaker · With Emperor Zhaozong of Tang (唐昭宗) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 35
Speech · Speaker · With Zhang Guihou (張歸厚)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 16, passage 156
Speech · Speaker · With Li Zhen (李振)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 153
Speech · Speaker · With Lady Chu (儲氏)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 29
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passages 109-110, 124, 126-127; Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passages 22, 38; New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 4

Events and relationships

Aided
Military · Patron · With Luo Wei (羅威)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 181, passages 176, 182
Anxious over siege
AD 911 乾化元年 · Political · Ruler
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 160
Assassinated
AD 912 乾化二年六月 · Political · Victim
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 5
Beat to death straggling escort
AD 912 乾化二年二月 · Judicial · Authority · With Sun Zhi (孫騭) · At Baima post 白馬頓
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passage 74
Besieged Cangzhou
Military · Commander · With Liu Shouwen (劉守文) · At Cangzhou 滄州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passage 21
Besieged Fengxiang
AD 901 to AD 904 天復中 · Military · Commander · With Emperor Zhaozong of Tang (唐昭宗) · At Fengxiang 鳳翔
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 145

Show 51 more source-backed claims

Besieged Shi Pu
Military · Attacker · With Shi Pu (時溥)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passages 17, 52
Calamity began with
Political · Sufferer · With Zhu Youwen (朱友文) · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 16, passage 45
Captured Yan and Yun
Military · Commander · At Yan and Yun 兗、鄆
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 38
Changed era and dynasty name
AD 907 开平元年 · Political · Sovereign
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 150
Defeated Xiangyang
Military · Commander · With Zhao Kuangning (趙匡凝) · At Xiangyang 襄陽
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passage 19
Defeated
AD 887 三年 · Military · Commander · With Zhu Jin (朱瑾) · At Liuchiao 劉橋
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 137
Defeated
Military · Commander · At Tiao County 蓚縣
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 23
Destroyed
Military · Commander · With Qin Zongquan (秦宗權)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 139
Died amid Yougui rebellion
AD 912 乾化二年六月 · Political · Victim · With Zhu Yougui (朱友圭)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passages 127-128
Established dynasty
AD 907 梁祖之開國也 · Political · Founder
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 146, passage 5
Feasted at Shan and withdrew
Political · Guest · At Shan 陝
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 35-36
Fell into Nine Bend Pool
AD 912 乾化二年四月 · Accident · Victim
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 72
Fled
Military · Commander · At Suo county 蓚縣
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 51
Forced eastward move
Political · Actor · With Zhaozong (唐昭宗)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 18
Forced sexual relations
Personal · Actor · With Zhang Quanyi (張全義) · At Festival Garden 會節園
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 23
Gave office to Lu Ceng sons
Patronage · Benefactor · With Lu Ceng (盧曾)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passage 60
General amnesty
AD 907 开平元年 · Ritual · Sovereign
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 149
Instituted straggler beheading
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 142
Joined Huang Chao rebels
Military · Participant · With Huang Chao (黃巢)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 11
Killed Li Juchuan
Legal · Executioner · With Li Juchuan (李巨川) · Mode named-source-report Source Work New Book of Tang 新唐書
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 32
Marched west from Hezhong
AD 901 天復元年 · Military · Commander · At Hezhong 河中
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 24
Married Zhang from among troops
Personal · Husband · With Empress Yuanzhen (元貞皇后張氏) · At Tongzhou 同州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 33
Massacred eunuchs
Political · Executor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 82
Massacred
Military · Commander · At Zaoqiang 棗強
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 48
Memorialized Han Jian as Xu commissioner
Political · Recommender · With Han Jian (韓建)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 33
Ordered beaten to death
AD 912 乾化二年二月 · Legal · Authority · With Sun Zhi (孫騭)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 24
Ordered Cheng Yan to relieve Ezhou
AD 901 to AD 904 天復中 · Military · Commander · With Cheng Rui (成汭)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passage 12
Ordered facial branding of soldiers
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 144
Ordered law revision
AD 909 開平三年十一月 · Administrative · Issuer
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 147, passage 4
White Horse massacre 白馬之禍
AD 906 是歲四月 · Political · Instigator · Ordered massacre
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passages 1, 5
Posthumously honored ancestors
AD 907 开平元年秋七月己亥 · Ritual · Sovereign
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 18
Pressed Huazhou and accepted surrender
AD 901 天復元年 · Military · Commander · With Han Jian (韓建) · At Huazhou 華州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 25
Pressed Yan Yun
Military · Attacker
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 181, passage 146
Received envoy
Political · Recipient · With Xue Tinggui (薛廷珪)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 68, passages 10, 12
Reclaimed wasteland and lightened taxes
AD 907 to AD 923 二紀之間，俄成霸業 · Political · Ruler · At Yimen 夷門
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 146, passage 6
Replaced Hanzhi with Ding Hui
AD 899 明年六月 · Political · Patron · With Ding Hui (丁會)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 202
Returned gifts
AD 912 乾化二年正月 · Administrative · Sovereign · With Ding Shenheng (丁審衢)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 6
Sent Wang Tan against Mizhou
Military · Commander · With Wang Tan (王檀) · At Mizhou 密州 · Mode named-source-report Source Work Record of Yongyang 永陽志
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 153
Summoned
Political · Authority · With Zhang Quanyi (張全義)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 26
Surrendered to
Military · Surrenderer · With Wang Duo (王鐸)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 138
Tied Zhaozong shoe
AD 903 天復三年 · Ritual · Subject · With Emperor Zhaozong of Tang (唐昭宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passages 145-146
Traveled
AD 908 开平二年三月 · Military travel · Sovereign · At western capital
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 32
Usurped and revised laws
AD 923 同光元年 · Political · Usurper
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 147, passage 10
Warned
Diplomatic · Speaker · With Luo Hongxin (羅弘信)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 185, passage 141
Welcomed mother from Chong household
Personal · Subject · With Empress Dowager Wenhui (文惠皇太后王氏)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passages 13, 18
Relation Army brother of · Person Han Jian (韓建)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 33
Relation Patron of · Person Xue Yiju (薛貽矩)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 60
Relation Courted alliance with · Person Luo Hongxin (羅弘信)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 181, passages 155-156
Relation Vanguard of · Person Huang Chao (黃巢)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 137
Relation Patron of · Person Zhang Ce (張策)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passages 51-52
Relation Same surname peer of · Person Zhu Jin (朱瑾)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 39

Assessments and attributes

Assessment able to carry out his will because Zhaozong lacked loyal ministers beside him · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 155
Assessment after Zhang's death plunged into debauchery and incest · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 42
Assessment built hegemony by light taxes and agricultural promotion while soldiers fought · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 146, passages 5-7
Assessment cunning and without proper conduct in youth · Mode named-source-report Source Work Scattered Dreams of the Northern Quarter 北夢瑣言
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 7
Assessment Did not die a proper death; burial therefore not recorded in annalistic form · Mode historian-judgment Speaker yu (予)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passages 217, 219
Assessment filial and reverent toward Empress Dowager · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 2

Show 9 more source-backed claims

Assessment harsh military discipline; battles thereafter always victorious · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passages 142-143
Assessment In an age fond of killing, even a minor pardon shows some impulse to care for the people · Mode historian-judgment Speaker yu (予)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 165
Assessment strict in law; eased punishments when mother intervened · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 3
Assessment suspicious by nature, especially in later years · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 21
Assessment tiger-wolf heart restrained by Zhang's virtue · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 11, passages 35, 43
irascible and quick-tempered
Character
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passage 74
stern and strict by nature
Character
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 43
Item Xuan Mausoleum 宣陵 · Relation Tomb
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 136
Item Xuanling tomb 宣陵 · Relation Tomb named
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 218

Source notes

Historicity historical
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 146, passage 5; Old History of the Five Dynasties 147, passage 4; New History of the Five Dynasties 32, passage 8
Youwen was not actually his son, yet the text writes son
About Person Id Zhu Youwen (朱友文)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 160
AD 907 开平元年夏四月壬戌
From Quanzhong · To Huang 晃
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passages 2-3

References in the histories

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History

350 passages

Old Book of Tang, Chapter 181Volume 177 Biographies 127: Cui Shenyou, Cui Gong, Lu Jun, Pei Xiu, Yang Shou, Wei Baoheng, Lu Yan, Xiao Houzi, Liu Zhan, Liu Zhuan, Cao Que, Bi Xian, Du Shenquan, Liu Ye, Dou Luzhan · 11 passages

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乾寧中，朱全忠急攻兗鄆，朱瑄求援於太原。 During Qianning, Zhu Quanzhong pressed Yan and Yun hard, and Zhu Xuan appealed to Taiyuan for help.

全忠復遣人謂之曰：「太原志吞河朔，回戈之日，貴道堪憂。」 Quanzhong sent word again: "Taiyuan means to swallow the Hebei region; when it turns homeward, your circuit will be in peril."

朱全忠方事兗鄆，懼弘信離貳，每歲時賂遺，必卑辭厚禮答貺。 Quanzhong was then busy with Yan and Yun and feared Hongxin might waver; every season he sent gifts, and Hongxin always replied with humble words and lavish return gifts.

全忠對魏使北面拜而受之，曰：「六兄比予倍年已上，兄弟之國，安得以常鄰遇之。」 Quanzhong would face north and bow to receive Wei's gifts, saying, "Sixth Brother is more than twice my age; we are brothers in arms — how could I treat him as an ordinary neighbor?"

朱全忠遣將李思安屯於洹水。 Quanzhong sent Li Si'an to encamp on the Huan River.

自是，威感全忠援助之恩，合從景附。 From then on Wei, grateful for Quanzhong's aid, clung to him in alliance.

自是愈懼，遣使求援於全忠，密謀破之。 Thereafter Wei grew ever more fearful, sent to Quanzhong for help, and secretly plotted their destruction.

全忠遣李思安會魏博軍，再攻滄州。 Quanzhong sent Li Si'an to join the Weibo army in a renewed attack on Cangzhou.

全忠遣長直軍校馬嗣勳選兵千人，密於輿中實兵甲入魏，言助女葬事。 Quanzhong sent Ma Cixun of the long-service guard to choose a thousand men and smuggle arms into Wei in funeral litters, under the pretext of helping bury his daughter.

三年正月五日，嗣勳至，全忠親率大軍濟河，言視行營於滄景。 On the fifth day of the first month in the third year Cixun arrived; Quanzhong himself led a great army across the river, saying he meant to inspect the Cangjing front.

威欲因而出迎，至期，即假全忠帳下銳卒入而夾攻之。 Wei planned to go out to meet him and, when the day came, borrow Quanzhong's crack troops to enter the city and strike the yajiun from within and without.

Old Book of Tang, Chapter 185Volume 181 Biographies 131: Shi Xiancheng, Zi Xiaozhang, He Jintao, Han Yunzhong, Li Yanzhen, Luo Hongxin · 7 passages

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乾寧中，朱全忠急攻兗鄆，朱瑄求援於太原。 During the Qianning era Zhu Quanzhong pressed his attack on Yan and Yanzhou, and Zhu Xuan sought help from Taiyuan.

全忠復遣人謂之曰：「太原志吞河朔，回戈之日，貴道堪憂。」 Quanzhong sent another envoy to warn him, "Taiyuan means to swallow all of Hebei. When they turn their spears homeward, your circuit will be in peril."

硃全忠方事兗鄆，懼弘信離貳，每歲時賂遺，必卑辭厚禮答貺。 Quanzhong was then occupied with Yan and Yanzhou and feared Hongxin might turn against him. Every year he sent gifts, and Hongxin always replied with humble words and lavish courtesy.

全忠對魏使北面拜而受之，曰：「六兄比予倍年已上，兄弟之國，安得以常鄰遇之。」 Quanzhong would bow northward to Wei's envoy as he received the gifts, saying, "Sixth Elder Brother is more than twice my age. As brother states, how can we treat each other as ordinary neighbors?"

弘信以為厚己，亦推心焉。 Hongxin took this as genuine regard for himself and gave Quanzhong his trust in return.

硃全忠遣將李思安屯於洹水。 Zhu Quanzhong sent the general Li Si'an to encamp on the Huan River.

自是，威感全忠援助之恩，合從景附。 From then on Wei was grateful for Quanzhong's aid and drew ever closer to him in alliance.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 7Volume 7 Book of Later Liang 7: Taizu Annals 7 · 39 passages

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甲申，以時雪久愆，命丞相及三省官群望祈禱。 On jiashen, with timely snow long overdue, the Emperor ordered the chancellor and officials of the Three Departments to pray at the various altars.

以丁審衢為陳州，而審衢厚以鞍馬、金帛為謝恩之獻，帝慮其漁民，復其獻而停之。 Ding Shenqu was appointed prefect of Chenzhou; he sent lavish gifts of saddles, horses, and silks in thanks for the appointment. Fearing he would fleece the people, the Emperor returned the gifts and refused them.

命供奉官硃嶠于河南府宣取先收禁定州進奉官崔騰並傔從一十四人，並釋放，仍命押領送至貝。 The Emperor ordered Palace Attendant Zhu Qiao to proclaim at Henan Prefecture the release of detained Dingzhou tribute officer Cui Teng and his fourteen attendants, and had them escorted to Bei.

至是，帝念賓介之來，又已出境，特命縱而歸焉。 Now the Emperor, mindful that a guest envoy had come and had already crossed the border, specially ordered his release and return home.

丙戌，有司以孟春太廟薦享上言，命丞相杜曉攝祭行事。 On bingxu the court reported on the spring ancestral offering; the Emperor had Chancellor Du Xiao conduct the rite in his stead.

二月庚戌，中和節，御崇勳殿，召丞相、大學士、河南尹，略封訖，于萬春門外廡賜以酒食。 On gengxu in the second month, the Zhonghe Festival, the Emperor presided at Chongxun Hall, summoned the chancellor, Grand Academicians, and Henan Intendant; after the brief audience he bestowed food and drink in the corridor outside Wanchun Gate.

庚申，禦宣威殿開宴，丞相洎文武官屬咸被召列侍，竟日而罷。 On gengshen the Emperor held a banquet at Xuanwei Hall; the chancellor and all civil and military officials were summoned to attend in rows until evening.

壬戌，帝將巡按北境，中外戒嚴，詔以河南尹、守中書令、判六軍事張宗奭為大內留守。 On renxu, as the Emperor prepared to inspect the northern border, court and realm went on alert; Zhang Zongshi, Henan intendant, keeper of the Secretariat, and director of the Six Armies, was named Grand Inner Custodian.

左散騎常侍孫騭、右諫議大夫張衍、兵部郎中張俊最後至，帝命撲殺之。 Sun Zhi, Zhang Yan, and Zhang Jun came late; the Emperor had them beaten to death.

趙將符暕引數百騎巡邏，不知是帝，遽前逼之。 Zhao general Fu Yan led several hundred horsemen on patrol, did not recognize the Emperor, and suddenly pressed forward.

帝行幄，亟引兵趣棗強，與楊師厚軍合。 The Emperor quit his camp, hurried his troops toward Zaoqiang, and united with Yang Shihou's army.

乙未，帝復幸東闉閱騎軍。 On yiwei he again went to the east gate to review the cavalry.

《通鑒》：乙卯，博王友文來朝，請帝還東都。《Comprehensive Mirror》: On yimao the Prince of Bo, Youwen, attended court and urged the Emperor to return east.

帝泛九曲池，御舟傾，帝墮溺于池中，宮女侍官扶持登岸，驚悸久之。 The Emperor rowed on Nine-Bend Pool; the imperial boat capsized and he fell into the water; palace women and attendants helped him ashore, and he remained shaken for a long time.

夕次汜水縣，帝召魏王宗奭入對，便於御前賜食，數刻乃退。 That night he stopped at Sishui; the Emperor called Prince of Wei Zongshi to audience, fed him before the throne, and after some time sent him away.

癸未，帝發自汜水，宣令邵贊、段明遠各歸所理。 On guawei he left Sishui and announced that Shao Zan and Duan Mingyuan should each return to their posts.

宰臣薛貽矩抱恙在假，不克扈從，宣問旁午，仍命且駐東京以俟良愈。 Chancellor Xue Yiju was ill on leave and could not join the tour; the Emperor's inquiries came often, yet ordered him to stay at the Eastern Capital until recovery.

及薨，帝震悼頗久，命雒苑使曹守璫往弔祭之，又命輟六日、七日、八日朝參，丞相、文武並詣上閣門進名奉慰。 At his death the Emperor mourned at length, sent Luoyuan commissioner Cao Shoudang to condole, and cancelled court for the sixth through eighth; chancellor and officials filed condolence at the Upper Gate.

《通鑒》：閏月壬戌，帝疾甚，謂近臣曰：「我經營天下三十年，不意太原餘孽更昌熾如此！《Comprehensive Mirror》: On renxu of the intercalary month the Emperor was gravely ill; he said to his intimates: "Thirty years I have ruled, and never thought the Taiyuan remnant would grow so strong!

帝長子郴王友裕早卒。 His eldest son, Prince of Chen Youyu, had died young.

次假子友文，帝特愛之，常留守東都，兼建昌宮使。 Next came the adopted son Youwen, the Emperor's favorite, who often stayed at the Eastern Capital as Jianchang palace commissioner.

帝雖未以友文為太子，意常屬之。 Youwen was not named crown prince, yet the Emperor's heart was often set on him.

六月丁丑朔，帝命敬翔出友珪為萊州刺史，即命之官。 On dingchou, the first of the sixth month, the Emperor ordered Jing Xiang to issue an order posting Yougui as prefect of Laizhou, and at once ordered him to take office.

帝驚起，問：「反者為誰？」 The Emperor roused himself and cried: "Who rebels?"

帝曰：「我固疑此賊，恨不早殺之。 The Emperor said: "I long suspected this villain—only regret I did not kill him sooner.

友珪僕夫馮廷諤刺帝腹，刃出於背。 Yougui's groom Feng Tingyu drove a blade into the Emperor's belly until it showed at his back.

友珪葬太祖于伊闕縣，號宣陵。 Yougui buried Taizu at Yique, naming the tomb Xuan.

《五代史補》：太祖硃全忠，黃巢之先鋒。《Supplement to the History of the Five Dynasties》: Taizu Zhu Quanzhong was Huang Chao's vanguard.

巢入長安，以刺史王鐸圍同州，太祖遂降，鐸承制拜同州刺史。 When Chao took Chang'an, Wang Duo besieged Tongzhou; Taizu surrendered, and Duo, with imperial warrant, made him prefect of Tong.

黃巢滅，淮、蔡間秦宗權復盛，朝廷以淮、蔡與汴州相接，太祖汴人，必究其能否，遂移授宣武軍節度使以討宗權，未凡滅之。 After Huang Chao fell, Qin Zongquan rose again between Huai and Cai; because those regions marched with Bian and Taizu was a native of Bian, the court had to try him and transferred him as Xuanwu commissioner to destroy Zongquan—which he soon did.

先是，民間傳讖曰：「五公符」，又謂之「李淳風轉天歌」，其字有「八牛之年」，識者以「八牛」乃「硃」字，則太祖革命之應焉。 Earlier folk prophecy spoke of "Five Lords' tally," also called Li Chunfeng's Turning Heaven Song, containing "the year of eight oxen"—readers saw eight oxen as the character Zhu, presaging Taizu's rise.

太祖之用兵也，法令嚴峻，每戰，逐隊主帥或有沒而不反者，其餘皆斬之，謂之：「跋隊斬」。 Taizu's armies were ruled by harsh law: when a unit commander fell and did not return, his whole unit was beheaded—this was called "beheading the straggler."

《五代史闕文》：世傳梁太祖迎昭宗於鳳翔，素服待罪，昭宗佯為鞋系脫，呼梁祖曰：「全忠為吾系鞋。」《Lost Passages》: Tradition says that when Liang Taizu welcomed Emperor Zhaozong from Fengxiang, he wore plain dress to await punishment; Zhaozong feigned a loose shoe-thong and called: "Quanzhong, tie my shoe for me."

梁祖不得已，跪而結之，汗流浹背。 Liang Taizu could only kneel to tie it, sweat soaking his back.

時天子扈蹕尚有衛兵，昭宗意謂左右擒梁祖以殺之，其如無敢動者。 The Son of Heaven's escort still had guards; Zhaozong hoped those beside him would seize Taizu and kill him—yet none dared.

自是梁祖被召多不至，盡去昭宗禁衛，皆用汴人矣。 Thereafter Taizu often ignored summons; he stripped Zhaozong of every palace guard and replaced them with men from Bian.

臣謹案：梁祖以天復三年迎唐昭宗於岐下，歲在甲子，其年改天祐，至國初建隆庚申歲，才五十六年矣，然則乾德七十歲人皆目睹其事。 This commentator notes: Liang Taizu in Tianfu year 3 welcomed Tang Emperor Zhaozong from below Qi in the jiazi year, then Tianyou; from Jianlong's founding gengshen to our day is only fifty-six years—yet men of seventy in the Qiande era saw it with their own eyes.

梁祖在位止及六年，均帝朝詔史臣修梁祖實錄，岐下系鞋之事，恥而不書。 Taizu reigned only six years; under Emperor Jun historians were ordered to compile his veritable record—yet the shoe-tying at Qi was too shameful to write.

又明左右無忠義奮發之臣，致梁祖得行其志。 and that none beside him were loyal enough to strike, so Taizu could do as he pleased.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 11Volume 11 Book of Later Liang 11: Biographies 1: Empresses and Consorts · 23 passages

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太祖性孝願，奉太后未嘗小失色，朝夕視膳，為士君子之規範。 The Founder was deeply filial: he never let his manner slip before the Empress Dowager and attended her at every meal, morning and night—a standard for the cultivated man.

帝嚴察用法，無纖毫假貸，太后言之，帝頗為省刑。 The Emperor enforced the law without mercy; when the Empress Dowager intervened, he often eased sentences.

〈（《北夢瑣言》云：梁祖父誠蚤卒，有三子俱幼。 (The 《Scattered Dreams of the Northern Quarter》 records that the Liang founder’s father Cheng died early, with three sons still small.

昆弟之中，惟溫狡猾無行，崇母撫養之，崇兄弟嘗加譴杖。 Of the brothers only Wen was sly and unruly; Liu Chong’s mother cared for him, while Chong’s brothers often thrashed him.

他日與仲兄存入黃巢軍作賊，伯兄昱與母王氏尚依劉家。 Later Wen and his second brother Cun went off with Huang Chao’s rebels; the eldest, Yu, and Mother Wang remained with the Lius.

溫既辭去，不知存亡。 After Wen departed, his fate was unknown.

及溫領鎮於汴，盛飾輿馬，使人迎母於崇家。 When Wen became military governor at Bian, he sent a splendid escort to bring his mother from the Chong home.

王氏惶恐，辭避深藏，不之信，謂人曰：「朱三落拓無行，何處作賊送死，焉能自致富貴？ Wang was afraid, refused, and hid; she told others: "That good-for-nothing Zhu Third is off robbing somewhere—how could he possibly have become rich and powerful?

使者具陳離鄉去裏之由，歸國立功之事，王氏方泣而信。 The envoy explained how Wen had left home, served the dynasty, and won distinction; at last Wang wept and believed.

溫盛禮郊迎，人士改觀。 Wen met them with full suburban ceremony, and onlookers saw him in a new light.

王氏以溫貴，封晉國太夫人。 With Wen’s rise, Wang was created Grand Lady of Jin.

溫置酒於母，歡甚，語及家事，謂母曰：「朱五經辛苦業儒，不登一命，今有子為節度使，無忝前人矣！」 At a feast for his mother Wen grew merry and said: "Father Zhu Five Classics studied the classics in poverty and never won office—yet his son is now a military commissioner. We have not shamed our ancestors!"

母不懌，良久謂溫曰：「汝致身及此，信為英特，行義未必如先人。 His mother was unmoved and after a pause told Wen: "You have risen high—no doubt you are gifted—but your conduct is hardly like your father’s.

溫垂涕謝罪，即令召諸兄子皆至汴。 Wen wept and apologized, then had every nephew brought to Bian.

〈（《五代會要》云：太祖皇后張氏早崩，開平二年，追封賢妃，至乾化二年十一月二十三日，追冊曰元貞皇后。 (The 《Five Dynasties Institutional Compendium》 records that Empress Zhang died young; in Kaiping 2 she was posthumously made Worthy Consort, and on 23 xi of month 11, Qianhua 2, was elevated to Empress Yuanzhen.

又，《北夢瑣言》云：梁祖魏國夫人張氏，碭山富室女，父蕤，曾為宋州刺史。 The 《Scattered Dreams of the Northern Quarter》 adds that Lady Zhang of Wei came from a rich Dangshan family; her father Rui had served as Songzhou prefect.

溫時聞張有姿色，私心傾慕，有麗華之歎。 Hearing of Zhang’s beauty, Wen secretly yearned for her and sighed like a man longing for Lady Lihua.

溫以其宿款，深加禮異。 Wen had loved her long before; he honored her with exceptional ceremony.

張賢明有禮，溫雖虎狼其心，亦所景伏。 Zhang was intelligent and decorous; even Wen’s brutal nature bowed before her.

初收兗、鄆，得朱瑾妻，溫告之曰：「彼既無依，寓於輜車。」 After the capture of Yan and Yun they took Zhu Jin’s wife; Wen told her: "She has no one to rely on—let her travel in the supply train."

張既卒，繼寵者非人，及僭號後，大縱朋淫，骨肉聚麀，帷薄荒穢，以致友珪之禍，起於婦人。 After Zhang’s death Wen’s favorites were unworthy; once emperor he plunged into orgies and incest until Yougui’s revolt—born of a woman’s grievance.

又，案《五代會要》所載，內職有梁太祖昭儀陳氏、昭容李氏，《歐陽史》並見《家人傳》。）〉 The 《Five Dynasties Institutional Compendium》 also lists the Founder’s Lady of Bright Deportment Chen and Lady of Bright Countenance Li, both noted in Ouyang Xiu’s 《New History》 Family section.)〉

《五代會要》云：梁太祖長女安陽公主，降羅廷規，開平二年八月追封。 The 《Five Dynasties Institutional Compendium》 lists the Founder’s eldest daughter, Princess Anyang, married to Luo Tinggui and posthumously enfeoffed in Kaiping 2, month 8.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 12Volume 12 Book of Later Liang 12: Biographies 2: Imperial Family · 32 passages

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廣王全昱，太祖長兄，受禪後封。 Quan Yu, Prince of Guang, was the Founder's eldest brother and received his princely title when the dynasty was founded.

《五代史闕文》：全昱，梁祖之兄也。 The 《Lacunae of the History of the Five Dynasties》 identifies Quan Yu as the Liang founder's elder brother.

因為博戲，全昱酒酣，忽起取骰子擊盆迸散，大呼梁祖曰：「朱三，汝碭山一民，因天下饑荒，入黃巢作賊，天子用汝為四鎮節度使，富貴足矣，何故滅他李家三百年社稷，稱王稱朕，吾不忍見血吾族矣，安用博為！」 At dice play Quan Yu, drunk, leaped up, smashed the bowl with his dice, and shouted at the Liang founder: "Zhu Third! You were a peasant from Dangshan who joined Huang Chao's rebels in famine; the throne made you lord of four circuits—that should have been enough. Why wipe out the Li dynasty's three-century altars and call yourself king and Son of Heaven? I will not watch our family slaughtered—why gamble at all!"

梁祖不悅而罷。 The founder took offense and ended the feast.

臣護按《梁史》《廣王全昱傳》曰：昱樸野，常呼帝為「三」。 Your subject Hu notes in the 《History of Liang》 biography of Prince Guang that Quan Yu was coarse and habitually addressed the emperor as "Third."

夫梁祖弑二君，弑一皇后，名臣被害者不可勝紀。 The Liang founder had killed two emperors and an empress, and slaughtered famous ministers beyond count.

太祖鎮汴，累署軍職，每因出師，多命統驍果以從。 Under the Founder's rule at Bian he rose through army commands and usually led elite troops on campaign.

及擒秦宗權，太祖令友寧監送宗權西獻於長安，詔加檢校右散騎常侍、行右監門衛將軍。 After the capture of Qin Zongquan the Founder sent You Ning to escort him to Chang'an; the court promoted him to acting palace attendant and acting gate guard commander.

太祖駐軍岐下，遣友寧領所部兵先歸梁苑，以備守禦。 While the Founder camped near Qi he sent You Ning ahead with his division to secure the Eastern Capital.

太祖怒，遣劉捍督戰。 The Founder, enraged, sent Liu Han to take command of the siege.

及長，好騎射，有經度之智，太祖每奇之，曰：「吾家千里駒也。」 As a man he excelled at horsemanship and archery and showed sound judgment; the Founder often praised him: "He is the fleet steed of our clan."

太祖征兗、鄆，友倫勒所部兵收聚糧穀，以濟軍須。 During campaigns in Yan and Yun he gathered grain for the army.

太祖遣友倫總步騎數萬，越險救應，遂大破晉軍。 The Founder sent You Lun with tens of thousands of infantry and cavalry over difficult ground to relieve him and routed the Jin army.

及太祖東歸，留友倫宿衛京師。 When the Founder went east he left You Lun to guard the capital.

郴王友裕，字端夫，太祖長子也。 You Yu, Prince of Chen (courtesy name Duanfu), was the Founder's eldest son.

幼善射禦，從太祖征伐，性寬厚，頗得士心。 Trained in archery and horsemanship, he campaigned with the Founder, won troops by his easy manner.

唐中和中，太祖會並帥李克用攻圍華州，賊將黃鄴固守甚堅。 In Tang Zhonghe the Founder and Li Keyong besieged Hua prefecture, where the rebel Huang Ye held the walls stubbornly.

太祖鎮汴，表為宣武軍牙校。 When the Founder held Bian he was made a junior officer of the Xuanwu Army.

時都虞候朱友恭羽書聞於太祖，誣友裕按兵不追賊，太祖大怒，因驛騎傳符，令裨將龐師古代友裕為帥，仍令按劾其事。 Chief Commandant Zhu You Gong reported that You Yu had held his men back; the Founder, furious, sent Pang Shigu by relay to replace him and investigate.

賴元貞皇后聞而召之，令束身歸汴，力為營救，太祖乃舍之，令權知許州。 Empress Yuanzhen intervened, had him return to Bian in custody, and secured his pardon; the Founder then put him in temporary charge of Xu.

四年，太祖下東平，改天平軍留後，加檢校司徒。 In the fourth year, after the Founder took Dongping, he became acting Tianping commissioner with acting Minister of Works.

太祖兼鎮河中，以友裕為護國軍節度留後，尋遷華州節度使，加檢校太保、興德尹。 When the Founder also held Hezhong he made You Yu acting Huguo commissioner, then Hua commissioner, Grand Guardian, and Xingde intendant.

博王友文，本姓康，名勤，太祖養以為子，受禪後封為王。 You Wen, Prince of Bo, born Kang Qin, was adopted by the Founder and enfeoffed after the founding of the dynasty.

友珪弑逆，並殺友文。 When Zhu Yougui murdered the Founder he killed You Wen as well.

唐光啟中，帝徇地亳州，召而侍寢。 During Tang Guangqi, while campaigning in Bozhou, the Founder took her to his bed.

是時，元貞皇后賢而有寵，帝素憚之，由是不果攜歸大梁，因留亳州，以別宅貯之。 The Founder feared his capable consort Yuanzhen and never brought the woman to the capital, keeping her in a separate house at Bozhou.

及期，妓以生男來告，帝喜，故字之曰遙喜。 When she bore a son he was delighted and gave the boy the childhood name Yaoxi.

二年，弑太祖篡位，均王以兵討之，自殺，追廢為庶人。 In the second year he murdered the Founder and seized the throne; Prince of Jun marched against him; he committed suicide and was posthumously degraded to commoner.

福王友璋，太祖第五子，受禪後封。 You Zhang, Prince of Fu, was the Founder's fifth son and received his title at the founding.

賀王友雍，太祖第六子，受禪後封。 You Yong, Prince of He, was the Founder's sixth son and was enfeoffed when the dynasty was founded.

建王友徽，太祖第七子，受禪後封。 You Hui, Prince of Jian, was the Founder's seventh son and received his title at the founding.

康王友孜，太祖第八子，末帝即位後封，以反誅。 You Zi, Prince of Kang, the Founder's eighth son, was enfeoffed under the Last Emperor and executed for treason.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 15Volume 15 Book of Later Liang 15: Biographies 5: Han Jian, Li Hanzhi, Feng Xingxi, Sun Dezhao, Zhao Keyu, Zhang Shensi · 29 passages

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太祖聞之，自河中引軍而西。 The Founder marched west from Hezhong.

前鋒至同州，建判官司馬鄴以城降，遂移軍迫華州，建懼乞降。 The vanguard reached Tongzhou, where Jian's staff officer Sima Ye surrendered the city. The Founder then shifted his army against Huazhou, and Jian, afraid, begged to surrender.

太祖責以脅君之罪，建拜伏稱從事李巨川之謀也，太祖即誅巨川。 The Founder blamed him for intimidating the throne; Jian blamed Li Juchuan and the Founder killed Juchuan.

全忠屬官敬翔以文翰事左右，疑巨川用則全忠待己或衰，乃詭說曰：「巨川誠奇才，顧不利主人，若何！」 Jing Xiang feared rivalry and told Quanzhong, "Juchuan is truly a rare talent, but he is not good to his lord—what then!"

是日，全忠殺之。）〉 That day Quanzhong killed him.)〉

太祖與建素有軍中昆弟之契，及見，其怒驟息，尋表建為許州節度使。 They had long been bound as brothers-in-arms. On seeing Jian, his anger quickly subsided, and before long he petitioned for Jian to be appointed military governor of Xu Prefecture.

車駕至陝，召太祖與建侍宴，宮妓奏樂，何皇后舉觴以賜太祖，建躡足，太祖遽起曰：「臣醉不任。」 At a feast in Shan the empress toasted the Founder; Jian trod his foot and the Founder hastily rose saying, "Your subject is drunk and cannot bear it."

建私謂太祖曰：「上與宮人附耳而語，幕下有兵仗聲，恐圖王爾。」 Jian whispered to the Founder, "The emperor and empress are whispering; I heard weapons beneath the curtain—they may be plotting against you."

太祖為性剛嚴，群下將迎不暇，待建稍異，故優容之。 The stern Founder indulged Jian more than other ministers.

克用怒，遣李昭嗣討之，罕之執其守將馬溉、伊鐸、何萬友，沁州刺史傅瑤等，遣其子顥拘送於太祖以求援焉。 Keyong sent Li Zhaosi against him; Hanzhi seized Ma Gai, Yi Duo, He Wanyou, Fu Yao, and others and sent his son Hao to the Founder for help.

（《新唐書》：全忠表罕之昭義軍節度使。） (The 《New Book of Tang》: Quanzhong memorialized Hanzhi as Zhaoyi military commissioner.)

明年六月，病篤，太祖令丁會代之，移罕之為河陽節度使； The following year, in the sixth month, when Hanzhi became gravely ill, the Founder ordered Ding Hui to replace him and transferred Hanzhi to serve as military governor of Heyang;

及太祖義旗西征，行襲遣副使魯崇矩稟受制令。 When the Founder marched west, Xingxi sent deputy Lu Chongju for orders.

會唐昭宗幸鳳翔，太祖帥師奉迎，久之未出。 When Zhaozong went to Fengxiang the Founder marched to meet him but lingered outside.

中尉韓全誨遣中官郤文晏等二十餘人分命矯詔，欲征江、淮兵屯於金州，以脅太祖之軍，行襲定策盡殺之，收其詔敕送於太祖。 Han Quanhui sent Xi Wenyan and twenty eunuchs with forged orders to raise Jiang-Huai troops at Jin and threaten the Founder; Xingxi killed them and sent the edicts to the Founder.

太祖之伐荊、襄，行襲令其子勖以舟師會於均、房，預收復功，遷匡國軍節度使。 In the Jing-Xiang campaign Xingxi sent son Xu by river to Jun and Fang; rewarded, he became Kuangguo commissioner.

及太祖郊禋，行襲請入覲，貢獻巨萬，恩禮殊厚。 At the suburban rites Xingxi came to court with lavish gifts and exceptional honor.

丞相崔胤，外與太祖申結輔佐之好，內遣心腹密講忠義。 Cui Yin allied with the Founder and secretly plotted restoration.

於是丞相崔胤奉迎禦丹鳳樓，率百辟待罪，泣且奏曰：「臣居大位，不能討奸，賴東平王全忠首奮忠貞，誅殺邸吏，遂致德昭等擒戮妖逆，再清禁闈。」 Cui Yin welcomed the emperor at Danfeng Tower, led the assembled officials in awaiting punishment, and wept as he memorialized, "I hold high office yet was unable to suppress the traitors. Thanks to Zhu Quanzhong, Prince of Dongping, who first displayed loyal resolve and killed the palace agents, Dezhao and the others were able to capture and execute the wicked rebels and cleanse the palace once more."

而德昭獨按兵，與太祖親吏婁敬思葉力衛丞相及文武百官，與長安吏民保於街東，免為所劫。 Only Dezhao held his troops and with Lou Jingsi shielded Cui Yin and the court east of the street.

太祖遣從事相繼勞問，遺以龍鳳劍、鬥雞紗，委令製輯。 The Founder sent gifts and entrusted him to keep order.

於是百官次華州，連狀請太祖迎奉。 Officials at Hua begged the Founder to restore the court.

及大旆入關，德昭以軍禮上謁，立道左，太祖命左右扶騎控至長安，賜與甚厚，署權知同州節度留後。 When the Founder's banner entered the passes, Dezhao paid his respects with military rites and stood at the left of the road. The Founder ordered attendants to help him mount and escort him by the reins to Chang'an, gave him lavish gifts, and appointed him acting military commissioner of Tongzhou.

德昭以本部兵八千人獻於太祖，由是愈見賞重，又賜甲第一區，俾先還洛陽。 He gave eight thousand men to the Founder, received a mansion, and went first to Luoyang.

太祖受禪，以左領衛上將軍征赴闕。 At the abdication he was summoned as Left Collar Guard general.

光啟中，蔡寇陷河陽，克裕率所部歸於太祖，隸於宣義軍。 During the Guangqi era, when Cai bandits captured Heyang, Keyu led his command over to the Founder and was attached to the Xuanyi Army.

太祖東征徐、鄆，克裕屢受指顧，無不如意。 In eastern campaigns against Xu and Yan he never failed the Founder.

太祖表為河陽節度使、檢校右僕射，尋移理許田，入為金吾衛大將軍、檢校司空。 He became Heyang commissioner, then governed Xu, and entered court as Golden Guard general and honorary Grand Marshal.

及太祖為元帥，以克裕為元帥府左都押衙，復統六軍，兗州平，命權知泰寧軍留後。 As marshal's left adjutant and six-army commander he acted as Taining commissioner after Yan fell.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 16Volume 16 Book of Later Liang 16: Biographies 6: Ge Congzhou, Xie Yanzhang, He Zhen, Zhang Guiba, Zhang Guihou, Zhang Guibian · 35 passages

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唐中和四年三月，太祖大破巢軍於王滿渡，從周與霍存、張歸霸昆弟相率來降。 Tang Zhonghe 4, month 3, after the Founder crushed Chao at Wangman Ford, Congzhou surrendered with Huo Cun and the Zhang brothers.

七月，從太祖屯兵於西華，破蔡賊王夏寨。 Month 7 he camped at Xihua and broke Cai rebel Wang Xia's camp.

太祖臨陣馬踣，賊眾來追甚急，從周扶太祖上馬，與賊軍格鬥，傷面，矢中於肱，身被數槍，奮命以衛太祖。 When the Founder's horse fell under pursuit, Congzhou mounted him, fought on wounded by face, arm, and spears, and saved his life.

賴張延壽回馬轉鬥，從周與太祖俱免，退軍溵水。 Zhang Yanshou's countercharge let Congzhou and the Founder escape to Yin River.

太祖遣郭言募兵於陝州，有黃花子賊據於溫穀，從周擊破之。 He broke the Yellow Flower bandits at Wengu while Guo Yan recruited at Shan.

從太祖至範縣，復與朱瑄戰，擄尹萬榮等三人，遂平濮州。 At Fan he beat Zhu Xuan, took Yin Wanrong and others, and pacified Pu.

文德元年，魏博軍亂，樂從訓來告急，從太祖渡河，拔黎陽、李固、臨河等鎮，至內黃，破魏軍萬餘眾，獲其將周儒等十人。 Wende 1 he crossed the river with the Founder, took Li Yang and other posts, and at Neihuang captured Zhou Ru and ten Wei officers.

大順元年八月，並帥圍潞州，太祖遣從周率敢死之士，夜銜枚犯圍而入，會王師不利於馬牢川，即棄上黨而歸。 Dashun 1, month 8, he slipped into besieged Lu; after defeat at Malaichuan the army abandoned Shangdang.

五月，並人討李罕之於潞州，太祖以丁會代罕之，令從周馳入上黨。 Month 5 he galloped into Shangdang as Jin attacked Lu.

七月，並人陷澤州，太祖召從周，令賀德倫守潞州，德倫等尋棄城而歸。 Month 7 Ze fell; He Delun abandoned Lu despite orders.

八月，並人攻邢、洺，從太祖破之。 Month 8 he beat Jin at Xing and Ming with the Founder.

頃之，從周染疾，會青州將劉鄩陷兗州，太祖命討之，遂力疾臨戎。 Soon after he fell ill; when Liu Xun of Qingzhou took Yanzhou, the Founder ordered him to attack and he took the field despite illness.

太祖以從周抱疾既久，命康懷英代之，授左金吾上將軍，以風恙不任朝謁，改右衛上將軍致仕。 The Founder, since Congzhou's illness had long lingered, had Kang Huaiying replace him and made Congzhou Left Golden Crow general; wind ailment kept him from court, so he was changed to Right Guard general and retired.

及壯，事太祖為騎將。 Grown, he served the Founder as cavalry officer.

及太祖以眾歸唐，真時為元從都將， When the Founder submitted to Tang, Zhen was an original-follower commander,

〈（《通鑒》云：溫見巢兵勢日蹙，知其將亡，親將胡真、謝瞳勸溫歸國。）〉 (The 《Zizhi Tongjian》 says: Wen, seeing Chao's power daily wane and knowing he would fall, was urged by his trusted generals Hu Zhen and Xie Tong to return to the Tang state.)〉

時太祖在汴，奉詔南討，巢黨日窘，歸霸昆仲與葛從周、李讜等相率來降，尋補宣武軍劇職。 At Bian Guiba and his brothers surrendered with Congzhou and Li Rang and joined the Xuanyi army.

太祖時於高丘下瞰，備見其狀，麵加賞激，厚以金帛及所獲馬錫之。 The Founder watched from Gaomound and richly rewarded him.

又嘗被命以控弦之士五百人伏於壕內，太祖統數百騎稍逼其寨，蔡人果以銳士摩壘來追，歸霸發伏兵，掩殺千餘人，奪馬數十匹，尋奏授檢校左散騎常侍。 His trench ambush killed a thousand Cai pursuers and won him honorary Left Regular Cavalry Attendant.

其後從太祖伐鄆，副李唐賓渡淮，鹹著奇績。 He crossed the Huai with Li Tangbin against Yan with striking merit.

及太祖振眾離營，寇塵已息。 When the Founder left camp the field was already clear.

太祖召至，賞之曰：「昔耿弇不俟光武擊張步，言不以賊遺君父，弇之功，爾其二焉。」 The Founder summoned and rewarded him, saying, "Formerly Geng Yan did not wait for Guangwu to strike Zhang Bu, saying he would not leave bandits to lord and father—Yan's merit; yours is twice it."

時太祖在滑，頗慮邢之失守。 The Founder at Hua feared Xing would fall.

太祖受禪，拜右龍虎統軍，改左驍衛上將軍，充河陽諸軍都指揮使。 At the abdication he commanded dragon-tiger and valiant guard troops and Heyang armies.

中和末，與兄歸霸自巢軍相率來降，太祖署為軍校。 Late Zhonghe he surrendered from Chao with Guiba as army officer.

時淮西兵力方壯，太祖之師尚寡，歸厚以少擊眾，往無不捷。 Though few against many, he never lost.

太祖大悅，立署為騎軍長，仍以鞍馬器幣錫之。 The Founder made him cavalry chief and gave him horse and gear.

是歲，郴王遷寨，未知所往，忽逢兗、鄆賊寇甚眾，太祖亟登道左高阜以觀之，命歸厚領所部廳子馬直突之。 When Yan raiders swarmed he charged with the hall-son horse at the Founder's order.

出沒二十餘合，賊大敗將北，而救軍雲至，歸厚即綴賊苦戰，請太祖以數十騎先還。 After twenty clashes he held the enemy while the Founder escaped with a few horsemen.

太祖至寨，亟命張筠、劉儒飛騎來迎，然謂已歿矣。 The Founder sent Zhang Yun and Liu Ru to find him, fearing him dead.

太祖見之，撫背泣下曰：「得歸厚身全，縱廣喪戎馬，何足計乎！」 The Founder, seeing him, stroked his back and wept, saying, "To get Guihou back whole—even if we lose horses wholesale, what does it matter!"

景福初，從太祖伐鄆，帝軍不利，太祖為寇所逼，歸厚殿馬翼衛，左右馳射，矢發如雨，賊騎千百，披靡而退。 Jingfu he covered the Founder's retreat with arrow storms at Yan.

其後，討滄州，復洺州，咸以功聞，太祖錄其勳，命權知洺州事。 After Cang and Ming campaigns he governed Ming provisionally.

太祖自鎮、定還，睹其緝理之政，大喜，賞之。 The Founder praised his governance on return from Zhen and Ding.

太祖受禪，加檢校司空。 At the abdication he became honorary Grand Marshal.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 22Volume 22 Book of Later Liang 22: Biographies 12: Yang Shihou, Niu Cunjie, Wang Tan · 9 passages

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唐中和中，太祖鎮大梁，檀為小將。 In Tang Zhonghe, when the Founder held Daliang, Tan served as a junior officer.

四年，汴將楊彥洪破巢將尚讓、李讜於尉氏門外，檀在戰中，摧鋒陷陣，遂為太祖所知，稍蒙擢用。 In year 4 Yang Yanhong of Bian defeated Shang Rang and Li Dang outside Weishi Gate; Tan fought in the van, broke the enemy line, won the Founder's notice, and rose in rank.

從擊秦宗賢於鄭州西北河灘之上，於太祖馬前射賊將孫安，應弦而斃。 At the river beach northwest of Zhengzhou he shot the bandit general Sun An dead before the Founder's horse.

太祖破朱瑾於劉橋，檀盡收其軍實。 When the Founder beat Zhu Jin at Liuchiao, Tan gathered all his supplies.

天復中，從太祖率四鎮之師圍鳳翔，以迎昭宗。 In Tianfu he followed the Founder with the armies of four commands to besiege Fengxiang and restore Zhaozong.

〈（《永陽志》云：張訓守密州刺史，朱全忠至青州，訓謂諸將曰：「汴人將至，何以禦之？」 (The 《Record of Yongyang》 says Zhang Xun was prefect of Mizhou; when Zhu Quanzhong reached Qingzhou, Xun asked his officers, "The Bian army is coming—how shall we meet them?"

全忠遣王檀攻密州，數日乃敢入城。）〉 Quanzhong sent Wang Tan against Mizhou, and only after several days did Tan dare enter the city.)〉

俄而晉軍大至，重圍四合，土山地穴，晝夜攻擊，太祖憂之。 Soon the Jin came in force, besieged the city on every side with ramparts and mines, and attacked day and night; the Founder was deeply worried.

檀密上表，請駕不親征，而悉力枝梧，竟全城壘。 Tan secretly urged the Founder not to take the field in person and braced the defense until the city held.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 24Volume 24 Book of Later Liang 24: Biographies 14: Li Ting, Lu Ceng, Sun Zhi, Zhang Jun, Zhang Yan, Du Xunhe, Luo Yin, Chou Yin, Duan Shen · 35 passages

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天復中，淮寇大舉圍夏口，逼巴陵，太祖患之，飛命成汭率水軍十萬援於鄂。 During Tianfu Huai forces besieged Xiakou and threatened Baling; the Founder was alarmed and ordered Cheng Yan post-haste to Ezhou with a hundred thousand sailors.

又明年，太祖為元帥，以襄陽貳於己，率兵擊破之，趙匡凝奔揚州，太祖復署珽為天平軍掌書記。 The next year, as commander-in-chief, the Founder attacked disloyal Xiangyang, broke it, and drove Zhao Kuangning to Yangzhou; he again made Ting secretary of the Tianping army.

滄州節度使劉守文拒命，太祖引兵十餘萬圍之，久而未下，乃召珽草檄。 When Cangzhou commissioner Liu Shouwen rebelled the Founder besieged him with more than a hundred thousand men; the city held for long months, and he called on Ting to draft the assault proclamation.

珽即就外次，筆不停綴，登時而成，大為太祖嗟賞。 Ting stepped to a side room and wrote without pause; the draft was done at once and the Founder marveled.

受禪之歲，宰臣除為考功員外郎、知制誥，珽揣太祖未欲首以舊僚超拜清顯，三上章固辭，優詔褒允，尋以本官監曹州事。 In the year of the Founder's enthronement the chief ministers made him Acting Director of Examination and edict drafter; Ting sensed the Founder was loath to promote an old follower straight to a lofty post, declined three times in memorials, received a gracious edict of praise, and soon supervised Cao with his existing rank.

先是，行襲有牙兵二千，皆蔡人也，太祖深以為憂，乃遣珽馳往，以伺察之。 Xingxi still had two thousand guard troops, all Cai men; the Founder was deeply uneasy and sent Ting post-haste to watch the situation.

太祖覽奏曰：「予固知珽必辦吾事，行襲門戶不朽矣。」 Reading the report, the Founder said, "I knew Ting would handle this for me—Xingxi's line will endure."

從征至魏縣，過內黃，因侍立於行廄，太祖顧曰：「此何故名內黃？」 On campaign at Wei county he passed Neihuang; while attending the Founder at the traveling stable the Founder asked, "Why is this place called Neihuang?"

又曰：「在何處？」 The Founder asked, "Where were those?"

太祖稱獎數四。 The Founder praised him again and again.

瓊沒，太祖辟為宣義幕職。 After Qiong died the Founder took him onto the Xuanyi staff.

俄而王師範起兵叛，太祖促召曾，謂之曰：「子能緩頰說青州使無背盟，吾不負子矣。」 Soon Wang Shifan rebelled; the Founder urgently summoned Ceng and said, "If you can persuade Qingzhou not to break faith, I will not fail you."

後太祖暴師範之罪曰：「喪我骨肉，殺我賓僚。」 Later the Founder denounced Shifan's crimes, saying, "He destroyed my kin and slew my retainers."

太祖禦天下，念潛龍時，騭奉其主，好問往來數十返，甚錄之。 When the Founder ruled the realm he remembered how Zhi had served him in his rise, their letters going back and forth dozens of times, and valued it highly.

乾化二年春，太祖將議北巡，選朝士三十餘人扈從。 In the spring of Qianhua 2 the Founder planned a northern tour and chose more than thirty court officers to accompany him.

又命飛騎促於道，而騭與諫議大夫張衍、兵部郎中張俊等累刻方至，太祖性本卞急，因茲大怒，並格殺於前墀。 couriers were sent to hurry stragglers on the road, but Zhi, Remonstrance Grand Master Zhang Yan, Bureau Director Zhang Jun, and others arrived only after long delay; the Founder was by nature irascible, flew into a rage, and had them all beaten to death in the forecourt.

太祖即位，用宰臣薛貽矩為鹽鐵使，俊與貽矩同年登第，甚知其才，即奏為鹽鐵判官，遷職為禮部郎中，兼職如故。 When the Founder took the throne chief minister Xue Yiju became salt and iron commissioner; Jun had passed the jinshi with Yiju and knew his ability; he was soon made salt and iron judicial commissioner, then Bureau Director in the Ministry of Rites while keeping the same concurrent duties.

太祖即位，罷之，特拜考功郎中，俄遷右諫議大夫。 When the Founder took the throne Yan was removed from the Hanlin post, made Acting Director of Examination, and soon Right Remonstrance Grand Master.

太祖將北伐，頗以扈從間糜耗力用係意，屢幹托宰執求免是行； As the Founder prepared a northern campaign Yan dreaded the cost of escort duty and repeatedly asked the chief ministers to excuse him from the journey;

太祖微聞之，又屬應召稽晚，與孫騭等同日遇禍。 the Founder caught wind of it; when Yan was also slow to answer the summons he suffered the same fate as Sun Zhi that day.

〈（《唐才子傳》：荀鶴嘗謁梁王朱全忠，與之坐，忽無雲而雨，王以為天泣不祥，命作詩，稱意，王喜之。 (The 《Records of Tang Talents》 records that Xunhe once visited Prince of Liang Zhu Quanzhong; as they sat together rain fell though the sky was clear; the prince took it as heaven weeping and ordered a poem; pleased with it, he was delighted.

又，《唐新纂》云：荀鶴舉進士及第，東歸，過夷門，獻梁太祖詩句云：「四海九州空第一，不同諸鎮府封王。」 The 《Tang New Compilation》 adds: Xunhe took his jinshi degree, went east, passed Yimen, and gave the Liang Founder this verse: "First in all the realm—unlike the warlords made kings of their circuits."

是則荀鶴之受知於梁祖舊矣，不待田頵之箋問而始被遇也。）〉 So the Liang Founder had known Xunhe long before Tian Yun's letter brought him to court.)〉

頵將起兵，乃陰令以箋問至，太祖遇之頗厚。 When Yun prepared to rebel he secretly sent a letter of inquiry ahead; the Founder treated Xunhe very well.

及頵遇禍，太祖以其才表之，尋授翰林學士、主客員外郎。 After Yun's fall the Founder praised his talent at court and soon made him Hanlin academician and supernumerary vice director of the Ministry of Reception.

既而恃太祖之勢，凡搢紳間己所不悅者，日屈指怒數，將謀盡殺之。 Soon, trusting in the Founder's favor, he daily counted on his fingers the courtiers he hated and plotted to kill them all.

開平初，太祖以右諫議大夫征，不至。 At the start of Kaiping the Founder called him to court as Right Remonstrance Counselor; he refused.

光化中，太祖在滑，遣密王友倫以兵三萬禦幽州之師十餘萬，深慮其不敵，召殷問曰：「陣可行乎？」 In Guanghua, at Hua, the Founder secretly sent Prince of Mi Wang Youlun with thirty thousand men against more than a hundred thousand from Youzhou; fearing defeat, he asked Yin: "Can we give battle?"

太祖之在長蘆也，諸將請攻壁，號令軍中，人負槁二圍，置千積，俄而雲集。 At Changlu the generals urged an assault; the Founder ordered every soldier to carry two bundles of straw and pile a thousand stacks, which soon rose like clouds.

翌日，有騎馳報丁會以潞州叛，太祖令盡焚其槁而還，不克攻。 Next day a courier reported Ding Hui's rebellion at Lu; the Founder had the straw burned and marched back without attacking.

殷欲不言，既過數步，自度不可默，乃反言曰：「三兩日當有不順語至，無或驟恐，宜先白上知。」 He meant to say nothing; after a few steps he turned back: "In two or three days bad news will come—do not be alarmed; tell the Emperor first."

太祖遽遣使止之，已敗於柏鄉矣。 The Founder hurriedly sent orders to halt him, but Jingren had already been beaten at Baixiang.

時太祖抱疾久之，其溲甚濁，僧曉微侍藥有征，賜紫衣師號，錫賚甚厚。 The Founder had been ill a long time with foul urine; the monk Xiaowei treated him with success and received purple robes, a master's title, and lavish rewards.

因召深問曰：「疾愈復作，草藥不足恃也，我左右粒石而效者眾矣，服之如何？」 The Founder called Shen and asked: "I improved and relapsed—herbs are not enough; many at court swear by powdered stone—should I take it?"

太祖善之，令進飲劑，疾稍愈，乃以幣帛賜之。 The Founder agreed, took decoctions, improved somewhat, and rewarded him with silks.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 50Volume 50 Book of Later Tang 26: Biographies 2: Imperial Family · 2 passages

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時梁祖新屠棗強，其將賀德倫急攻蓚縣，率師五萬合勢營於蓚之西。 The Liang founder had just slaughtered the population of Zaoqiang. His general He Delun was pressing the attack on Suo county and had brought fifty thousand men to encamp west of the city in a combined force.

是夜，梁祖燒營而遁，解蓚縣之圍。 That night the Liang founder burned his camp and fled, lifting the siege of Suo.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 51Volume 51 Book of Later Tang 27: Biographies 3: Imperial Family · 1 passage

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〈（考《梁紀》，太祖有子廷鸞、落落； (Cross-checking the Liang Annals shows that Taizu had sons named Tingluan and Luoluo;

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 62Volume 62 Book of Later Tang 38: Biographies 14: Meng Fangli, Zhang Wenli, Dong Zhang · 6 passages

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時梁祖方攻時溥，援兵不出。 The Liang founder was then besieging Shi Pu, and no relief force was sent.

〈（《通鑒》云：全忠遣大將王虔裕將精甲數百，間道入邢州共守。）〉 (The Zizhi Tongjian records that Quanzhong dispatched his general Wang Yuyu with several hundred elite troops by a secret path into Xingzhou to help hold the city.)〉

方立倚朱全忠為助，故無用擊邢、洺、磁無虛歲，地為鬥場，人不能稼。 Fangli leaned on Zhu Quanzhong for support, yet Xing, Ming, and Ci were attacked every year without respite until the region was nothing but a battlefield and farming ceased.

從弟遷，素得士心，眾推為節度留後，請援於全忠。 His cousin Qian, beloved by the troops, was acclaimed acting governor and appealed to Quanzhong for aid.

全忠方攻時溥，不即至，命王虔裕以精甲數百赴之，假道羅宏信，不許，乃趨間入邢州。 Quanzhong was besieging Shi Pu and could not come immediately; he sent Wang Yuyu with several hundred elite troops by a secret path after Luo Hongxin refused passage, and they slipped into Xingzhou.

梁太祖惡其反覆，殺之。）〉 The Liang founder despised his treachery and had him executed.)〉

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 65Volume 65 Book of Later Tang 41: Biographies 17: Li Jianji, Shi Junli, Gao Xinggui, Zhang Tingyu, Wang Sitong, Suo Zitong · 1 passage

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梁祖素知其驍勇，欲用之為將，械而下獄。 The Liang founder had long admired his fighting name and wanted him as a commander; they shackled him and threw him in prison.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 68Volume 68 Book of Later Tang 44: Biographies 20: Xue Tinggui, Cui Yi, Liu Yue, Liu Ye, Feng Shunqing, Dou Mengzheng, Li Baoyin, Gui Ai, Kong, Miao, Zhang Wenbao, Chen Yi, Liu Zan · 5 passages

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〈（《新唐書》：朱全忠兼四鎮，廷珪以官告使至汴，客將先見，諷其拜。 (The New Book of Tang records that when Zhu Quanzhong held four military circuits at once, Tinggui came to Bian as the bearer of his commission of office. A host officer received him first and suggested obliquely that he should bow.

〈（《通鑒》：廷珪與李琪嘗為太祖冊禮使。）〉 (The Zizhi Tongjian notes that Tinggui and Li Qi had once served together as ritual commissioners for Taizu's investiture.)〉

彥卿自前白於梁祖，梁祖命通事舍人趙可封宣諭，令出私財與死者之家，以贖其罪。 Yanqing reported the matter himself to the Liang founder, who ordered palace usher Zhao Kefeng to announce that Yanqing should pay compensation from his private funds to the victim's family in lieu of punishment.

梁祖惜彥卿，令沂以過失論，沂引鬥競律，以怙勢力為罪首，下手者減一等。 The Liang founder was reluctant to punish Yanqing and told Yi to treat the case as negligence. Yi cited the statute on brawling, naming abuse of power as the principal offense and reducing the penalty by one degree for those who carried out the act.

朱全忠入，百官或坐於廊下，全忠怒，笞通引官何凝。 When Zhu Quanzhong entered, some officials were seated in the corridor below. Quanzhong was enraged and had the usher He Ning flogged.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 71Volume 71 Book of Later Tang 47: Biographies 23: Ma Yu, Si Kongting, Cao Tingyin, Xiao Xifu, Yao Zongzhi, Jia Fu, Ma Gao, Luo Guan, Chun Yuyan, Zhang Ge, Xu Ji, Zhou Xuanbao · 1 passage

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浚為梁祖所忌，潛遣人害於長水。 Jun was hated by the Liang founder, who secretly had him killed at Changshui.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 72Volume 72 Book of Later Tang 48: Biographies 24: Zhang Chengye, Zhang Juhan, Ma Shaohong, Meng Hangqiong · 4 passages

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承業詬寶曰：「黨朱溫逆賊，未嘗有一言效忠，而敢依阿諂附。」 Chengye reviled Bao, saying, "You sided with the rebel Zhu Wen and never once spoke a word of loyalty — yet you dare fawn and flatter."

承業以為晉王三代有功於國，先人怒朱氏弑逆，將復舊邦，讎既未平，不宜輕受推戴。 Chengye held that the Prince of Jin's house had served the state with merit across three generations and that his forebears, angered by the Zhu family's usurpation, meant to restore the old realm. With the enemy not yet subdued, one ought not lightly accept elevation.

所以老奴三十餘年為吾王捃拾財賦、召補軍馬者，誓滅逆賊朱溫，復本朝宗社耳。 That is why this old slave for more than thirty years has gathered revenue and recruited troops and horses for our prince — swearing to destroy the rebel Zhu Wen and restore our dynasty's imperial altar.

今河朔甫定，朱氏尚存，吾王遽即大位，可乎？」 Now the Hebei region has just been pacified and the Zhu clan still survives — can our prince hastily assume the throne?"

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 73Volume 73 Book of Later Tang 49: Biographies 25: Mao Zhang, Nie Yu, Wen Tao, Duan Ning, Kong Qian, Li Ye · 5 passages

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初為澠池簿，脫荷衣以事梁祖，梁祖漸器之。 He began as a clerk in Mianchi County, then cast off his scholar's robe to enter the service of the Liang founder, who gradually came to esteem him.

凝妹為梁祖美人，故稍委心腹。 Ning's younger sister was a favored consort of the Liang founder, and on that account he was gradually treated as an inner-circle confidant.

乾化元年十二月，梁祖北征回，過郡，凝貢獻加等，梁祖大悅。 In the twelfth month of the first year of Qianhua, the Liang founder returned from a northern campaign and passed through his prefecture. Ning doubled his tribute, and the founder was greatly pleased.

梁祖復北，凝迎奉進貢，有加於前。 When the founder marched north again, Ning received him with tribute even more lavish than before.

梁祖次相州，刺史李思安迎奉疏怠，梁祖怒，貶思安。 When the founder halted at Xiangzhou, Prefect Li Si'an received him with slack courtesy. The founder was enraged and demoted him.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 146Volume 146: Treatises 8 Finance and Economics · 1 passage

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梁祖之開國也，屬黃巢大亂之後。 When the Liang founding emperor established his dynasty, the realm was still reeling from Huang Chao's great rebellion.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 147Volume 147: Treatises 9 Punishment and Law · 2 passages

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梁太祖開平三年十一月，詔太常卿李燕、御史蕭頃、中書舍人張兗、戶部侍郎崔沂、大理卿王鄯、刑部郎中崔誥，共刪定律令格式。 In the eleventh month of the third year of Kaiping, Emperor Taizu of Liang ordered Grand Master of Splendid Happiness Li Yan, Censor Xiao Qing, Secretariat Drafter Zhang Chong, Vice Minister of Revenue Cui Yi, Minister of Justice Wang Shan, and Director of the Bureau of Punishments Cui Gao to revise the statutes, ordinances, formats, and regulations together.

唐莊宗同光元年十二月，御史臺奏：「當司刑部、大理寺本朝法書，自朱溫僭逆，刪改事條，或重貨財，輕入人命，或自徇枉過，濫加刑罰。 In the twelfth month of the first year of Tongguang, Emperor Zhuangzong of Tang received a memorial from the Censorate: "The law books of our bureau, the Ministry of Justice, and the Court of Judicial Review—ever since Zhu Wen's usurpation—have had their articles revised, sometimes treating property crimes more harshly than loss of life, sometimes indulging personal bias and imposing punishments arbitrarily.

History of Liao, Chapter 75Volume 75 Biographies 5: Yelu Dilie, Yelu Duozhen, Wang Yu, Yelu Tulujiong · 1 passage

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光化三年，梁王朱全忠攻定州，郜遣處直拒於沙河。 In the third year of Guanghua, Zhu Quanzhong of Liang attacked Dingzhou; Gao sent Chuzhi to resist him at Shahe.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 2Volume 2 Later Liang Annals 2: Taizu 2 · 8 passages

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宰相张文蔚率百官来劝进。 Chief Councillor Zhang Wenwei led the court in pressing Quanzhong to take the throne.

夏四月壬戌，更名晃。 In the fourth month of summer, on the day renxu, he took the taboo name Huang.

甲子，皇帝即位。 On the day jiazi he ascended as emperor.

其命大將與天子有所如，自著大事爾。 The appointment of a great general, and places to which the Son of Heaven went, naturally mark major events.

用兵之名有四：兩相攻曰攻，以大加小曰伐，加有罪曰討，天子自往曰征。 There are four terms for military action: when two sides attack one another it is called "attack"; when the great acts against the small it is "punitive expedition"; when punishing the guilty it is "to punish"; when the Son of Heaven goes in person it is "to campaign."

丙申，群臣上尊号，曰睿文圣武广孝皇帝。 On the day bingshen the court offered him the honorific Sagely, Civil, Holy, Martial, and Broadly Filial Emperor.

然燈，風俗相傳，自天子至于庶人，舉天下同其奢樂，而風俗敝之大者，故錄其詔意，則其失可知。 Lighting lamps was a transmitted custom; from the Son of Heaven down to commoners, the whole realm indulged in its extravagance and pleasure, a major corruption of custom. Recording the edict's intent therefore makes the fault clear.

戊寅，皇帝崩。 On the day wuyin the emperor died.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 3Volume 3 Later Liang Annals 3: Later Emperors · 6 passages

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末帝，太祖第三子友贞也。 The Last Emperor was Zhu Youzhen, Taizu’s third son.

太祖即位，封均王，为左天兴军使、东京马步军都指挥使。 After Taizu became emperor he made Youzhen Prince of Jun and named him commissioner of the Left Heavenly Revival Army and commander of all horse and foot troops at the eastern capital.

乾化二年六月，太祖遇弑，友珪自立，杀博王友文，以弑帝之罪归之。 In the sixth month of Qianhua 2 (912) Taizu was murdered. Yougui seized the throne, executed Prince of Bo Zhu Youwen, and blamed him for the assassination.

王曰：「先皇帝经营王业三十餘年，今日尚为友珪所杀，汝等安所逃死乎！」 Youzhen said: “The late emperor spent more than thirty years building this dynasty, and Yougui has just murdered him. Where can any of you hope to live?”

因出太祖画像示诸将而泣曰：「汝能趋洛阳擒逆贼，则转祸为福矣。」 He brought out Taizu’s portrait, wept before the troops, and said: “March on Luoyang, capture the usurper, and you will turn ruin into reward.”

象先遣赵岩持传国宝至东都，请王入洛阳，王报曰：「夷门，太祖所以兴王业也，北拒并汾，东至淮海，国家藩镇，多在东方，命将出师，利于便近。」 Xiangxian sent Zhao Yan with the imperial seal to the eastern capital, inviting Youzhen to Luoyang. He answered: “Yimen is where Taizu founded the dynasty. It commands the north against Bing and Fen and the Huai and sea in the east. Most of our provinces lie eastward, and campaigns are easier when the court stays near the front.”

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 16Volume 16: Family of the Tang Deposed Emperor · 1 passage

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著禍本也，梁太祖之禍，自友文始，存之所以戒也。 Because the historian means to expose the taproot: the founder of Later Liang brought ruin on himself starting with You Wen, and the deliberate ambiguity in the record is itself the lesson for posterity.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 23Volume 23 Later Liang Biographies 3: Yang Shihou, Wang Jingren, He Gui, Wang Tan, Ma Sixun, Wang Qianyu, Xie Yanzhang · 1 passage

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及壯，事梁太祖為騎將。 Grown to manhood, he served Taizu of Liang as a cavalry officer.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 32Volume 32 Biographies of Martyrs to Virtue 12: Wang Yanzhang · 2 passages

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少為軍卒，事梁太祖，為開封府押衙、左親從指揮使、行營先鋒馬軍使。 He began as a common soldier under Liang Taizu, rising to Kaifeng escort officer, commander of the Left Personal Followers, and vanguard cavalry commander on campaign.

龍德三年夏，晉取鄆州，梁人大恐，宰相敬翔顧事急，以繩內靴中，入見末帝，泣曰：「先帝取天下，不以臣為不肖，所謀無不用。 Summer, Longde year three: Jin took Yun Prefecture and Liang panicked. Chancellor Jing Xiang, seeing ruin close, hid a rope in his boot, went before the Last Emperor, and wept: "The Founder took the realm and never thought me unworthy—every plan of mine was used.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 35Volume 35 Biographies 15: Zhan Wenyu, Yang She, Zhang Ce, Zhao Guangfeng, Xue Yiju, Su Xun · 21 passages

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初，唐天祐三年，梁王欲以嬖吏張廷範為太常卿，唐宰相裴樞以謂太常卿唐常以清流為之，廷範乃梁客將，不可。 In Tang’s third Tianyou year the Prince of Liang wanted his favorite Zhang Tingfan as Grand Master of Splendid Happiness; Chief Minister Pei Shu said that post belonged to the pure stream, not a Liang guest-general.

梁王由此大怒，曰：「吾常語裴樞純厚不陷浮薄，今亦為此邪！」 The Prince of Liang raged: “I called Pei Shu pure and solid—yet now he does this too!”

是歲四月，彗出西北，掃文昌、軒轅、天市，宰相柳璨希梁王旨，歸其譴於大臣，於是左僕射裴樞、獨孤損、右僕射崔遠、守太保致仕趙崇、兵部侍郎王贊、工部尚書王溥、吏部尚書陸扆皆以無罪貶，同日賜死於白馬驛。 That fourth month a comet swept the northwest heavens; Liu Can pleased Liang by blaming the ministers; Pei Shu, Dugu Sun, Cui Yuan, Zhao Chong, Wang Zan, Wang Pu, and Lu Yi were demoted without crime and executed the same day at White Horse Station.

王袞冕南面，臣文蔚、臣循奉冊升殿，進讀已，臣涉、臣策奉傳國璽，臣貽矩、臣光逢奉金寶，以次升，進讀已，降，率文武百官北面舞蹈再拜賀。 The king faced south in full regalia; Wenwei and Xun read the register; She and Ce bore the transmission seal; Yiju and Guangfeng bore the gold treasures; then all civil and military officials faced north, danced, and bowed twice in congratulation.

梁太祖立，仍以文蔚為相，梁初制度皆文蔚所裁定。 When Liang’s Taizu took the throne, Wenwei remained chief minister; Liang’s early institutions were his work.

開平二年，太祖北巡，留文蔚西都，以暴疾卒，贈右僕射。 In Kaiping’s second year Taizu toured north and left Wenwei in the western capital; he died suddenly and was posthumously made Right Vice Director.

梁太祖兼四鎮，辟鄭、滑支使，以母喪解職。 Liang’s Taizu held four commands and made him aide at Zheng and Hua; he left for his mother’s mourning.

華州韓建辟判官，建徙許州，以為掌書記，建遣策聘於太祖，太祖見而喜曰：「張夫子至矣。」 Han Jian of Huazhou made him judge; when Jian moved to Xuzhou he made Ce chief secretary and sent him to Taizu; Taizu rejoiced: “Master Zhang has come.”

遂留以為掌書記，薦之於朝，累拜中書舍人、翰林學士。 Taizu kept him as chief secretary, recommended him to court, and he rose to Secretariat Drafter and Hanlin Academician.

太祖即位，遷工部侍郎奉旨。 When Taizu took the throne, Ce became Vice Minister of Works with imperial commission.

貽矩乃自結於梁太祖，太祖言之於朝，拜吏部尚書，遷御史大夫。 He then attached himself to Liang’s Taizu, who spoke for him at court; he became Minister of Personnel, then Censor-in-Chief.

天祐三年，太祖自長蘆還軍，哀帝遣貽矩來勞，貽矩以臣禮見，太祖揖之升階，貽矩曰：「殿下功德及人，三靈改卜，皇帝方行舜、禹之事，臣安敢違？」 In Tianyou’s third year Taizu returned from Changlu; Emperor Ai sent Yiju to comfort the army; Yiju used minister’s rites; Taizu bowed him up the steps; Yiju said, “Your merit reaches the people; Heaven has turned; the emperor will do as Shun and Yu—how dare I disobey?”

乃稱臣拜舞，太祖側身以避之。 He bowed as minister and danced; Taizu turned aside.

太祖即位，拜貽矩中書侍郎、同中書門下平章事，累拜司空。 When Taizu took the throne, Yiju became Vice Director and Palace Attendant and rose to Minister of Works.

是時，梁太祖已弒昭宗，立哀帝，唐之舊臣皆憤惋切齒，或俯首畏禍，或去不仕，而循特附會梁以希進用。 Taizu had murdered Zhaozong and enthroned Emperor Ai; Tang’s old ministers gnashed teeth, fled, or bowed in fear—yet Xun alone clung to Liang for advancement.

梁兵攻楊行密，大敗於珝河，太祖躁忿，急於禪代，欲邀唐九錫，群臣莫敢當其議，獨循倡言：「梁王功德，天命所歸，宜即受禪。」 Liang attacked Yang Xingmi and was routed at Yu River; Taizu, irritable, sought abdication and the Nine Bestowments; none dared speak—only Xun said, “Heaven’s mandate is Liang’s; take the throne at once.”

明年，梁太祖即位，循為冊禮副使。 Next year Taizu took the throne; Xun was deputy investiture commissioner.

梁太祖已即位，置酒玄德殿，顧群臣自陳德薄不足以當天命，皆諸公推戴之力。 Taizu had taken the throne; at Xuande Hall he told ministers his virtue was thin and the throne was their doing.

唐之舊臣楊涉、張文蔚等皆慚懼俯伏不能對，獨循與張祎、薛貽矩盛稱梁王功德，所以順天應人者。 Tang’s old ministers Yang She and Zhang Wenwei bowed in shame and could not answer; only Xun, Zhang Yi, and Xue Yiju praised Liang’s merit and Heaven’s mandate.

循父子皆自以附會梁得所托，旦夕引首，希見進用，敬翔尤惡之，謂太祖曰：「梁室新造，宜得端士以厚風俗，循父子皆無行，不可立於新朝。」 Father and son thought Liang was their patron and craned their necks for office; Jing Xiang hated them and told Taizu, “The new dynasty needs upright men; the Xuns are without conduct and cannot stand in court.”

梁太祖即位，遷工部侍郎奉旨。 When Liang’s Taizu took the throne, Xiao became Vice Minister of Works with imperial commission.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 38Volume 38 Biographies 18: Zhang Chengye, Zhang Juhan · 2 passages

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閻寶從旁解承業手令去，承業奮拳毆寶踣，罵曰：「閻寶，朱溫之賊，蒙晉厚恩，不能有一言之忠，而反諂諛自容邪！」 Yan Bao pulled him away; Chengye knocked him flat and raged: “Yan Bao—you were Zhu Wen’s man, Jin fed you honor, and you could not utter one honest word, only flatter and crawl?”

初，昭宗之出也，梁王悉誅唐宦者第五可範等七百餘人，其在外者，悉詔天下捕殺之，而宦者多為諸鎮所藏匿而不殺。 When Zhaozong fled, the Liang king slaughtered seven hundred Tang eunuchs including Diwu Kefan; the rest were ordered killed empire-wide, yet governors hid many.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 41Volume 41 Miscellaneous Biographies 21: Lu Guangchou, Tan Quanbo, Lei Man, Zhong Chuan, Zhao Kuangning · 9 passages

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太祖為置百勝軍，以光稠為防禦使、兼五嶺開通使，又建鎮南軍，以為留後。 Liang Taizu Zhu Wen raised the Hundred Victories Army, made Guangchou defense commissioner and commissioner to open the Five Ridges, then founded the Pacify-the-South Army and kept him as military governor.

梁太祖攻蔡州，宗權屢敗，德諲乃以山南東道七州降。 Zhu Wen attacked Cai again and again until Zongquan broke. Dexin then surrendered all seven prefectures of Shannan East.

梁太祖初鎮宣武，嘗為宗權所困，聞德諲降，大喜，表為行營副都統，河陽、保義、義昌三節度行軍司馬。 Zhu Wen, newly made lord of Xuanyi, had once been cornered by Zongquan. Dexin’s surrender delighted him. He made Dexin deputy supreme commander of the field army and liaison commissioner for Heyang, Baoyi, and Yichang.

是時，成汭死，雷彥恭襲取荊南，匡凝遣其弟匡明逐彥恭，太祖表匡凝荊襄節度使，以匡明為荊南留後。 Cheng Ru was dead and Lei Yan’gong had taken Jingnan. Kuangning sent his brother Kuangming to expel him. Zhu Wen made Kuangning commissioner of Jing-Xiang and Kuangming acting governor of Jingnan.

太祖攻兗州，朱瑾求救於晉，晉遣史儼等將兵數千救瑾，瑾敗，與儼等奔於淮南。 When Zhu Wen attacked Yan Prefecture, Zhu Jin begged Jin for aid; Jin sent Shi Yan and others with several thousand troops to rescue Zhu Jin. Zhu Jin was defeated and fled with Yan and the rest to Huainan.

晉王使者為梁得，太祖大怒。 Liang intercepted Jin’s envoys. Zhu Wen flew into a rage.

是時，梁已破兗、鄆，遣氏叔琮、康懷英等攻匡凝，叔琮取泌、隨二州，懷英取鄧州，匡凝懼，請盟，乃止。 Liang had already taken Yan and Yun. Zhu Wen sent Shi Shuzong and Kang Huaiying against Kuangning. Shuzong seized Bi and Sui; Huaiying took Deng. Kuangning sued for peace, and the assault stopped.

太祖弒昭宗，將謀代唐，畏匡凝兄弟不從，遣使告之，匡凝對使者流涕答曰：「受唐恩深，不敢妄有佗誌。」 When Zhu Wen killed Zhaozong and moved to take the throne, he feared the Kuangning brothers would refuse him. He sent word ahead. Kuangning wept before the envoys and said: “Tang’s kindness to me runs deep. I dare not dream of any other allegiance.”

太祖遣楊師厚攻之，太祖以兵殿漢北，匡凝戰敗，以輕舟奔於楊行密。 Zhu Wen sent Yang Shihou against him and marched in person on the Han north. Kuangning broke, took a light boat, and fled to Yang Xingmi.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 44Volume 44 Miscellaneous Biographies 24: Liu Zhijun, Ding Hui, He Delun, Yan Bao, Kang Yanxiao · 17 passages

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少事時溥，溥與梁相攻，知俊與其麾下二千人降梁，太祖以為左開道指揮使。 As a youth he served Shi Pu. When Pu warred with Liang, Zhijun brought two thousand men over to Zhu Wen, who made him commander of the Left Vanguard detachment.

是時，太祖方與諸將攻滄州，知俊不俟命，與康懷英等擊敗崇本，斬馘二萬，獲馬三千匹，執其偏裨百人。 The Founder was at Cangzhou with the main host. Zhijun did not wait for orders: with Kang Huaiying and others he smashed Chongben, took twenty thousand heads, three thousand horses, and a hundred officers prisoner.

李思安為夾城攻潞州，久不下，太祖罷思安，拜知俊行營招討使，未至潞，夾城已破，徙西路行營招討使，敗邠、岐兵於幕谷。 Li Si’an had Jiacheng on Luzhou and could not crack it. Zhu Wen replaced him with Zhijun as mobile-camp pacifier. Luzhou fell before Zhijun arrived; he was moved to the western route, beat Bin and Qi at Mugui.

是時，延州高萬興叛楊崇本降梁，太祖遣知俊會萬興，攻下丹、延、鄜、坊四州，加檢校太尉兼侍中，封大彭郡王。 Gao Wanxing of Yan broke from Chongben and came over to Liang. Zhu Wen sent Zhijun to join him; they took Dan, Yan, Fu, and Fang. Zhijun was made acting Grand Mentor and Palace Attendant and enfeoffed Prince of Dapeng.

知俊功益高，太祖性多猜忌，屢殺諸將，王重師無罪見殺，知俊益懼，不自安。 Zhijun’s fame rose—and so did Zhu Wen’s suspicion. Generals died one after another; Wang Zhongshi was killed though innocent. Zhijun grew afraid and could not rest easy.

太祖已下鄜、坊，遣知俊復攻邠州，知俊以軍食不給未行。 Once Fu and Fang were his, the Founder ordered Zhijun back against Bin. Zhijun would not march: the army had no grain.

太祖幸河中，使宣徽使王殷召知俊。 The Founder went to Hezhong and sent Wang Yin of the Palace Secretariat to fetch Zhijun.

太祖使人謂知俊曰：「朕待卿至矣，何相負邪？」 Zhu Wen sent word: “I have heaped favor on you—how can you betray me?”

太祖復使語曰：「朕固知卿以此，吾誅重師，乃劉捍誤我，致卿至此，吾豈不恨之邪？ Zhu Wen sent word again: “I knew why you fled. I killed Zhongshi because Liu Han misled me and drove you away—do you think I do not regret it?

太祖遣劉鄩、牛存節攻知俊，知俊遂奔於茂貞，茂貞地狹，無以處之，使之西攻靈武。 Zhu Wen sent Liu Yun and Niu Cunjie against him. Zhijun fled to Maozhen, whose lands were too narrow to hold him; Maozhen sent him west against Lingwu.

韓遜告急，太祖遣康懷英、寇彥卿等攻邠寧以牽之。 Han Xun cried for help. The Founder sent Kang Huaiying, Kou Yanqing, and others against Bin and Ning to tie Maozhen down.

後去為盜，與梁太祖俱從黃巢。 He left that life for the road, became a bandit, and marched with Zhu Wen under Huang Chao.

梁太祖鎮宣武，以為宣武都押衙。 When Zhu Wen held Xuanyi he made Hui its overall adjutant.

乃以會為昭義軍留後，會畏梁太祖雄猜，常稱疾者累年。 He was made acting commissioner of Zhaoyi. Hui feared Zhu Wen’s suspicion and for years pleaded sickness.

天復元年，太祖復起會為昭義軍節度使。 Tianfu 1: the Founder restored him as military governor of Zhaoyi.

梁太祖兼領宣義，德倫從太祖征伐，以功累遷平盧軍節度使。 When Zhu Wen also held Xuanyi, Delun followed him on campaign and rose by stages to military governor of Pinglu.

梁太祖時，為諸軍都虞候，常從諸將征伐，未嘗獨立戰功。 Under Zhu Wen he was overall adjutant of the armies, always on campaign with the host, never winning credit alone.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 45Volume 45 Miscellaneous Biographies 25: Zhang Quanyi, Zhu Youqian, Yuan Xiangxian, Zhu Hanbin, Duan Ning, Liu Qi, Zhou Zhiyu, Lu Siduo · 28 passages

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及梁太祖劫唐昭宗東遷，繕理宮闕、府廨、倉庫，皆全義之力也。 When Zhu Wen dragged Zhaozong east, every palace, yamen, and warehouse put back in order was Quanyi’s work.

唐亡，全義事梁，又請改名，太祖賜名宗奭。 Tang ended; he served Liang and asked for a new name. The Founder called him Zongshi.

太祖猜忌，晚年尤甚，全義奉事益謹，卒以自免。 Zhu Wen grew more suspicious with age; Quanyi bowed lower year by year and lived.

太祖兵敗蓚縣，道病，還洛，幸全義會節園避暑，留旬日，全義妻女皆迫淫之。 After his army was defeated at Tiao County, Zhu Wen fell ill on the road back to Luoyang. He spent ten days escaping the summer heat at Quanyi's Festival Garden, where he forced Quanyi's wife and daughters to submit to him.

其子繼祚憤恥不自勝，欲剚刃太祖，全義止之曰：「吾為李罕之兵圍河陽，啖木屑以為食，惟有一馬，欲殺以餉軍，死在朝夕，而梁兵擊之，得至今日，此恩不可忘也。」 His son Jizu burned with shame and reached for a knife. Quanyi caught his arm: “Hanzhi had me penned at Heyang eating sawdust. One horse left—I meant to slaughter it for the men. I was as good as dead when Liang broke the siege. Do not forget that debt.”

嘗有言全義於太祖者，太祖召全義，其意不測。 Word reached Zhu Wen that Quanyi was not to be trusted. He summoned him—you could not read his face.

太祖笑曰：「我無惡心，嫗勿多言。」 The Founder laughed: “No harm meant, old mother—enough talk.”

初，莊宗滅梁，欲掘梁太祖墓，斫棺戮屍。 When he destroyed Liang he meant to open Zhu Wen’s tomb, break the coffin, and mutilate the body.

陜州節度使王珙，為人嚴酷，與其弟珂爭河中，戰敗，其牙將李璠與友謙謀，共殺珙，附於梁，太祖表璠代珙。 Wang Gong of Shaan was cruel; he and his brother Ke fought for Hezhong and lost. His yamen officer Li Fan and Youqian killed Gong and came to Liang. Zhu Wen named Fan to replace him.

璠立，友謙復以兵攻之，璠得逃去，梁太祖又表友謙代璠。 Fan took the seat; Youqian attacked again. Fan ran. Zhu Wen put Youqian in his place.

梁兵西攻李茂貞，太祖往來過陜，友謙奉事尤謹，因請曰：「仆本無功，而富貴至此，元帥之力也。 Liang marched west on Li Maozhen; the Founder passed through Shaan again and again. Youqian waited on him like a shadow and said: “I had no merit. Everything I am, Marshal, is your doing.