Guan Zhong (管仲) | 24 Histories

Overview

Guan Zhong was a Spring and Autumn statesman and chief minister to Duke Huan of Qi.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal name	Guan Yiwu	管夷吾	Guan Yiwu
Courtesy name	Yiwu	夷吾
Alternate name	Wei Guan	微管

Life and dates

Death

Guan Zhong died
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 33

Attested activity

BC 685 to BC 645 BC 685-645
Strongly inferred · Book of Later Han 32, passage 116
BC 685 to BC 645 BC 685-645
Dated from the passage context · Book of Later Han 85, passage 196
BC 700 to BC 645 BC 700-645
Strongly inferred · New Book of Tang 113, passage 73
c. BC 720 to BC 645 Guan Zhong (c. 720-645 BC)
Strongly inferred · Book of Han 68, passage 105; History of Jin 35, passage 56; Book of Liang 38, passage 193; Book of Song 73, passage 124
BC 685 to BC 645 周衰…管仲之家
Strongly inferred · Records of the Grand Historian 23, passage 14
BC 700 to BC 645 夷吾桎梏
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 124, passage 9

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BC 685 to BC 645 夷吾輕重之權
Strongly inferred · New Book of Tang 178, passage 32
BC 685 小白立為桓公
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 5
BC 685 to BC 645 微管
Dated from the passage context · Book of Song 3, passage 40
BC 685 to BC 645 惠王怪之，以讓客曰：「子之稱淳于先生，管、晏不及，及見寡人，寡人未有得也。
Strongly inferred · Records of the Grand Historian 74, passage 52
BC 685 to BC 645 昔者管仲相齐桓
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 112, passage 250
BC 685 to BC 645 昔齊桓、秦堅任管仲、王猛
Dated from the passage context · New Book of Tang 150, passage 230
BC 645 春秋
Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 47, passage 26
BC 685 to BC 645 春秋齊桓公時
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 117, passage 175; New Book of Tang 178, passage 74
BC 685 to BC 645 春秋齊桓公時
Strongly inferred · Book of Later Han 30, passage 67; Book of Later Han 40, passage 107
BC 650 春秋齊管仲
Strongly inferred · Book of Zhou 23, passage 406
BC 685 to BC 645 桓公取管仲
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 33, passage 163
BC 685 to BC 643 桓公決疑於管仲
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 65, passage 335
BC 720 to BC 645 楊、墨、釋、老
Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 298, passage 95
BC 685 to BC 645 管、晏
Strongly inferred · Book of Han 89, passage 142
BC 685 to BC 645 管、鮑
Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 24, passage 43
c. BC 685 to BC 645 管仲
Strongly inferred · Book of Later Han 108, passage 95
BC 680 to BC 645 管仲
Dated from the passage context · Book of Jin 108, passage 153
BC 685 to BC 645 管仲
Strongly inferred · Book of Jin 101, passage 14
BC 720 to BC 645 管仲
Directly stated · Book of Northern Qi 25, passage 182
BC 720 to BC 645 管仲
Dated from the passage context · Book of Later Han 37, passage 147
BC 685 to BC 645 管仲（齊桓公時）
Strongly inferred · New Book of Tang 173, passage 171
BC 645 管仲卒
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 33
BC 685 to BC 645 管仲既任政相齊
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 18
BC 685 to BC 645 管仲有言
Strongly inferred · Old Book of Tang 129, passage 245
BC 685 to BC 643 管仲相之
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 20, passage 16
BC 685 to BC 645 管仲相桓公
Strongly inferred · Book of Han 27, passage 7
BC 685 to BC 645 管仲相齊
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 112, passage 44
BC 685 to BC 645 管仲相齊
Strongly inferred · New Book of Tang 181, passage 19
BC 685 to BC 645 管仲相齐
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 89, passage 328
c. BC 720 to c. BC 645 管夷吾
Strongly inferred · Book of Song 69, passage 6
c. BC 720 to BC 645 管夷吾
Strongly inferred · Book of Zhou 23, passages 164, 169
BC 685 to BC 645 管夷吾相桓公
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 83, passages 125, 131
BC 685 管子修之
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 129, passage 26
BC 685 莊九年
Dated from the passage context · Book of Later Han 122, passage 200
BC 700 談者皆擬於阿衡
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 99, passage 67
BC 685 to BC 643 齊桓公之世
Dated from the passage context · Book of Later Han 31, passage 143
BC 650 齊桓公任用管仲
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 25, passage 42
BC 685 to BC 645 齊桓公時
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 22, passage 17
BC 685 to BC 645 齊桓公用管仲之謀
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 30, passage 274

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Ancestor of Yin Xiu (陰修)
ancestor 七世孫之祖
seventh-generation descendant 七世孫 · 7 generations
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 37, passage 147
Child of Mother of Guan Zhong (管仲之母)
aged mother 老母
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 11
Ancestor of Yin Shi (陰識)
ancestor 先
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 37, passage 147

Kinship Role parents · Count 2
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 13

Key source chapters

Career and standing

chancellor 相
Directly stated · Book of Han 27, passage 7
minister of Qi 相齊
Directly stated · Book of Han 68, passage 105
minister/chancellor of Qi 相齐
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 89, passage 328
statesman whose methods are cited 法家治術所本
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 178, passage 74
trader 賈
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 8
chief minister of Qi 相齊
BC 685 to BC 645 管仲相齊 · Held
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 112, passage 44

Show 10 more source-backed claims

chief minister of Qi 相齐桓
Held
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 112, passage 250
minister (xiang) 相
Held · With Duke Huan of Qi (齊桓公)
Directly stated · Book of Han 20, passage 16
minister 相
Held · With Duke Huan of Qi (齊桓公)
Directly stated · Book of Han 22, passage 17
prime minister of Qi 相齊
Held
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 18
vassal's vassal 陪臣
Held
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 129, passage 27
chancellor 相
Served · With Duke Huan (桓公)
Directly stated · Book of Han 27, passage 7
Entered
Imprisonment
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passages 5, 12
Had been
Former captive
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 181, passage 19
combined three gui reception halls 兼備三歸
Ritual overstep · Held
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 23, passage 14
Wore fetters
Captivity
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 124, passage 9

Places and affiliations

Polity Qi 齊 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Book of Han 25, passage 42; Book of Han 27, passages 7, 20; Records of the Grand Historian 30, passage 274; Records of the Grand Historian 62, passages 4, 7, 18; Records of the Grand Historian 112, passage 44; Records of the Grand Historian 129, passage 26; New Book of Tang 181, passage 19
Polity Qi 齊 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · Book of Han 65, passage 335; Book of Later Han 33, passage 163; Book of Later Han 40, passage 107; Old Book of Tang 129, passage 245; New Book of Tang 173, passage 171; New Book of Tang 178, passages 32, 74
Polity Qi 齐 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 112, passage 250
At Yingshang 潁上
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 1
At Qi by the seacoast 齊在海濱 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 18

Learning and skills

Skill weighing light and heavy (fiscal-monetary policy) 輕重之權
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 178, passage 32

Works and attributed material

Cavalry 乘馬
Relation Author
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 64
Light and Heavy 輕重
Relation Author
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 64
Mountain Height 山高
Relation Author
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 64
Nine Treasuries 九府
Relation Author
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 64
Shepherding the People 牧民
Relation Author
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 64
Speech · Speaker · Addressed to Duke Huan of Qi (齊桓公) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Han 25, passage 43

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Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · Addressed to Duke Huan (桓公)
Directly stated · Book of Han 27, passages 7-19
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation · Units s0245 · Mode named-source-report Source Person Id Guan Zhong (管仲)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 129, passage 245
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Speaker Wei Chuhou (韋處厚) Source Person Id Guan Zhong (管仲)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 173, passage 171
Saying · Speaker · Units s0019, s0020, s0021
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passages 19-21
Speech · Speaker · Units s0008, s0009, s0010, s0011, s0012, s0013
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passages 8-13

Events and relationships

Advised duke huan
Political · Strategist · With Duke Huan of Qi (齊桓公)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 30, passage 274
Appointed
Political · Appointee · With Duke Huan of Qi (齊桓公)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passages 6-7
Attacked
Military · Commander · At Chu 楚
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 27
Cited as model or warning
AD 544 大統十年 · Political · Exemplar · Mode document Source Person Id Su Chuo (蘇綽)
Directly stated · Book of Zhou 23, passages 164-165, 169
Credited with the means by which Qi achieved hegemony
AD 542 to AD 547 其四事曰 · Historical exemplar · Statesman · Mode quoted-allusion Speaker He Chen (賀琛)
Directly stated · Book of Liang 38, passage 193
Defeated three times before advancement
c. BC 720 to c. BC 685 管夷吾之三敗 · Military · Subject · Mode document Source Person Id Su Chuo (蘇綽)
Directly stated · Book of Zhou 23, passage 164

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Demoted from collateral
AD 1207 泰和七年 · Ritual · Demoted
Directly stated · History of Jin 35, passage 56
Directed restoration
Military · Advisor · At Yan 燕 · With Duke of Shao (邵)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 28
Dismissed thrice
Political · Official
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 10
Drew bow against foe who became ruler
Military · Archer
Directly stated · Book of Han 117, passage 175
Embedded military organization within civil administration
Administrative military reform · Architect
Directly stated · Book of Han 25, passages 44-46
Enabled hegemony
Political · Minister · With Duke Huan of Qi (齊桓公) · Outcome Duke Huan became hegemon
Directly stated · Book of Han 22, passage 17
Enabled hegemony
Political · Minister · With Duke Huan of Qi (齊桓公)
Directly stated · Book of Han 20, passage 16
Equipped three gui reception halls
Ritual · Household head
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 23, passage 14
Established light heavy and nine treasuries
Economic · Reformer
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 129, passage 26
Fled battle thrice
Personal · Subject
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 11
Helped achieve hegemony nine alliances and restoration of order
Political · Minister · With Duke Huan of Qi (齐桓)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 112, passage 250
Invoked as an extravagant but effective minister
BC 126 御史大夫 · Later reference · Historical exemplar
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 68, passages 94, 105
Kept faith
Diplomatic · Advisor · With Cao Mo (曹沫) · At Ke 柯
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 29
Made light of hunger
AD 426 to AD 433 元嘉三年後庭誥引述 · Exemplum · Historical example · Mode quoted-document Source Person Id Yan Yanzhi (顏延之)
Directly stated · Book of Song 73, passage 124
Methods cited and ranked below sage king rule
Intellectual · Exemplar
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 178, passage 74
Opposed feng
Political · Opponent · With Duke Huan of Qi (齊桓公) · Mode quotation Speaker Emperor Guangwu of Han (漢光武帝)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 108, passage 95
Promoted robbers to the lord's notice
Administrative · Minister · Mode allusion Speaker Cao Bao (曹褒)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 40, passage 107
Regulated light and heavy
Economic · Policy author · With Duke Huan (桓公)
Directly stated · Book of Han 27, passage 7
Released from bonds at Tangfu by Bao Shu
Personal · Released captive
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 122, passage 200
Served as minister; Duke Huan achieved hegemony
BC 685 to BC 645 管仲相齊 · Administration · Minister · With Duke Huan of Qi (齊桓公)
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 112, passage 44
Served Duke Huan
Political · Minister · With Duke Huan of Qi (齊桓公) · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 150, passage 230
Shot Duke Huan's belt hook and was later pardoned
Attack · Archer · With Duke Huan of Qi (齊桓公) · Mode quoted-historical-exemplum Speaker Yang Qiu (阳球)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 85, passage 196
Shot belt hook
Military · Attacker · With Duke Huan of Qi (齊桓公)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 83, passage 125
Relation Advisor of · Person Duke Huan of Qi (齊桓公)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 30, passage 274
Relation Employed by · Person Duke Huan of Qi (齊桓公)
Directly stated · Book of Han 25, passage 42
Relation Minister of · Person Duke Huan of Qi (齊桓公)
Directly stated · Book of Han 22, passage 17; Book of Han 68, passage 105; Book of Later Han 108, passage 95; Records of the Grand Historian 83, passage 131; Records of the Grand Historian 129, passage 26
Type minister-of · Person Duke Huan of Qi (齊桓公)
Directly stated · Book of Han 58, passage 289
Relation Minister of · Person Duke Huan of Qi (齐桓)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 112, passage 250
Relation Chancellor to · Person Duke Huan (桓公)
Directly stated · Book of Han 27, passage 7
Relation Friend of · Person Bao Shu (鮑叔)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 30, passage 67; Book of Southern Qi 24, passage 43; Records of the Grand Historian 62, passages 2-3, 13
Relation Protege of · Person Bao Shu (鮑叔)
Strongly inferred · Book of Later Han 122, passage 200
Relation Minister of · Person Duke Huan of Qi (齊桓公)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 112, passage 44
Relation Colleague of · Person Zhao Hu (召忽)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 12
Relation Served · Person Prince Jiu (公子糾)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 4
Relation Minister of · Person Duke Huan of Qi (齊桓公) · Mode quotation Speaker Zhi Yun (郅惲)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 33, passage 163

Assessments and attributes

Assessment ability to turn calamity into fortune · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 25
Assessment cited by Emperor Wenzong as a tortoise-mirror exemplar of governance technique · Mode named-source-report Source Person Id Emperor Wenzong (文宗)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 178, passages 32, 36
Assessment compared as inferior to Chunyu Kun in guest's praise · Mode quotation Speaker King Hui of Liang (梁惠王)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 74, passage 52
Assessment exemplar of enduring friendship · Mode named-source-report Speaker Wang Dan (王丹)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 30, passage 67
Assessment extravagance rivaling his lord; overstepped the ruler's prerogatives · Mode quotation Speaker Gongsun Hong (公孫弘)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 112, passage 44
Assessment extravagant ritual overstep (three gui) · Mode historian-judgment Speaker Sima Qian (司馬遷)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 23, passage 14

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Assessment hegemon's assistant, likely unequal to Dong Zhongshu · Mode named-source-report Source Person Id Liu Xiang (劉向)
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 370
Assessment indispensable statesman who secured the Hua realm against barbarians · Mode quotation Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Book of Jin 101, passages 14-15
Assessment methods are not the authority of the sage-king · Mode speaker-judgment Speaker Liu Fen (劉蕡)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 178, passage 74
Assessment treated as small / belittled · Mode named-person-judgment Source Person Id Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 67
Assessment wealthier than feudal rulers despite lower rank · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 129, passage 27
Assessment worthy minister · Mode named-source-report
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 67
wealth equaled the ducal house
Wealth
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 32
Item Three Gui estates 三歸 · Relation Possessed
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 112, passage 44
Item three returns 三歸 · Relation Possessed
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 129, passage 27
Item three wives' quarters and return stands 三歸、反坫 · Relation Possessed
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 32

Source notes

Historicity historical
Directly stated · Book of Han 27, passage 7; Book of Later Han 30, passage 67; Book of Later Han 40, passage 107; Book of Later Han 85, passage 196; Old Book of Tang 129, passage 245; Book of Southern Qi 24, passage 43; New Book of Tang 173, passage 171; New Book of Tang 181, passage 19
Value historical
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 33, passage 163; Records of the Grand Historian 112, passage 44; New Book of Tang 178, passage 74

References in the histories

Search passages

History

82 passages

Book of Northern Qi, Chapter 25Volume 25 Biographies 17: Zhang Zuan; Zhang Liang; Zhang Yao; Zhang Qi; Xu Yuan; Wang Jun; Wang Hong · 1 passage

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尚書敬顯儁曰：「孔子云：『微管仲，吾其被發左衽矣』以此言之，右衽為是。」 Minister Jing Xianjun said, "Confucius said, 'Were it not for Guan Zhong, we would wear our hair loose and our lapel to the left.' By this reasoning the right lapel is correct."

Book of Han, Chapter 20Table of Ancient and Modern Persons · 1 passage

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齊桓公，管仲相之則霸，豎貂輔之則亂。 Duke Huan of Qi became hegemon when Guan Zhong was his minister, but fell into disorder when Shu Diao aided him.

Book of Han, Chapter 22Volume 20: Prominent People from the Past Until the Present · 1 passage

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齊桓公，管仲相之則霸，竪貂輔之則亂。 Duke Huan of Qi became hegemon when Guan Zhong served as his minister, but fell into disorder when Shu Diao assisted him.

Book of Han, Chapter 25Volume 23: Treatise on Punishment and Law · 2 passages

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周道衰，法度颦，至齊桓公任用管仲，而國富民安。 As Zhou order eroded, Qi's reform under Guan Zhong restored wealth and stability.

公問行伯用師之道，管仲曰：「公欲定卒伍，修甲兵，大國亦將修之，而小國設備，則難以速得志矣。」 The duke asked about the way to pursue hegemony through military force. Guan Zhong said: 'If Your Grace wishes to organize the ranks and prepare armor and weapons, the great states will also prepare theirs, and the small states will set up defenses. Then it will be hard to achieve your aim quickly.'

Book of Han, Chapter 27Volume 24b: Treatise on Trade 2 · 1 passage

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至管仲相桓公，通輕重之權，曰：「歲有凶穰，故穀有貴賤； When Guan Zhong served as chancellor to Duke Huan, he mastered the regulation of light and heavy [prices], saying, "Years have famine and abundance, so grain has high and low prices;

Book of Han, Chapter 58Volume 49: Yuan Ang and Chao Cuo · 1 passage

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平陽侯臣窋、汝陰侯臣灶、潁陰侯臣何、廷尉臣宜昌、隴西太守臣昆邪所選賢良太子家令臣錯昧死再拜言：臣竊聞古之賢主莫不求賢以為輔翼，故黃帝得力牧而為五帝先，大禹得咎繇而為三王祖，齊桓得管子而為五伯長。 The men who recommended me as Worthy and Good were your servants the Marquis of Pingyang, Cao Zhu; the Marquis of Ruyin, Xiahou Zao; the Marquis of Yingyin, Guan He; the Commandant of Justice, Yichang; and the Administrator of Longxi, Kunxie. Your servant Chao Cuo bows twice and, risking death, states: I have heard that every worthy ruler of antiquity sought worthy men as his wings and helpers. Thus the Yellow Emperor obtained Limu and became foremost of the Five Thearchs; Great Yu obtained Gao Yao and became progenitor of the Three Kings; and Duke Huan of Qi obtained Guan Zhong and became leader of the Five Hegemons.

Book of Han, Chapter 65Volume 56: Dong Zhongshu · 3 passages

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桓公決疑於管仲，寡人決疑於君。」 Duke Huan trusted Guan Zhong with every doubt; I would trust you the same."

贊曰：劉向稱：「董仲舒有王佐之材，雖伊、呂亡以加，管、晏之屬，伯者之佐，殆不及也。」 The encomium says: Liu Xiang wrote, "Dong Zhongshu had the talent to assist a true king. Even Yi Yin and Lü Wang could add nothing to him; Guan Zhong and Yan Ying, ministers to hegemons, likely fell short."

然考其師友淵源所漸，猶未及乎游、夏，而曰管、晏弗及，伊、呂不加，過矣。」 Yet weighed against the lineage that produced Ziyou and Zixia, to call Guan and Yan his inferiors and rank him with Yi and Lü is going too far."

Book of Han, Chapter 68Volume 58: Gongsun Hong, Bu Shi and Er Kuan · 1 passage

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且臣聞管仲相齊，有三歸，侈擬於君，桓公以霸，亦上僭於君。 I recall Guan Zhong as minister of Qi kept three household establishments and lived almost like his lord; Duke Huan still made him the engine of hegemony—yet that was presumption toward the throne.

Book of Han, Chapter 76Volume 65: Dongfang Shuo · 1 passage

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譬若以周、邵為丞相，孔丘為御史大夫，太公為將軍，畢公高拾遺於後，弁嚴子為衛尉，皋陶為大理，後稷為司農，伊尹為少府，子贛使外國，顏、閔為博士，子夏為太常，益為右扶風，季路為執金吾，契為鴻臚，龍逢為宗正，伯夷為京兆，管仲為馮翊，魯般為將作，仲山甫為光祿，申伯為太僕，延陵季子為水衡，百里奚為典屬國，柳下惠為大長秋，史魚為司直，蘧伯玉為太傅，孔父為詹事，孫叔敖為諸侯相，子產為郡守，王慶忌為期門，夏育為鼎官，羿為旄頭，宋萬為式道候。」 Imagine the Duke of Zhou and the Duke of Shao as your chancellors; Confucius as chief censor; the Grand Duke as commander; Duke Bi Gao as court remonstrant; Bian Zhuangzi as captain of the guard; Gao Yao as chief judge; Hou Ji as minister of agriculture; Yi Yin as palace treasurer; Zigong as foreign envoy; Yan Hui and Min Ziqian as court scholars; Zixia as master of rites; Yi as western capital intendant; Zilu as capital commandant; Xie as master of guest ceremonies; Guan Longpeng as keeper of the imperial genealogy; the minister Boyi as metropolitan governor; Guan Zhong as northern capital intendant; Lu Ban as chief engineer; Zhong Shanfu as palace chamberlain; the Earl of Shen as master of the horse; Prince Jizi of Yanling as keeper of parks and waters; Baili Xi as commissioner for dependent peoples; Liuxia Hui as chamberlain to the empress; Shi Yu as censor of conduct; Qu Boyu as grand tutor; Kong Fu as supervisor of the heir apparent's household; Sunshu Ao as chancellor to the feudal lords; Zichan as commandery governor; Prince Qingji as a palace gate guard; Xia Yu as cauldron officer; Yi the Archer as vanguard officer; and Song Wan as road-clearing scout."

Book of Han, Chapter 89Volume 78: Xiao Wangzhi · 2 passages

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今將軍規模，云若管、晏而休，遂行日仄至周、召乃留乎？ Will you, General, set your ambition like Guan Zhong and Yan Ying and then rest, or press on past sunset until the Zhou dukes themselves detain you?

若管、晏而休，則下走將歸延陵之皋，修農圃之疇，畜雞種黍，俟見二子，沒齒而已矣。 If you rest like Guan and Yan, your humble servant will withdraw to Yanling, tend his farm plots, raise chickens and plant millet, await a meeting with the two masters, and end his days there.

Book of Han, Chapter 96Volume 85: Gu Yong and Du Ye · 1 passage

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永聞之，與譚書曰：「君侯躬周召之德，執管晏之操，敬賢下士，樂善不倦，宜在上將久矣，以大將軍在，故抑鬱於家，不得舒憤。 Yong wrote to Tan: "You bear the virtue of the Duke of Zhou and Duke of Shao and the conduct of Guan Zhong and Yan Ying, honoring worthies and delighting in good without weariness—you should long have stood among the chief generals. While the grand general lived you were kept at home and could not vent your grievance.

Book of Han, Chapter 99Volume 87b: Yang Xiong 2 · 1 passage

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天下之士，雷動雲合，魚鱗雜襲，鹹營於八區，家家自以為稷、契，人人自以為咎繇，戴縰垂纓而談者皆擬於阿衡，五尺童子羞比晏嬰與夷吾，當塗者入青雲，失路者委溝渠，旦握權則為卿相，夕失勢則為匹夫； Scholars swarm like thunderheads—layer on layer they crowd the eight circuits, every house fancying itself the line of Ji and Xie, every man a second Gao Yao; anyone in cap and ribbons plays at being Yi Yin, and boys barely five feet tall scorn to mention Yan Ying or Guan Zhong. Catch favor and you ride the clouds; miss your footing and you lie in the gutter—minister at dawn, nobody at dusk.

Book of Han, Chapter 117Volume 100a: Afterword and Family History 1 · 1 passage

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管彎弧欲斃讎兮，讎作后而成己。 Guan Zhong drew a bow to slay his enemy, only to see that enemy become lord and finish his own rise.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 30Volume 27: Biographies of Xuan, Zang, Two Wangs, Du, Guo, Wu, Cheng, Zheng, Zhao · 1 passage

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世稱管、鮑，次則王、貢。 The world praises Guan Zhong and Bao Shuya; next come Wang Ji and Gong Yu.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 31Volume 28a: Biographies of Huan Tan; Feng Yan · 1 passage

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昔周宣中興之主，齊桓霸強之君耳，猶有申伯、召虎、夷吾、吉甫攘其蝥賊，安其疆宇。 King Xuan and Duke Huan were only restorer and hegemon, yet they needed Shen Bo, Zhao Hu, Guan Zhong, and Yin Jifu to scourge pests and secure the frontier.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 32Volume 28b: Biography of Feng Yan · 1 passage

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巽子反於彭城兮，爵管仲於夷儀。 I judge Zifan at Pengcheng and raise Guan Zhong at Yiyi with a noble title;

Book of Later Han, Chapter 33Volume 29: Biographies of Shentu Gang; Bao Yong; Zhi Yun · 2 passages

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惲不謁，曰：『昔文王拔呂尚於渭濱，高宗禮傅說於巖築，桓公取管仲於射鉤，故能立弘烈，就元勛。 Yun declined: "Wen met Taigong by the Wei; Wuding hailed Fu Yue from the cliffs; Huan Gong took Guan Zhong from captivity—never were chief ministers hired as mere clerks.

未聞師相仲父，而可為吏位也。 No one ever treated a chief counselor like a petty clerk.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 37Volume 32: Biographies of Fan Hong; Yin Shi · 2 passages

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其先出自管仲，管仲七世孫修，自齊適楚，為陰大夫，因而氏焉。 The line descended from Guan Zhong; seven generations later Xiu left Qi for Chu, became lord Yin, and took Yin as the clan name.

初，陰氏世奉管仲之祀，謂為『相君』。 For generations the Yin family had sacrificed to Guan Zhong as 'Lord Chancellor.'

Book of Later Han, Chapter 40Volume 35: Biographies of Zhang, Cao, Zheng · 1 passage

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臯陶不為盜制死刑，管仲遇盜而升諸公。 Gao Yao did not fix death as the penalty for theft; Guan Zhong once promoted thieves to the lord's notice.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 85Volume 77: Biographies of Cruel Officials · 1 passage

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昔桓公释管仲射钩之仇，高祖赦季布逃亡之罪。 Duke Huan of Qi forgave Guan Zhong’s arrow at his belt hook; Gaozu spared Ji Bu the fugitive’s guilt.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 89Volume 80a: Biographies of Writers 1 · 1 passage

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琦对曰：“昔管仲相齐，乐闻机谏之言； Cui Qi answered: Guan Zhong serving Qi thirsted for delicate warnings.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 92Volume 82a: Biographies of Alchemists 1 · 1 passage

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德量績謀，有伊、呂、管、晏之任； In moral breadth and policy depth he rivals Yi Yin, Lü Wang, Guan Zhong, and Yan Ying;

Book of Later Han, Chapter 108Volume 97: Rituals and Worship Part One · 1 passage

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桓公欲封，管仲非之」若郡縣遠遣吏上壽，盛稱虚美，必髡，兼令屯田。」 Duke Huan wished to perform the feng rite, and Guan Zhong opposed it. If any commandery or county sends officials from afar to offer birthday congratulations with lavish empty flattery, the offenders will be shaved and assigned to frontier garrison farming."

Book of Later Han, Chapter 122Volume 111: Commanderies and States Part Three · 1 passage

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或曰古浮来。左傳隱八年盟浮來，杜預曰邳來山之閒，號曰邳來。莊九年鮑叔受管仲，及堂阜而脱之。杜預曰：「東莞蒙陰縣西北有夷吾亭，或曰鮑叔解夷吾縛於此，因以爲名。」卽古堂阜也，東莞後爲郡。 Some authorities identify the peak with old Fulai. The Zuo Tradition records a covenant at Fulai in Duke Yin 8, which Du Yu places between the Pilai mountains and says was called Pilai. In Duke Zhuang 9, Bao Shu received Guan Zhong and released him at Tangfu; Du Yu says, “Northwest of Mengyin county in Dongguan was Yiwu Pavilion; some say Bao Shu released Yiwu from his bonds here, and for this reason it was named.” This was old Tangfu, and Dongguan later became a commandery.

History of Jin, Chapter 35Volume 35 Treatises 16: Rites 8: Consecration of Shrines to a Sages; Temple to the Warrior King Cheng of Zhou; Monarchs of Past Ages; Halls to Various Spirits in Changbai Shan, Dafang Shan, Amur River, Jia Yin Hou; Spirits of the Lu River; Spirits of Zhao Yin Shun; Spirits of Zhen an Gong, Rui Shen Gongl; Worshipping, Sacrifices, Vists, and State Ceremonies at Zhen Xian Jun Wang Temple · 1 passage

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於是，以秦王宗翰同子房配武成王，而降管仲以下。 Thereupon Prince of Qin Zonghan was paired with Zifang to accompany the Martial Accomplished King, while Guan Zhong and those below were demoted.

Book of Jin, Chapter 101Volume 101 Records 1: Liu Yuanhai and Liu Xuan · 1 passage

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孔子曰：「微管仲，吾其被髮左衽矣。」 Confucius said, "Without Guan Zhong we should all have gone unbound-haired with robes buttoned left—barbarians."

Book of Jin, Chapter 108Volume 108 Records 8: Murong Hui · 1 passage

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廆雖率義眾，誅討大逆，然管仲相齊，猶曰寵不足以禦下，況廆輔翼王室，有匡霸之功，而位卑爵輕，九命未加，非所以寵異籓翰，敦獎殊勳者也。 Petition argued Murong deserved kingly rank to command allies.

Old Book of Tang, Chapter 129Volume 125 Biographies 75: Zhang Yi, Liu Congyi, Xiao Fu, Liu Hun · 1 passage

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史臣曰：張鎰、蕭復、柳渾，節行才能訏謨亮直，皆足相明主，平泰階，而盧杞忌之於前，延賞排之於後，管仲有言：「任君子，使小人間之，害霸也。」 The historiographer says: Zhang Yi, Xiao Fu, and Liu Hun—in integrity, conduct, talent, and outspoken, bright uprightness—all were sufficient to assist an enlightened ruler and level the grand stairway. Yet Lu Qi envied them before and Yanshang excluded them after. Guan Zhong said, "Employ the gentleman and let petty men come between—this harms hegemony."

Book of Liang, Chapter 38Volume 38: Zhu Yi; He Chen · 1 passage